Walker型28 GPa多面砧压机及其在地球科学中的应用

高温高压实验是除地球物理和地球化学方法之外, 研究地球深部物质和性质的重要手段之一.多面砧压机是广泛使用的高温高压实验设备, 主要用来研究上地幔温压范围内的实验岩石学和矿物相变动力学等问题.主要介绍中国地质大学(武汉)地球深部研究实验室新引进的Walker型28 GPa多面砧压机的原理和结构、压力标定方法和常用的压力标定材料, 并根据金属铋在2.55和7.7 GPa(25 ℃)的结构相变, 以及石英在3.2 GPa、1 200 ℃向柯石英的转变对多面砧压机18/12装置(八面体传压介质边长/碳化钨截角边长)进行了压力标定, 该装置可实现的最高压力和温度约为8 GPa和2 000 ℃.最后还探讨了高温高压实验在地球科学中的应用.      

吉林龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发物中幔源包体的基本特征及其地质意义

龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发发生在距今1500年前,其火山喷发物中所含的幔源橄榄岩包体是我国在最新火山喷发物中所发现的幔源包体。这些包体以普遍含有韭闪石为特征。包体的结构和位错构造反映这些包体在上地幔条件下经历过一定程度的变形作用。包体的平衡温度大多数集中在800～950℃之间,只有个别样品温度达到1050℃;平衡压力大多数集中在1.0～1.5 GPa之间。由包体平衡温度、压力得到的上地幔地温线稍低于中国东部由新第三纪包体得到的上地幔地温线,但接近第四纪包体得到的地温线。包体在上地幔条件下变形时的差异应力在30～44MPa,应变速率为10-18s-110-15s-1。角闪石的出现反映上地幔流体的渗透及交代作用。金龙顶子火山发的玄武岩浆直接来自35～50km的上地幔顶部。     

方钠石的原位高压X射线研究

在室温下使用金刚石对顶砧（DAC）高压装置和同步辐射光源，对架状硅酸盐矿物方钠石进行了原位高压X射线衍射实验，最高压力达到17．4GPa。在研究的压力范围内观察到在3GPa左右方钠石发生了一次相变，且压力大于6．3GPa时，d222出现异常增大。对方钠石在高压下相变以及d222增大的原因进行了分析，认为方钠石结构中存在着充填大阳离子的多面体笼和孔道，高压下这些笼和孔道容易扭曲变形，从而造成结构的改变。     

上地幔硅酸盐矿物中磷的含量研究

上地幔硅酸盐矿物中的磷含量是磷在地球深部的存在及循环研究的重要内容之一,对于理解和深刻认识上地幔磷的地球化学特征具有重要意义.对石榴子石、橄榄石及辉石中磷的固溶度进行详细的研究将会丰富深部磷循环的研究内容,为理解磷的深部地球化学行为提供科学依据.本文基于天然样品和高温高压实验研究结果,分析总结了上地幔硅酸盐矿物中磷的含量及磷进入硅酸盐矿物结构中的机制,探讨了压力、温度、氧逸度及矿物结构对上地幔硅酸盐矿物中磷含量的影响.     

透视石的原位高压单晶X射线衍射研究

采用同步辐射光源和金刚石对顶砧(DAC)技术,对透视石进行了室温下的原位高压单晶X射线衍射研究。实验的最高压力为11.7 GPa,在实验压力范围内,未观察到透视石发生相变。随着压力的升高,晶胞体积逐步被压缩,体积压缩率符合三阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程,拟合获得体模量K0为114.6(5.3)GPa。压力低于9.3 GPa时,c轴的压缩率大于a轴;在9.3~11.7 GPa压力范围内,限制于透视石结构中的水分子在高压下会阻碍硅氧四面体六元环沿c轴方向的扭曲变形,导致c轴的抗压性增强,最终a轴与c轴的被压缩程度趋于一致。通过分析多种含水环状硅酸盐矿物的高压行为,发现高压下结构中水的存在形式对含水环状硅酸盐矿物的弹性性质有重要的影响。     

豫南高压麻粒岩中富钛角闪石类的成因和意义

作者用光学方法、电子探针分析方法、红外吸收光和Ｘ射线粉晶衍射方法对豫南高压麻粒岩中的富钛角闪石类进行了详细。结果表明这些富钛角闪石可分别属于钛角闪石类和成分的宇镁绿钙闪石的富钛角闪石类。它们系幔源偏碱生镁铁质岩类成分相当的原岩子高压麻粒岩相变质条件下再平衡后的变质残余矿物和重结晶矿物。     

白钨矿的原位高压X射线衍射研究

使用金刚石对顶砧高压装置(DAC)和同步辐射光源,对天然白钨矿进行了原位高压能量色散X射线衍射(EDXD)研究,实验最高压力为16.0 GPa.在实验压力范围内观察到了一次白钨矿结构→钨锰铁矿结构的可逆相变:压力小于5.3 GPa时为白钨矿结构(I4_1/a),在5.3～12.3 GPa压力区间内为白钨矿结构与钨锰铁矿结构(P2/c)并存,大于12.3 GPa时完全相变为钨锰铁矿结构.从键长、配位数和配位多面体角度对白钨矿→钨锰铁矿结构的相变机制进行了解释.     

钙钛矿型硅酸盐的热膨胀及地幔分层

位于地下670公里深处的地震不连续带是上、下地幔的分界面,其压强为24GPa,温度为2—3千K。在这样的条件下,上地幔的主要矿物——橄榄石〔(Mg、Fe)_2SiO_4〕、辉石〔(Mg、Fe)SiO_3〕和石榴石〔(Mg、Fe、Ca)_3Al_2Si_2O_2〕将转变为斜方畸变的具钙钛矿结构的〔(Mg、Fe)SiO_3〕矿物或以钙钛矿为主的矿物组合。由于钙钛矿型的硅酸盐至少在70GPa压力下还是稳定的,因而它被认为是下地幔(或许是整个地球)中最主要的矿物。尽管钙钛矿型的硅酸盐很重要,但直到1976年才被发现,而且由于合成这种矿物所需的压力和温度条件很难达到,所以对其物理性质还不甚了解。例如,钙钛矿热膨胀系数对下地幔可能存在的成分模式起着重要的制约作用。最近我们合成了足够量的钙钛矿型的(Mg_0.9,Fe_0.1)SiO_2以便用X射线衍射法测定其在温度达840K时的无压热膨胀。在高温下测得的平均热膨胀系数为4×10~(-6)K~(-1)。这么大的热膨胀系数表明:根据土地幔组分(如地幔岩或石榴石橄榄岩,Mg值≈0.89)的标准模式求得的无压密度,要比推断的下地幔在无压条件下的密度低大纣2%。这一结果显示:上地幔与下地幔的化学性质是不同的;这与地幔热对流的分层模式是一致的。     

滇西双江县勐库地区退变质榴辉岩中闪石类矿物的成因研究

勐库地区新近发现的退变质榴辉岩中晚期退变质作用形成的闪石类矿物十分丰富,其携带了大量晚期退变质过程中的岩石成因信息。本文通过系统的矿物学研究,鉴定出了3期10种闪石类矿物,其中以镁钙闪石、镁角闪石、铁镁钙闪石、铁韭闪石、透闪石、阳起石等钙质闪石类为主,有少量冻蓝闪石、蓝透闪石等钠-钙闪石类。研究发现,随着退变质过程中时间的推移,角闪石的形成环境逐渐由还原环境向弱氧化环境、氧化环境演变。根据角闪石电子探针成分测试结果计算了相应的温度、压力条件。结合岩相学的资料,将退变质过程分为3期:(1)第1期早阶段为近等温降压过程(p=0.56~0.75 GPa,t=642~709℃),主要形成铁韭闪石、铁镁钙闪石、镁钙闪石;晚阶段为等温降压过程(p=0.39~0.56 GPa,t=619~642℃),主要形成镁钙闪石及少量镁绿钙闪石、铁韭闪石;(2)第2期为降温降压过程(p=0.23~0.42 GPa,t=460~610℃),主要形成镁角闪石、冻蓝闪石及铁角闪石;(3)第3期为近等温降压过程(p=0.09~0.31 GPa,t=350~420℃),主要形成透闪石、阳起石、蓝透闪石等。闪石类的成分变化反映了退变质榴辉岩从地壳底部的角闪石榴辉岩-高压麻粒岩相温压环境向中上地壳角闪岩相、绿片岩相温压环境的渐次退变质作用过程。这与昌宁-孟连构造带上印支期的碰撞造山作用、燕山期的区域性地壳伸展、喜马拉雅期的陆内造山运动具有较好的对应关系。     

水对上地幔电性结构的影响

上地幔可以存储大量的水,水能够极大地增强地幔矿物的电导率。在实验室高温高压条件下获得了含水和不含水矿物电导率不同的结论,有必要广泛开展含水矿物电导率实验研究。基于最新实验结果,充分考虑上地幔热力学条件,矿物体积随深度变化和矿物间水分配情况,对2个研究小组上地幔4种主要矿物实验室电导率结果采用平均方法建立随水含量变化的上地幔电导率-深度曲线,并与实测地球物理模型进行了对比。研究表明,水能够极大地影响上地幔的电性结构,推测上地幔平均水质量分数为0.01%,位于地球化学方法推断的上地幔水质量分数范围(50×10-6~200×10-6)。海洋上地幔软流圈高电导率异常很可能是碳酸盐熔体、硅酸盐熔体及水共同作用的结果。     

Composition of aqueous fluid coexisting with mantle minerals at high pressure and its bearing on the differentiation of the Earth’s mantle

In order to understand the role of aqueous fluid on the differentiation of the mantle, the compositions of aqueous fluids coexisting with mantle minerals were investigated in the system MgO-SiO₂-H₂O at pressures of 3 to 10 GPa and temperatures of 1000 to 1500°C with an MA8-type multianvil apparatus. Phase boundaries between the stability fields of forsterite + aqueous fluid, forsterite + enstatite + aqueous fluid, and enstatite + aqueous fluid were determined by varying the bulk composition at constant temperature and pressure. The composition of aqueous fluid coexisting with forsterite and enstatite can be defined by the intersection of these two phase boundaries. The solubility of silicate components in aqueous fluid coexisting with forsterite and enstatite increases with increasing pressure up to 8 GPa, from about 30 wt% at 3 GPa to about 70 wt% at 8 GPa. It becomes almost constant above 8 GPa. The Mg/Si weight ratio of these aqueous fluids is much higher than at low pressure (0.2 at 1.5 GPa) and almost constant (1.2) at pressures between 3 and 8 GPa. At 10 GPa, it becomes about 1.4. Aqueous fluid migrating upward through the mantle can therefore dissolve large amounts of silicates, leaving modified Mg/Si ratios of residual materials. It is suggested that the chemical stratification of Mg/Si in the Earth may have been formed as a result of aqueous fluid migration.     

高温高压下电导-温度曲线方法进行蛇纹石的脱水温度测量及其意义

在1．0～5．0GPa压力范围内，运用高温同时高压下电导测量方法确定了蛇纹石的脱水温度。实验结果表明，压力小于2.0GPa时叶蛇纹石的脱水温度随压力的增大呈微弱升高趋势，压力大于2．0GPa时其脱水温度随压力的增大明显降低，意味着较高压力下有利于脱水反应的发生，是俯冲带岩浆作用及地幔交代作用流体的重要来源。蛇纹石脱水后，由于自由水的存在导致其电导明显增加，可能是高导层产生的原因之一。     

Dehydration Temperature of Serpentine at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures by Electrical Conductivity Method and Its Implications

Dehydration temperatures of serpentine were measured in the pressure range between 1.0GPa and 5.0GPa by using the electrical conductivity metod simultaneously at high temperatures and high pressures.The results show that with increasing pressure th dehydration temperature of antigorite increases slightly below 2.0GPa ,but drops markedly above2.0GPa .This strongly suggests that high pressure would favor the dehydration of serpentine minerals and the water released thereby would be an important source of fluids involved in magmatism in a subduction zone and mantle metasomatism,Meanwhile,the greatly enhanced electric conductivity in the presence of water may be one of the reasons underlying the occurrence of a high-conductivity zone in the lower crust.     

榴辉岩的弹性波速评述

文中评述了榴辉岩的密度和高温高压下的纵波速度、速度各向异性、泊松比以及榴辉岩声软化现象的成因 ,着重介绍了榴辉岩的密度和波速对探讨岩石圈物质组成、莫霍界面性质、超高压岩石对实现壳幔物质交换的重要意义。榴辉岩的密度为 3 2～ 3 6 5g·cm-3 ,其中超高压榴辉岩具有更高的密度 (3 4～ 3 6 5g·cm-3 )。榴辉岩的纵波速度 (vp)在 1GPa时为 7 3～8 9km·s-1,其裂隙闭合压力可能高于 1GPa。榴辉岩的压力系数为 0 3～ 0 4km·s-1·GPa-1,温度系数为 - 3 4× 10 -4 km·s-1·℃ -1。它具有最弱的vP 各向异性 (<3% )。超高压榴辉岩的泊松比为 0 2 54～ 0 2 75。大别山榴辉岩的密度和波速研究表明 ,现今的大别山深部地壳可能依然存在榴辉岩 ,但数量应很少 ;大别山上地幔具有同超高压榴辉岩类似的弹性特征 ;拆沉作用是解释超高压榴辉岩折返机制的重要模式之一 ;榴辉岩的形成过程包含了壳幔物质循环作用 ,一部分榴辉岩已拆沉进入深部地幔 ,另一部分则快速折返至地壳内或通过其他构造作用进一步抬升、暴露地表。     

Phase relation of CaSO<Subscript>4</Subscript> at high pressure and temperature up to 90 GPa and 2300 K

Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), one of the major sulfate minerals in the Earth’s crust, is expected to play a major role in sulfur recycling into the deep mantle. Here, we investigated the crystal structure and phase relation of CaSO₄ up to ~90 GPa and 2300 K through a series of high-pressure experiments combined with in situ X-ray diffraction. CaSO₄ forms three thermodynamically stable polymorphs: anhydrite (stable below 3 GPa), monazite-type phase (stable between 3 and ~13 GPa) and barite-type phase (stable up to at least 93 GPa). Anhydrite to monazite-type phase transition is induced by pressure even at room temperature, while monazite- to barite-type transition requires heating at least to 1500 K at ~20 GPa. The barite-type phase cannot always be quenched from high temperature and is distorted to metastable AgMnO₄-type structure or another modified barite structure depending on pressure. We obtained the pressure–volume data and density of anhydrite, monazite- and barite-type phases and found that their densities are lower than those calculated from the PREM model in the studied P–T conditions. This suggests that CaSO₄ is gravitationally unstable in the mantle and fluid/melt phase into which sulfur dissolves and/or sulfate–sulfide speciation may play a major role in the sulfur recycling into the deep Earth.     

Study on the Electrical Conductivity of 0.025 mol NaCl Solution at 0.25–3.75 GPa and 20–370°C

The electrical conductance of 0.025 mol NaCl solution was measured at 0.25–3.75 GPa and 20–370°C As shown by the results, the conductance increases with temperature, and there is a liner relation between the reciprocal of temperature and the logarithm of the conductance but their slopes are different at different pressures. The relations between the conductance and pressure is rather complex and there are some discontinuities: in the range of 2.25–3.75 GPa, the conductance increases with the pressure; in the range of 1.25–2.0 GPa, the conductance is not related to the pressure; and at a pressure of 0.75 GPa, the conductance is higher than that at the pressures nearby. This reflects that the NaCl solution has rather different properties of electronic chemistry at various pressures, and probably is an important cause for the existence of the layers with high electrical conductance and low velocity in the Earth's crust and mantle.     

Stability of various hydrous phases in CMAS pyrolite-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O system up to 25 GPa

 We carried out a series of melting experiments with hydrous primitive mantle compositions to determine the stability of dense hydrous phases under high pressures. Phase relations in the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ pyrolite with ˜2 wt% of water have been determined in the pressure range of 10–25 GPa and in the temperature range between 800 and 1400 °C. We have found that phase E coexisting with olivine is stable at 10–12 GPa and below 1050 °C. Phase E coexisting with wadsleyite is stable at 14–16 GPa and below 900 °C. A superhydrous phase B is stable in pyrolite below 1100 °C at 18.5 GPa and below 1300 °C at 25 GPa. No hydrous phases other than wadsleyite are stable in pyrolite at 14–17 GPa and 900–1100 °C, suggesting a gap in the stability of dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMS). We detected an expansion in the stability field of wadsleyite to lower pressures (12 GPa and 1000 °C). The H₂O content of wadsleyite was found to decrease not only with increasing temperature but also with increasing pressure. The DHMS phases could exist in a pyrolitic composition only under the conditions present in the subducting slabs descending into the lower mantle. Under the normal mantle and hot plume conditions, wadsleyite and ringwoodite are the major H₂O-bearing phases. The top of the transition zone could be enriched in H₂O in accordance with the observed increase in water solubility in wadsleyite with decreasing pressure. As a consequence of the thermal equilibration between the subducting slabs and the ambient mantle, the uppermost lower mantle could be an important zone of dehydration, providing fluid for the rising plumes. Received: 9 September 2002 / Accepted: 11 January 2003 Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Y. Ito for the assistance with the EPMA measurement, A. Suzuki, T. Kubo and T. Kondo for technical help with the high-pressure experiments and Raman and X-ray diffraction measurements and C.R. Menako for technical support. K. Litasov thanks H. Taniguchi for his continuous encouragement and the Center for Northeast Asian Studies of Tohoku University and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science for the research fellowships. This work was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid of Scientific Research of the Priority Area (B) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sport, and Culture of the Japanese government (no. 12126201) to E. Ohtani.     

中国上地幔角闪石及其成因意义

我国土地幔成因角闪石以高铝(一般>2.0)为特征,以TiO_2、Cr_2O_3含量差异相区别,划分为韭闪石和钛角闪石两大类。韭闪石又有四种不同的成因类型:贫铬、钛型(Cr_2O_3=0.15％,TiO_2=0.07％),富铬型(Cr_2O_3=2.18％),富钛型(TiO_2=3.14％)和富铬、钛型(Cr_2O_3=2.59％,TiO_2=3.16％)。除贫铬、钛型韭闪石发现于苏北-胶南高压变质岩石中外,其它三种韭闪石(产于大陆区)和钛角闪石(产于台湾西部)均来自各种地幔橄榄岩、辉石岩及新生代玄武岩中。不管它们的产出方式如何(填隙、嵌晶、巨晶和包裹体子矿物),都直接或间接与地幔流体的交代作用有关,但各具成因之特点。     

Rare earth element evidence for differentiation of McMurdo volcanics,Ross Island,Antarctica

Eighteen samples of the McMurdo volcanics on Ross Island, Antarctica consisting of basanitoid, trachybasalt and phonolite have been analyzed for rare earth elements (REE) in order to determine the details of differentiation using quantitative trace element modeling. The basanitoids have REE patterns similar to those for alkali basalts or nephelinites from ocean islands. Since there is no correlation between REE and silica contents among five basanitoids, some of the variability in the REE contents must be related to the extent of partial melting, variation in the residual mineralogies of the mantle during melting, or to inhomogeneities in the REE composition of the mantle.In order to explain the data, more than one differentiation sequence is necessary. In each case a basanitoid melt is the parent which differentiates to trachybasalt upon separation of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel, ±kaersutite±plagioclase±apatite. If clinopyroxene, kaersutite, anorthoclase, plagioclase and apatite separate from a trachybasalt melt, a mafic phonolite results.If, however, no kaersutite is involved, an anorthoclase phonolite results. A distinct type of mafic phonolite results if kaersutite is one of the minerals that separates from the anorthoclase phonolite. If the anorthoclase phonolite precipitates plagioclase and anorthoclase and if the melt reacts with plagioclase-rich continental rocks, a trachyte results.Formerly spelled: Shine Soon Sun     

Phase relations of phlogopite with magnesite from 4 to 8 GPa

To evaluate the stability of phlogopite in the presence of carbonate in the Earth’s mantle, we conducted a series of experiments in the KMAS–H₂O–CO₂ system. A mixture consisting of synthetic phlogopite (phl) and natural magnesite (mag) was prepared (phl₉₀-mag₁₀; wt%) and run at pressures from 4 to 8 GPa at temperatures ranging from 1,150 to 1,550°C. We bracketed the solidus between 1,200 and 1,250°C at pressures of 4, 5 and 6 GPa and between 1,150 and 1,200°C at a pressure of 7 GPa. Below the solidus, phlogopite coexists with magnesite, pyrope and a fluid. At the solidus, magnesite is the first phase to react out, and enstatite and olivine appear. Phlogopite melts over a temperature range of ~150°C. The amount of garnet increases above solidus from ~10 to ~30 modal% to higher pressures and temperatures. A dramatic change in the composition of quench phlogopite is observed with increasing pressure from similar to primary phlogopite at 4 GPa to hypersilicic at pressures ≥5 GPa. Relative to CO₂-free systems, the solidus is lowered such, that, if carbonation reactions and phlogopite metasomatism take place above a subducting slab in a very hot (Cascadia-type) subduction environment, phlogopite will melt at a pressure of ~7.5 GPa. In a cold (40 mWm⁻²) subcontinental lithospheric mantle, phlogopite is stable to a depth of 200 km in the presence of carbonate and can coexist with a fluid that becomes Si-rich with increasing pressure. Ascending kimberlitic melts that are produced at greater depths could react with peridotite at the base of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, crystallizing phlogopite and carbonate at a depth of 180–200 km.