山东郯城麦坡中更新世地震事件记录*

山东郯城麦坡被命名为典型地震活动断层遗址,其最醒目的标志是郯庐断裂带主干断层(F₂)东盘的紫灰色下白垩统逆冲到断层西盘的红棕色第四系之上且界线截然。野外调查和试验分析表明,郯城麦坡第四系于泉组中发育液化砂涌管、液化砂脉、震裂缝充填构造和同沉积断层等地震引发的软沉积物变形构造——地震事件记录。根据软沉积物变形构造的砂质黏土光释光测年分析,推断这些软沉积物变形构造所记录的地震事件属郯庐断裂带主干断层F₂在中更新世晚期发生的强构造与地震活动。这些地震事件记录为研究郯庐断裂带新构造运动与地震活动提供了新资料,也丰富了该地震活动断层遗址的内涵。     

山东郯城麦坡中更新世地震事件记录

山东郯城麦坡被命名为典型地震活动断层遗址,其最醒目的标志是郯庐断裂带主干断层(F_2)东盘的紫灰色下白垩统逆冲到断层西盘的红棕色第四系之上且界线截然。野外调查和试验分析表明,郯城麦坡第四系于泉组中发育液化砂涌管、液化砂脉、震裂缝充填构造和同沉积断层等地震引发的软沉积物变形构造——地震事件记录。根据软沉积物变形构造的砂质黏土光释光测年分析,推断这些软沉积物变形构造所记录的地震事件属郯庐断裂带主干断层F_2在中更新世晚期发生的强构造与地震活动。这些地震事件记录为研究郯庐断裂带新构造运动与地震活动提供了新资料,也丰富了该地震活动断层遗址的内涵。     

沂沭断裂带及其近区地震事件地层的时空分布及意义*

沂沭断裂带纵贯山东省中部,属郯庐断裂带中段。在沂沭断裂带及其近区新元古代—新生代的沉积地层中,到目前,已识别出25个地震事件层位。这些地震事件层位的名称取自不同年代或年龄的含地震记录的岩石地层。大多数地震记录是震积岩,少部分为震火山岩,它们的时空分布支持该断裂带生成—活动与发展历史分2个阶段: 古郯庐断裂带阶段(新元古代—古生代)和中—新生代阶段。新元古代初鲁中至苏皖北部NNE向韧性剪切带的形成,沟通了秦岭大别与苏鲁洋间的NEE走向的转换断层,可能是沂沭断裂带或古郯庐断裂带的成因机制。在纵向上,古郯庐断裂带阶段形成了8个地震事件层位,其中5个地震事件层位较密集地分布于南华系至中下寒武统;中—新生代阶段形成了17个地震事件层位,其中12个层位较密集的分布于白垩系—古近系。因此,南华纪—早中寒武世、白垩纪—古近纪分别为2个发展阶段的强地震事件频繁发生时段。在这2个发展阶段,该断裂带地震活动的动力来源不同: 古郯庐断裂带阶段主要源于华北与华南板块的相向运动与碰撞;中—新生代阶段主要源于太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块下俯冲。在横向上,有15个(占60%)地震事件层位分布在此断裂带内或由该断裂带内向两侧延伸,这体现了沂沭断裂带一直是研究区内发震构造的主体。所有地震事件地层分布于该断裂带纵中轴线两侧150~180,km以内的同沉积盆地,这证明该深大断裂带的两侧近区是强构造地震活动区。作者关于地震事件层位的时空分布的论述和图解,展示了该断裂带自形成以来的地震作用的过程与历史,清晰地勾绘出了这条长期活动地震带的影响范围,这不仅对分析此类深大活动断裂带及其附近由地震引发的软沉积物变形与地震作用具有重要意义,而且对评价此类地震带对地表和建筑物的地震破坏效应也具有重要意义。     

新元古代沂沭海峡地震引发的软沉积物变形及其微量元素信息*

新元古代沂沭海峡位于郯庐断裂带昌邑—大店断层西侧宽60~90,km、长300,km的区域内,其分布范围基本与郯庐断裂带中段一致。新元古代,该海峡盆地先后沉积了青白口系、南华系及震旦系的滨—浅海相陆源碎屑、泥质及碳酸盐沉积物,其岩石地层称之为土门群。本次研究从该海峡盆地土门群佟家庄组(由石英砂岩、泥灰岩和页岩组成,属南华系)、浮来山组(由细—粉砂岩夹页岩组成,属震旦系)及石旺庄组(主要由碳酸盐岩组成,下部夹页岩,属震旦系)中鉴别出了一系列地震触动软沉积物形成的变形构造,包括液化砂墙和砂脉、负载构造、火焰构造、球枕构造、软布丁构造、底辟构造、滑塌褶曲和同沉积断层等。它们是地震事件的记录——震积岩。新元古代中晚期(约800—600,Ma)沂沭海峡盆地拉张裂陷是它们形成的动力机制。根据石旺庄组中的微亮晶方解石脉与地震成因的变形构造(如负载、火焰、软布丁及同沉积断层等)共(伴)生的事实,并结合模拟地震试验结果分析,认为微亮晶方解石脉很可能是地震引发的饱和灰泥(方解石微粒)液化脉。微量化学元素分析结果表明,这些震积岩中的w(La)/w(Sc)和 w(La)/w(Th)值高于上地壳平均值和正常沉积层,而w(Th)/w(Sc)值则较低,深源微量元素Ni和Cr的含量也高于上地壳平均值及正常沉积层。这些微量元素特征是当时的盆地基底不稳定、快速沉积且伴有深部物质元素混入的反映,强地震很可能是快速沉积和促进深源物质混入的主要动力。土门群中发育的一系列地震引起的软沉积物变形(震积岩),再次证明了古郯庐断裂带的存在,由它们记录的地震事件也是晋宁运动乃至Rodinia超大陆的裂解的响应。     

郯庐断裂带南段的重磁场特征及其地质意义

由于断裂两侧的磁性、密度的纵横向差异在重力、磁力异常上有所表现,因此所获得的重力、磁力数据为深入研究关键的地质课题提供了科学基础,如郯庐断裂带的基底性质、断裂形成特征和岩浆岩分布。利用最新的高精度航空重力和磁力数据以及地面重力数据,绘制了郯庐断裂带地区的1∶50 000重力和磁力异常图,并结合区域地质数据分析了重力和磁力异常特征。分析结果认为:存在连体的郯庐—大别古老构造带,郯庐断裂带南段是元古宙和燕山中期岩浆活动的复合反映带;郯庐断裂带为中元古—新元古代时期南华北陆块与下扬子陆块的界限;磁力、重力异常图对比说明,合肥盆地范围由老到新向东扩展。     

山东省胶莱盆地东北部下白垩统莱阳组震积岩特征及地质意义

胶莱盆地为中生代残留盆地,受郯庐断裂带、牟—即断裂带活动的影响,盆地南部、东北部地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震作用有关的地震事件沉积构造.利用大量的岩心、野外露头资料,在胶莱盆地东北部下白垩统莱阳组砂泥质沉积物中可识别出两大类地震事件沉积构造:软沉积物变形构造(液化变形构造、拉伸变形构造、挤压变形构造)和硬岩层脆性变形...     

鲁南新元古代一个地震活跃期的地震幕次组合序列

地震灾变事件的直接证据是地层中留下的特殊的沉积记录——震积岩。鲁南地区新元古界石旺庄组底部发育的一套碳酸盐岩泥晶脉、液化卷曲变形构造、丘状层理、砾屑层等典型的地震-海啸震积岩序列,表明本区新元古代曾有过一个持续很长时间的地震活跃期。依据其沉积组合规律,可以识别出7个地震幕,30余次地震。造成这一地震灾变事件的主要原因是古郯庐断裂带的早期裂陷作用。     

湘西北保靖地区志留系小河坝组震积岩的发现及意义

湘西北保靖地区志留系小河坝组主要发育一套砂、泥质沉积。探井岩心观察发现,小河坝组部分层位具有震积岩的典型特征——阶梯状微断层、串珠状构造、球-枕状构造、重荷模和火焰状构造、液化粉砂岩脉、液化卷曲变形构造、震裂缝和角砾状构造等。通过对区内保参1井、保参2井和保参3井纵向震积岩特征的统计,共识别出74层古地震层,根据地震幕的概念,总结出小河坝组地震幕。从3口探井间的横向对比可以看出,大部分地震幕主要集中在小河坝组的2段地层中,从而划分出小河坝期2次地震活跃期和3次平静期。分析了震积岩特征与地震强度和震中距离的关系,结合大地构造背景综合研究发现,该区震积岩的发育受保靖—慈利断裂带构造演化所控制。研究结果对恢复研究区构造背景、地层对比与储层预测具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县探区三叠系延长组震积岩及其地质意义

通过对26口井岩心观察,结合区域构造背景,在鄂尔多斯盆地富县探区三叠系延长组中识别出典型的震积岩。该区震积岩代表性沉积构造有液化砂脉、液化卷曲变形、环状层理、负载构造、球枕构造、微断层、微裂缝、震裂岩与震碎角砾岩,其中液化砂脉和液化卷曲变形是地震引起的主要软沉积变形构造。震积岩垂向序列划分为两类:一种以脆性变形为主,自下向上依次为下伏未震层,扰动层,微断层、微裂缝及震裂岩层段,液化卷曲变形层段,震碎角砾岩层段,液化砂脉层段及上覆未震层;另一种以软沉积变形为主,自下至上依次为下伏未震层,环状层段,扰动层,球枕构造及负载构造层段,液化砂脉及液化卷曲变形层,枕状层及上覆未震层。富县探区延长组中的震积岩说明在该盆地晚三叠世存在一个强地震事件活跃期;震积岩中的微裂缝、微断层、震裂岩及液化砂脉可改善储集层物性,同时震碎角砾岩和网状砂脉也是良好的储集层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统大型类碟状构造的发现及其地质意义*

在鄂尔多斯盆地北部下白垩统中发现一种特殊的软沉积物变形构造,其与碟状构造非常相似,主要出露于G109国道鄂尔多斯市至杭锦旗段100余千米长的公路两侧的露头剖面中。该类软沉积变形构造岩性为下白垩统的一套黄褐色或灰白色的中厚层砾岩或砂砾岩,在竖直面上其边缘翘起、中部平坦或下凹,故笔者把它称之为“类碟状构造”。类碟状构造特征为: (1)规模总体很大。小型者的宽度一般为1~3,m,高度多为0.5~1.5,m;大型者的宽度一般为5~6,m、最大可近10,m,高度多为1~1.5,m、少数可达2,m;(2)两侧翘起程度不同,包括倾角小于45°的倾斜边、倾角在45°~75°之间的陡斜边、倾角在75°~90°之间的近直立边和倾角大于90°的翻卷边;(3)类碟状构造之间为泄水形成的液化充填体,竖直面上多呈漏斗形和倒三角形;(4)类碟状构造边缘的砾石长轴优势排列方位平行于流动变形方向;(5)类碟状构造常与砂岩岩脉、液化脉、软变形层理或软变形褶皱等共生。(6)底部多为湖相棕红色(有时夹少量灰色)泥岩或砂质泥岩,其由于液化流动而多呈块状,极易破碎。根据上述特征,认为类碟状构造系泥泄水形成的,是受强烈地震扰动所致,地震强度可达8级、甚至9~10级。该地震活动可能与鄂尔多斯盆地北部中生代强烈的构造运动有关。     

河床底部沙火山特征、演化及其研究意义

沉积后尚未固结的砂体在外部动力的干扰下容易发生液化,形成沙火山、液化砂岩脉等沉积构造,地震是触发液化的最常见动力.在河床现代沉积中发现大量的沙火山构造,其产生过程虽受人为活动影响,形成条件却在盆地特殊构造部位可以满足,分析其特征、演化及动力可以为震积岩及其他成因软沉积变形研究提供参考.研究结果显示,不同规模及对应特征的...     

高原季节性冻土区砂土液化探讨——以阿克陶MS6.7地震为例

2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶县木吉乡发生MS6.7地震,发震构造为公格尔山拉张系北端的木吉断裂,断裂总长度超过100 km,以右旋走滑为主兼有一定的拉张分量。文章在对震区进行了初步的地震地质灾害调查,总结砂土液化和地裂缝在高原季节性冻土地区的分布及发育特点的基础上,发现:1)在研究区Ⅰ维日麻村的砂土液化主要沿原有泉眼或沿地裂缝发育,沿泉眼形成的砂土液化其喷砂锥的覆盖面积达36.1 m2,占总液化面积的60%,研究区Ⅱ布拉克村的砂土液化则主要是沿草甸的根系喷出,在地表形成大面积的最新涌水结冻特征;2)对研究区Ⅱ布拉克村地裂缝的深度进行统计,反演出区域冻土层厚度,结合探槽揭露的地层剖面,推断冻土层发生大面积地裂缝是因为地震引起冻土层下部融土层发生砂土液化导致土层变形失稳,从而使冻土层发生形变产生一系列规律性的地裂缝。     

Soft-sediment deformation structures in NW Germany caused by Late Pleistocene seismicity

New data on seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures in Pleniglacial to Late Glacial alluvial fan and aeolian sand-sheet deposits of the upper Senne area link this soft-sediment deformation directly to earthquakes generated along the Osning Thrust, which is one of the major fault systems in Central Europe. Soft-sediment deformation structures include a complex fault and fold pattern, clastic dikes, sand volcanoes, sills, irregular intrusive sedimentary bodies, flame structures, and ball-and-pillow structures. The style of soft-sediment deformation will be discussed with respect to brittle failure, liquefaction and fluidization processes, and was controlled by (1) the magnitude of the earthquake and (2) the permeability, tensile strength and flexural resistance of the alluvial and aeolian sediments. It is the first time in northern Germany that fluidization and liquefaction features can be directly related to a fault. The occurrence of seismicity in the Late Pleistocene and in the seventeenth century indicates ongoing crustal movements along the Osning Thrust and sheds new light on the seismic activity of northern Germany. The Late Pleistocene earthquake probably occurred between 15.9 ± 1.6 and 13.1 ± 1.5 ka; the association of soft-sediment deformation structures implies that it had a magnitude of at least 5.5.     

A Preliminary Study on the Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Quaternary Lacustrine Sediments at Tashkorgan, Northeastern Pamir, China

This study identified soft–sediment deformation structures(SSDS) of seismic origin from lacustrine sediments in the late Quaternary paleo–dammed lake at Tashkorgan, northeastern Pamir. The observed deformation structures include sand dykes, liquefied diapir and convolute structures, gravity induced SSDS, and thixotropic pillar and tabular structures. We conducted a preliminary study on the morphology, formation and trigger mechanisms of pillar and tabular structures formed by liquefaction of underlying coarse sand and thixotropy of the upper silty clay. The regional tectonic setting and distribution of lacustrine strata indicate that the most probable trigger for the SSDS in lacustrine sediments was seismic activity, with an approximate earthquake magnitude of M6.0; the potential seismogenic fault is the southern part of the Kongur normal fault extensional system. AMS 14 C dating results indicate that the SSDS were formed by seismic events occurring between 26050±100 yr BP and 22710±80 yr BP, implying intense fault activity in this region during the late Pleistocene. This study provides new evidence for understanding tectonic activity and regional geodynamics in western China.     

湖南慈利溪口震旦系陡山沱组震积岩的发现及其地质意义

湘西慈利溪口地区震旦系陡山沱组地层中首次发现碳酸盐岩原地震积岩。笔者通过剖面实测,详细观察和描述,结合构造背景,识别出阶梯状层内断层、液化碳酸盐岩脉、液化角砾岩、负荷构造以及微褶纹理等典型的震积软沉积变形构造的地质记录;震积序列在剖面结构上显示自下而上由下伏未震动层-阶梯状层内断层-微褶皱层-液化碳酸盐岩层-液化角砾岩层-上覆未震动层的渐变过程及震积作用逐渐衰减的趋势。震积岩发育的层位在时空上显示良好的可对比性,反映陡山沱期晚期构造活动强烈,并具备多旋回、多周期的特点。构造的活跃加速了有机碳库的氧化,为该时期多细胞生物的繁盛和大规模的成磷成矿作用奠定了基础;同时保存完好的震积地层记录对推断研究区的古沉积环境也具有重要意义。     

枕、球—枕构造：地层中的古地震记录

枕状构造(pillow)与球—枕构造(ballandpillow)、负载构造(load))是地层中的软沉积物变形构造,它们在形态、产状、变形机制等方面是不同的。枕状构造是砂层中一组呈“凹”形弯曲的变形沉积体,它的原始层平行于枕状体的底面,顶面则是一个平直的截切面。枕状构造是由于层状砂层强烈液化向上覆软沉积砂层流动、穿刺,使之弯曲褶皱,在原地固定位置形成,因此枕状构造在一个层内是沿岩层走向呈现一系列相间隔的向形和很窄的背形。形成球—枕构造与负载构造的软沉积层包括细砂单元与上覆粗砂单元。他们的变形机制与砂层的液化作用有关。下伏细粒砂单元具强的液化变形而上覆粗砂单元为弱变形层。上覆粗砂单元（比重大）在下伏细砂单元（比重小）之上形成一个不稳定重力驱动系统,地震发生时的剪切力使重的粗砂（弱液化）陷落下沉至下伏细粒单元（强液化）中成负载构造和球—枕构造。球—枕体位于细砂层的不同位置,表明他们是下沉穿越细砂层单元为异地沉积体。形成枕、球—枕及负载体的软沉积物液化变形机制不同,但液化作用的触发机制是强地震。这些液化变形构造在实验室砂层的振动液化模拟实验中也已得到证实。地层中的枕状构造及球—枕、负载构造代表一次Ms>5的古地震灾变事件。古地震往往是沿着某些古地震断裂分布,是古地震断裂活动的表现。本文将举例讨论我国古老地层中的某些枕状构造、球—枕与负载构造,并简述当时发震的构造背景。     

西藏许如错地区中全新世地震触发软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义

湖相沉积古地震研究是对地表破裂古地震研究的重要补充.通过详细的野外地质调查,在西藏许如错地区全新统湖相地层内新发现大量地震触发软沉积物变形构造(震积岩),层内发育液化脉、液化曲卷变形、液化角砾岩、液化水压构造、滴状体与锥状体、砾石丘、负载构造和火焰构造等软沉积变形标志,还发育同震断层、震裂缝和同震褶皱等同震构造标志.根据软沉积变形标志与震级之间的关系,结合历史地震统计液化颗粒范围,通过C14和光释光年龄测定,推测古地震事件发生在±7.5 ka,M_S>7.5级;填补了该区历史地震的空缺,为恢复青藏高原南北向地堑地震活动历史及迁移规律提供了素材.震积岩中见大量砾石液化现象,这对现阶段以砂土-粉砂土研究为主的砂土液化调查工作提出了新挑战.      

Test Investigation on Liquefied Deformation Structure in Saturated Lime-Mud Composites Triggered by Strong Earthquakes

Three identical model boxes were made from transparent plexiglass and angle iron. Using the method of sinking water and according to the sedimentary rhythm of saturated calcium carbonate(lime-mud) intercalated with cohesive soil,calcites with particle sizes diameters of ≤ 5 μm,10–15 μm and 23–30 μm as well as cohesive soil were sunk alternatively in water of three boxes to build three test models,each of which has a specific size of calcite. Pore water pressure gauges were buried in lime-mud layers at different depths in each model,and connected with a computer system to collect pore water pressures. By means of soil tests,physical property parameters and plasticity indices(Ip) were obtained for various grain-sized saturated lime-muds. The lime-muds with Ip ranging from 6.3 to 8.5(lower than 10) are similar to liquid saturated silt in the physical nature,indicating that saturated silt can be liquefied once induced by a strong earthquake. One model cart was pushed quickly along the length direction of the model so that its rigid wheels collided violently with the stone stair,thus generating an artificial earthquake with seismic wave magnitude greater than VI degree. When unidirectional cyclic seismic load of horizontal compression-tension-shear was imposed on the soil layers in the model,enough great pore water pressure has been accumulated within pores of lime-mud,resulting in liquefaction of lime-mud layers. Meanwhile,micro-fractures formed in each soil layer provided channels for liquefaction dewatering,resulting in formation of macroscopic liquefaction deformation,such as liquefied lime-mud volcanoes,liquefied diapir structures,vein-like liquefied structures and liquefied curls,etc. Splendid liquefied lime-mud eruption lasted for two to three hours,which is similar to the sand volcano eruption induced by strong earthquake. However,under the same artificial seismic conditions,development of macroscopic liquefied structures in three experimental models varied in shape,depth and quantity,indicating that excess pore water pressure ratios at initial liquefaction stage and complete liquefaction varied with depth. With size increasing of calcite particle in lime-mud,liquefied depth and deformation extent increase accordingly. The simulation test verifies for the first time that strong earthquakes may cause violent liquefaction of saturated lime-mud composed of micron-size calcite particles,uncovering the puzzled issue whether seafloor lime-mud can be liquefied under strong earthquake. This study not only provides the latest simulation data for explaining the earthquake-induced liquefied deformations of saturated lime-mud and seismic sedimentary events,but also is of great significance for analysis of foundation stability in marine engineering built on the soft calcium carbonate layers in neritic environment.     

Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples

The effects of liquefaction in saturated sand bodies under a variety of driving forces are described from shaking table experiments, and structures from the geological record are presented which are analogous to the experimental structures. The collapse of sloping heaps of cross-bedded sand under a gravitational body force generates low-angle, essentially uncontorted stratification. A basal zone of shearing may be present, with steepened and folded foresets. Stretching of foresets may be accommodated on normal faults, and bottomsets may be contorted into inclined folds. In natural systems the substrate may also liquefy, causing deformation driven by an unevenly distributed confining load. Stratification in the surface bedform is flattened, and stratification in the substratum contorted. Experiments failed to produce relative displacement at the interface between stacked sand bodies. Liquefaction of gravitationally unstable systems in sands generates load structures comparable to those from sand-mud systems. Recumbent-folded deformed cross-bedding is formed by current shear over a liquefied bed, as has been inferred from field and theoretical analyses. Shear of nonliquefied sand forms angular folds. Other deformation mechanisms, such as fluidization or seepage, may generate structures similar to all of these. Local water-escape structures driven by fluidization occur in the upper parts of some liquefied sand bodies. They include cusps, sand volcanoes and clastic dykes. Transient cavities formed in some experiments and seemed to be preserved as breached cusps. Although the experiments tried to isolate individual driving forces, driving forces may operate together, and there may be a continuum between deformation driven by water escape and deformation driven by loading. Different structures from those described here may form where liquefaction develops in a buried layer as opposed to at the sediment surface.     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷戴南组震积岩特征及其石油地质意义

高邮凹陷戴南组沉积时期,在中-新生代构造运动的影响下,古地震活动强烈,岩层中发育了一系列与古地震有关的准同生变形构造。诸如液化岩脉、液化角砾岩、枕状层、环状层理及震褶层等液化挤压变形构造;又可见阶梯状断层、震裂岩、自碎角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾等脆性变形构造。另外,在岩芯观察的过程中发现,这些地震作用变形构造层往往与地震作用下的重力流沉积岩层相伴生,在此基础上通过总结区域联井和单井序列,刻画出了研究区震积岩的垂向序列。结合研究区油气成藏特征,从油气运移、储集和封堵三个方面对地震事件的油气地质意义进行了讨论,在此基础之上,提供了一个新的勘探方向,打破以往"环凹找油"的勘探思路,认为深凹带砂体也具有重要的勘探价值。