海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷无机CO2气储层的岩石学与碳氧同位素特征

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷无机 CO_2气储集砂岩中含有大量片钠铝石,是查明无机 CO_2气注入对砂岩的改造和形成的自生矿物组合的理想砂岩。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射分析和 MAT253稳定同位素质谱仪等,确定了含片钠铝石砂岩中的胶结物与自生矿物类型、成岩共生序列和引起片钠铝石形成的 CO_2的成因。CO_2气注入前形成的自生矿物组合主要为方解石、次生加大石英和高岭石,在次生加大石英形成过程中发生了第一期油气注入。CO_2气注入晚于第一期油气注入,CO_2气注入后形成的自生矿物组合主要为片钠铝石和铁白云石。第二期油气注入发生在 CO_2气注入后。片钠铝石的δ~(13)C 为-5.3～-1.5‰PDB,与片钠铝石平衡的δ~(13)C_(CO2),为-10.7～-7.0‰PDB,与海拉尔盆地 CO_2气的δ~(13)C_(CO2)值(-11.36～-8.02‰PDB)一致,表明形成片钠铝石的 CO_2和气藏中的 CO_2均来源于无机 CO_2与有机 CO_2混合背景,总体上以无机 CO_2为主。结合含片钠铝石砂岩与 CO_2气的分布都受控于深大断裂和γ5花岗岩的特点,CO_2气和形成片钠铝石的 CO_2绝大部分属于幔源-岩浆型。含片钠铝石砂岩中保存了 CO_2驱油的迹象。     

自生片钠铝石的碳氧同位素特征及其成因意义

自生片钠铝石的碳氧同位素特征可以为片钠铝石的成因研究提供重要的地球化学依据。以海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷和松辽盆地孤店构造片钠铝石碳氧同位素分析为基础，结合国内外已报道的自生片钠铝石的碳氧同位素数据，对自生片钠铝石的碳氧同位素特征及其成因意义进行了探讨。研究表明，海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷和松辽盆地南部孤店CO2气田砂岩中片钠铝石的δ13C范围分别为–5.3‰～–1.5‰（PDB）、–1.9‰～+0.3‰（PDB），均分布于含无机碳物质δ13C分布区间（－9.0‰～＋2.7‰）内。计算出的海拉尔盆地和松辽盆地与片钠铝石平衡的CO2气碳同位素分布范围分别为－10.7～－7.0‰（PDB）、－8.7～－6.9‰（PDB），表明片钠铝石绝大部分形成于无机CO2背景。实际地质观察中形成片钠铝石的CO2绝大多数为岩浆脱气来源，岩浆成因片钠铝石碳同位素分布范围为－5.5～＋4.5‰（PDB）。海拉尔盆地和松辽盆地的片钠铝石是岩浆成因CO2气运移、聚集的特征矿物。计算出的海拉尔盆地和松辽盆地片钠铝石沉淀时介质水的δ18O值范围为-14.3～-9.4‰（SMOW），表现为轻同位素的特点，表明片钠铝石形成时地层水为大气降水。计算出的海拉尔盆地片钠铝石同位素为52.7～93.6℃，与样品所在深度处的古地温范围（65.4～87.6℃）基本吻合。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷幔源CO2充注对下白垩统砂岩储层质量的影响

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统含片钠铝石砂岩部分记录了幔源CO_2-砂岩相互作用历史.为揭示幔源CO_2充注对储层质量的影响,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜观察和孔隙度、渗透率数据研究了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石学和储层特征.幔源CO_2的充注导致了长石的部分溶解和片钠铝石及铁白云石的沉淀.长石的溶解形成了次生孔隙.片钠铝石以针状晶形为特征,其集合体呈束状、簇状、扇状和玫瑰花状.部分片钠铝石呈板状.片钠铝石以充填孔隙为主,少量交代长石和其他骨架碎屑颗粒.片钠铝石局部被铁白云石交代,说明铁白云石的形成晚于片钠铝石.片钠铝石的含量为1%～20%.相同深度段的含片钠铝石砂岩(n=597,h=1309.15～2140.71m)与普通砂岩(n=1550,h=1323.72～2141.3m)的孔隙度、渗透率数据统计表明,含片钠铝石砂岩的物性整体上低于普通砂岩,说明CO_2的充注导致了储层质量的改变.片钠铝石含量-孔隙度和片钠铝石含量-渗透率之间的关系,揭示片钠铝石含量是引起储层质量改变的主要因素.片钠铝石含量10%似乎是储层质量发生变化的界限,当片钠铝石含量＞10%,随片钠铝石含量增加,砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率降低;当片钠铝石含量＜10%,随片钠铝石含量增加,部分砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率表现出增加趋势.作者认为,片钠铝石含量高的砂岩长期处于高CO_2分压成岩环境,而片钠铝石含量低的砂岩则处于高CO_2分压成岩环境的时间相对较短.     

海拉尔盆地与澳大利亚Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney盆地系片钠铝石碳来源的比较研究

作为胶结物、交代物或孔洞充填物,片钠铝石[NaAlCO(3OH)2]大量发育于海拉尔盆地和澳大利亚BGS盆地系。根据片钠铝石稳定同位素组成,对比分析片钠铝石的碳来源。BGS盆地系片钠铝石的1δ3C分布连续,分布区间为-4.0×10-3～4.1×10-3,计算出的与片钠铝石平衡的CO2气的1δ3CO2值分布区间为-11.3×10-3～-4.6×10-3,结合片钠铝石的分布和区域地质背景,认为片钠铝石中的碳来源于岩浆活动而带来的无机CO2气;海拉尔盆地片钠铝石1δ3C值分布连续,为-4.64×10-3～2.12×10-3,计算出的与片钠铝石平衡的CO2气的1δ3CO2值分布区间为-11.82×10-3～-5.11×10-3,结合海拉尔盆地探井中未钻遇碳酸盐地层、含片钠铝石井和幔源CO2气井分布相吻合且位于燕山期花岗岩区或其附近的深大断裂带上,认为形成片钠铝石所需的CO2气为与燕山期岩浆作用有关的幔源CO2气,片钠铝石形成时因油气充注而介入少量生物成因碳。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷含片钠铝石砂岩捕获CO_2总量的估算

为揭示CO2地质埋存过程中砂岩对于CO2以矿物形式的捕获能力,以海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统铜钵庙—南屯组含片钠铝石砂岩为研究对象,基于含片钠铝石砂岩的时空分布,结合片钠铝石的含量和分子式开展了砂岩以片钠铝石形式固存CO2总量的研究。研究表明,海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统铜钵庙—南屯组中片钠铝石资源总量约为81.9亿t,含片钠铝石砂岩捕获的CO2总量约为25.0亿t。     

乌尔逊凹陷含片钠铝石砂岩分布

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷发现含片钠铝石砂岩，片钠铝石为一种成岩自生矿物。将含片钠铝石砂岩和CO2气的井位综合对比，结合该区构造断裂带分布与γ5花岗岩分布特征以及含片钠铝石砂岩与CO2气纵深分布数据的研究，确定含片钠铝石砂岩的分布与断裂带以及γ5花岗岩的分布具有耦合关系，同时含片钠铝石砂岩与CO2气的分布也具有区域相关性。从而可以确定片钠铝石可以作为CO2气的示踪矿物。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷片钠铝石及研究意义

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷含片钠铝石砂岩与CO2气井、燕山期花岗岩的分布一致,均产于苏仁诺尔构造带乌西断裂控制的区域.在偏光显微镜和扫描电镜下观察发现片钠铝石的产状有3种:①部分或全部交代长石、石英等碎屑颗粒,多呈长柱状、片板状集合体;②作为胶结物充填于碎屑颗粒间的孔隙中,呈放射状、束状、毛发状、菊花状集合体;③充填在碎屑矿物的溶洞或裂隙中,呈纤维状集合体.含片钠铝石砂岩的成岩共生序次和油气包裹体及现今地层水特征均表明,片钠铝石的生长时间晚于任何其它自生矿物.电子探针及INCA能谱仪分析表明,片钠铝石主要由Na、Al、O、C等组成.研究表明,海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷片钠铝石可作为深部CO2热流体活动的示踪矿物.     

松南油伴生CO2气的成因及其对油气藏的影响

以松辽盆地南部长岭断陷油伴生气和含片钠铝石砂岩为对象,研究松南伴生CO2气的成因,并在此基础上,讨论幔源-岩浆CO2混入对油气动态成藏的影响。通过对伴生气组分,碳、氧及氦同位素数据的分析,发现松南油伴生CO2气的体积分数为1.57%～75.25%,主体在20%以上,δ13 CCO2值为-9.90‰～-4.00‰,R/Ra为0.95～4.46,说明松南油伴生气中CO2的体积分数很高,伴生CO2气主体为幔源-岩浆成因。如果幔源-岩浆CO2气大量混入油藏,将发生CO2驱油,形成次生油气藏。由松南油气藏的典型剖面特征及片钠铝石中原生烃类包裹体的发现,证实松南存在幔源-岩浆CO2驱油的事实。在幔源-岩浆CO2与油气混合成藏地区,寻找幔源-岩浆CO2充注驱油成因的次生油气藏已成为新的勘探思路。     

云南易门铜厂铜矿床C、O同位素组成及其地质意义

易门铜厂矿床是滇中易门铜矿带中的Cu品位较低的大型矿床,是矿带中的一种代表性矿床。矿区发育沉积-成岩型铜矿(铜厂式)和热液脉状铜矿(大尖山式)两种矿(化)体,成矿地质作用较特殊。本文系统分析两类矿体和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成。结果表明,铜厂式矿石中白云石的δ~(13)C_(PDB)=-3.7‰~1.4‰,平均值-0.1‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)=19.7‰~21.7‰,平均值20.8‰,与赋矿碳酸盐地层(落雪组)中的白云石C、O同位素组成一致,均在正常海相沉积碳酸盐岩的范围,且受成岩期后作用的影响小,具有典型的沉积-成岩成因标志。尖山式矿体的脉石矿物方解石的δ~(13)C_(PDB)=-3.7‰~0.1‰(均值为-1.5‰),δ~(18)O_(SMOW)=11.9‰~17.0‰(均值为14.1‰),与沉积-成岩型矿体和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成明显不同,在δ~(13)C_(PDB)-δ~(18)O_(SMOW)图上集中于岩浆碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间的狭小范围内,指示其成矿流体与幔源或深部岩浆活动有关,为壳-幔混合流体。其中壳源组分可能主要由矿区碳酸盐地层提供,而幔源组分则可能与晋宁-澄江期基性岩浆活动过程中的去气作用有关。C、O同位素组成证据说明,铜厂矿区层状铜矿和脉状铜矿的成矿作用类型不同,成矿流体也不具同源性,是典型的沉积-成岩型+热液叠加型矿床。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷及其周缘CO_2分布与控制因素分析与启示

南海北部各盆地普遍存在含CO_2气藏。莺歌海盆地CO_2主要受泥底辟带热流体上侵作用的控制,异常高CO_2仅在泥底辟带发现。然而珠江口盆地白云凹陷的泥底辟带与CO_2的关系暂不明确。通过收集分析珠江口盆地的60组(含/高含)CO_2气藏的气体组分和气体同位素地球化学数据,其R/Ra比值(样品的3 He/4 He与空气的3 He/4 He比值)均2,CO_2成因主要为火山幔源型,不同于以壳源型为主的莺歌海盆地。位于白云凹陷中央泥底辟带的B1井,其CO_2碳同位素δ13 C值约-10.9‰~-10.5‰,根据自生片钠铝石的出现认为曾有CO_2大量聚集,而且CO_2分压高,推测为有机、无机成因混合气,不同于非泥底辟带的幔源无机成因。通过不同构造位置上的3口典型单井的对比分析及其与莺歌海盆地,以及泥底辟带和非泥底辟带的对比研究,认为凹陷周缘凸起上的断裂带和凹陷内的泥底辟带是高含CO_2气藏的主要分布区,认为白云凹陷泥底辟构造对于CO_2分布具有一定的控制作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.