鹤壁新生代玄武岩源区及成因: 地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

大陆碱性玄武岩是研究大陆地幔、软流圈和岩石圈、壳幔相互作用的窗口。鹤壁碱性玄武岩为华北中部新生代玄武岩重要组成部分,其源区和成因对了解新生代期间华北克拉通中部岩石圈地幔改造提供了重要依据。鹤壁新生代玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩,贫硅(SiO₂=45.0%~47.8%)富镁(MgO=7.3%~8.5%)和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O=4.6%~6.3%),富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏,无明显Eu异常。富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs)。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,具有明显的Nb、Ta正异常,其中Nb/U=35~48、La/Nb=0.4~0.7、Ba/Nb=3.6~11。 全岩的Sr、Nd、Hf同位素比值分别为⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i=0.7036~0.7044,ε_Nd(t)=+0.4~+5.4, ε_Hf(t)=+5.0~+9.7,显示鹤壁新生代玄武岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征和同位素组成。岩相学特征和地球化学特征表明鹤壁新生代玄武岩是软流圈地幔(>80km)小程度部分熔融形成的熔体与富集的岩石圈地幔相互作用后的结果,地壳物质混染和结晶分离作用不显著。     

西藏申扎早白垩世花岗岩类:板片断离的证据

拉萨地块中北部地区在~113Ma发生的带状岩浆大爆发事件被认为是南向俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋壳岩石圈板片断离的结果,但缺乏更多的地球化学数据。本文报道的拉萨地块中部申扎地区花岗岩类地球化学数据为这一模型提供了可靠的地球化学证据。申扎花岗岩类包括寄主花岗闪长岩(113Ma),辉长质包体和闪长质包体(111Ma)。申扎早白垩世花岗岩中的寄主岩石与镁铁质包体均属于偏铝质中-高钾钙碱性系列,所有样品均富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、U和Th)、亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti和Zr)。花岗闪长质寄主岩和闪长质包体具有高的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值(0.7121~0.7133),负的ε_Nd(t)值(-10.2~-9.1)及古老的Nd同位素模式年龄(1.90~1.55Ga);辉长质包体具偏低的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值(0.7067和0.7108),较高的全岩ε_Nd(t)(-2.1和-4.1)值,Nd同位素模式年龄为1.33Ga和1.32Ga。申扎花岗岩类中的辉长质包体具有板内玄武岩亲缘性,这一特征与班公湖-怒江洋壳岩石圈南向俯冲板片在~113Ma左右发生的板片断离有关。申扎花岗岩类是在板片断离背景下,主要由来源于古老拉萨基底物质重熔的熔体与上涌的软流圈地幔物质发生岩浆混合产生的。     

西秦岭印支期高Sr/Y花岗岩类的成因及动力学背景——以同仁地区舍哈力吉岩体为例

西秦岭印支期花岗岩类分布十分广泛,形成时代集中于248~234Ma和224~211Ma两个阶段.其中,夏河岩体(248~238Ma)和温泉岩体(223~216Ma)的部分样品被厘定为埃达克岩(Sr>400×10^-6,Yb<2×10^-6),指示陆壳厚度大于50km.本文对西秦岭同仁地区舍哈力吉岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年、岩石学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究.舍哈力吉岩体主要由石英二长岩组成,同时含有许多暗色镁铁质微粒包体(MME).寄主岩中发育少量的钾长石巨晶,并且部分巨晶具有环斑结构.舍哈力吉石英二长岩化学成分比较均一,而且也显示出类似埃达克岩的一些地球化学特点,如富SiO₂(66.07%~67.52%)和Al₂O₃(14.85%~15.95%),高Sr(560×10^-6~692×10^-6),低Y(11.4×10^-6~12.9×10^-6)和Yb(0.99×10^-6~1.09×10^-6),并具有较高的(La/Yb)_N比值(27.8~34.3)和微弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.77~0.95).锆石U-Pb测年结果为234.1±0.5Ma,表明其形成于印支早期.岩石为偏铝质、高钾钙碱性系列且K₂O/Na₂O>1,高Mg^#(59~60)、Cr(69.1×10^-6~81.2×10^-6)和Ni(31.6×10^-6~36.1×10^-6),以富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U)而相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ti、P)为特征,(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.7075~0.7077,ε_Nd(t)=-6.3~-6.1,亏损地幔模式年龄为1.25~1.33Ga.舍哈力吉石英二长岩起源于石榴角闪岩相古老下地壳的部分熔融,之后经历了壳幔岩浆混合作用和以斜长石为主的分离结晶作用.寄主岩的环斑结构和相对一致的地球化学特征,很可能是高温幔源熔体对壳源富钾高黏度岩浆改造所导致的晶粥快速再活化的结果.西秦岭在印支早期可能并未经历显著的地壳加厚过程.西秦岭印支早期花岗岩类形成于活动大陆边缘局部伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋壳俯冲极性的改变有关.     

塔里木盆地东北缘敦煌群的形成和演化:锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素证据

采用LA-MC-ICP-MS手段对敦煌地块中敦煌群的白云母石英片岩、石榴斜长角闪岩、石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和长英质伟晶岩脉中的锆石进行了U-Pb 和Lu-Hf同位素分析,获得白云母石英片岩碎屑岩浆锆石的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb表面年龄为1545~756Ma,主要集中在1200~1000Ma,表明地层的最大沉积时代为756Ma,蚀源区存在中、新元古代的岩浆事件。白云母石英片岩锆石的ε_Hf(t)分为两组,一组为正值,ε_Hf(t)=1.2~10.1,单阶段模式年龄为t_DM=1.09~1.66Ga;一组为负值,ε_Hf(t)=-1~-16,两阶段模式年龄为t_DM2=1.91~2.42Ga。表明蚀源区存在古元古代、中元古代的再造地壳。石榴斜长角闪岩的两粒捕获锆石的年龄为2272Ma 和1208Ma,ε_Hf(t)为-3和14,t_DM2和t_DM为2.82Ga和1.1Ga,暗示捕获区存在太古代再造地壳和中元古代晚期新生地壳。石榴斜长角闪岩碎屑锆石的Th/U比值为0.02~0.42,²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为441±5Ma,代表了岩石遭受变质作用的时代。石榴黑云斜长片麻岩中的碎屑锆石与长英质伟晶岩脉中的继承锆石特征相同,锆石年龄集中在3个峰值区间:2.2~2.1Ga,1.8~1.6Ga,1.2~0.8Ga,相应的的ε_Hf(t)分别为-9~4,-5.4~15,-27~20,相应锆石的模式年龄分别为3.1~2.4Ga,2.6~1.4Ga,3.1~1.7Ga,均大于其形成年龄,表明蚀源区锆石来自于再循环的新太古代、古元古代和中元古代地壳,样品代表的地层的最大沉积时代为新元古代早期。岩石中检测出早古生代的变质锆石, ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为464~422Ma,可能代表了沉积岩的变质时代。敦煌群锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素表明蚀源区岩石类型和时代的多样性,也表明部分敦煌群不是前寒武纪的变质基底,而是塔里木盆地变质基底之上新元古代的沉积盖层,后卷入了我国西北部早古生代的造山事件。     

辽宁本溪歪头山条带状铁矿的成因类型、形成时代及构造背景

辽宁鞍本地区位于华北克拉通东北缘,分布有诸多大型-特大型条带状铁矿床。本文对该区歪头山铁矿进行了岩石学、矿物学及年代学研究。歪头山铁建造以条带状铁矿石为主,兼含有少量的块状矿石,其顶底板围岩及矿体夹层主要为太古界鞍山群斜长角闪岩。元素地球化学分析表明,铁矿石富集重稀土[(La/Yb)_PAAS=0.24~0.33],具La正异常(La/La^*=1.43~1.61)、Eu正异常(Eu/Eu^*=2.40~4.54)及Y正异常(Y/Y^*=1.10~1.30),Y/Ho值平均30.59,Sr/Ba值平均17.62,Ti/V值平均19.45,反映成矿物质可能来源于由海底火山活动带来的高温热液与海水的混合溶液。铁矿石无明显Ce负异常(Ce/Ce^*=0.92~1.06),暗示BIF沉积时海水处于缺氧环境。除Fe₂O₃^T与SiO₂外,铁矿石中其它氧化物含量均非常低,且贫Th、U、Zr等具有陆源性质的元素,表明大陆碎屑物质对BIF贡献极少。斜长角闪岩稀土元素配分型式近于平坦[(La/Yb)_N=0.80~1.10],无明显Ce异常(Ce/Ce^*=0.95~0.99)与Eu异常(Eu/Eu^*=0.88~1.16);其大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素无明显亏损。地球化学分析表明,斜长角闪岩原岩可能为产于弧后盆地的玄武质火山岩。锆石形态与微量元素分析显示,斜长角闪岩中的锆石均属岩浆成因。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年显示斜长角闪岩原岩形成于2533±11Ma,代表了歪头山BIF的成矿年龄;在玄武质岩浆喷发过程中,还捕获了一组年龄为2610±5Ma的锆石。电子探针分析显示磁铁矿成分纯净(FeO^T=92.04%~93.05%),其标型组分特征暗示歪头山BIF属沉积变质型铁矿。综合分析认为,歪头山铁矿属Algoma型BIF,成矿与弧后盆地岩浆活动密切相关,指示了新太古代末华北克拉通普遍发育的一期BIF成矿事件。     

柴北缘东段奥陶纪埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩:对大陆深俯冲之前大洋俯冲及地壳增生的启示

在柴北缘东段识别出早古生代埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩的火山岩组合。埃达克岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O，K₂O/Na₂O比值介于0.14~0.43之间；高Sr（614×10^-6~1043×10^-6），但亏损Y（3.26×10^-6~14.1×10^-6）和Yb（0.33×10^-6~1.46×10^-6），具有高的Sr/Y比值（44~282）；富集Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素及Cr、Ni、Co、V等相容元素。富Nb玄武岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O、高TiO₂，其Nb含量较高，介于16.9×10^-6~17.9×10^-6之间，具有高的Nb/Ta、Nb/U、（Nb/La）_N比值，同时富集高场强元素。埃达克岩锆石U-Pb定年得到453±4Ma和457±4Ma的结晶年龄。锆石ε_Hf（t）范围较大，介于3.40~13.23之间，对应的二阶段模式年龄t_DM2介于1059~566Ma之间，显示以新生物质为主的特征。综合研究表明柴北缘东段埃达克岩可能为岛弧环境下俯冲的南祁连大洋板片部分熔融的产物。板片来源的埃达克质熔体交代或与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应，导致被交代的地幔橄榄岩部分熔融而形成富Nb玄武质岩浆。柴北缘东段埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩火山岩组合的厘定表明南祁连洋可能直到~455Ma之前并未完全闭合，同时表明俯冲大洋板片的部分熔融可能是柴北缘早古生代地壳增生的一种重要方式。     

华北克拉通北缘东段海沟岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成及其动力学背景

海沟岩体位于华北克拉通北缘东段,由二长岩和二长花岗岩组成。本文对该岩体主微量元素、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素和锆石的U-Pb年龄进行了系统研究。高精度锆石U-Pb年龄测试结果表明,二长岩和二长花岗岩形成的精确年龄分别为322.9±3.4Ma和320.3±3.5Ma,为海西期构造-岩浆活动产物。海沟岩体为准铝质-弱过铝质的I型花岗岩,其K₂O/Na₂O比值介于0.51~0.93之间,A/CNK介于0.87~0.94之间。微量元素方面表现为轻稀土富集、轻重稀土分馏明显、弱铕正异常、大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、K)富集,以及高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti、P)相对亏损等。锶同位素初始比值为(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i= 0.7054~0.7059, ε_Nd(t)=-10.4~-8.6,亏损地幔的钕模式年龄分别介于1.84~1.99Ga和1.84~1.93Ga之间。二长岩和二长花岗岩锆石的ε_Hf(t)变化范围分别为-7.6~-0.8和-11.5~-5.4,对应的两阶段Hf模式年龄分别为1.39~1.81Ga和1.67~2.06Ga。同位素特征表明两者可能来自中元古代和古元古代的下地壳物质的部分熔融,并可能有较多地幔物质的加入。根据其形成时代、岩石地球化学、同位素特征以及区域地质演化史,认为海沟岩体的形成可能与古生代古亚洲洋消减作用密切相关。     

哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带中斜长角闪岩的地球化学、同位素年代学及其地质意义

哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带位于青藏高原东南缘，是西南三江地区重要的北西向造山带。杂岩带主要由各种类型的副片麻岩、片岩、石英岩、大理岩和斜长角闪岩构成，岩石发生强烈的糜棱岩化。本文在哀牢山变质杂岩带东南段元江和金平地区以及大象变质杂岩带北段老街和Pho Rang地区发现了中二叠-早三叠世的斜长角闪岩。岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年龄研究表明，这些斜长角闪岩可分为4组：第1组为元江斜长角闪岩，具有类似于E-MORB的稀土和微量元素配分曲线特征，锆石U-Pb定年显示其原岩形成年龄为272.5±1.7Ma；第2组为勐桥-马鞍底斜长角闪岩，相比于元江斜长角闪岩（第1组）具有更高的轻/重稀土分馏程度，其稀土和微量元素配分曲线类似于E-MORB，微量元素比值（Nb/Yb、Th/Yb等）显示具有沿MORB-OIB序列演化的趋势，勐桥和马鞍底斜长角闪岩中的Ti含量和Ti/Y比值等特征分别类似于峨眉山低Ti玄武岩和高Ti玄武岩。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明，勐桥-马鞍底斜长角闪岩形成于265.2±1.0Ma~266.2±1.0Ma和250.4±1.5Ma~248.7±1.6Ma，其中晚期岩石中含有261.2±1.5Ma~257.9±1.6Ma的继承锆石，该年龄与峨眉山玄武岩（约260Ma）近于同期。上述证据表明勐桥-马鞍底斜长角闪岩岩浆演化过程中可能混染了部分具有OIB属性的峨眉山地幔柱物质成分；第3组为大象山老街-Pho Rang斜长角闪岩，具有类似于OIB的稀土和微量元素配分曲线特征，微量元素含量和比值（TiO₂=3.28%~4.31%，Nb/La=0.84~1.01，Ti/Y>500等）特征显示与峨眉山高Ti玄武岩相似的地球化学属性，表明峨眉山玄武岩在哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带内广泛分布，该岩石成分可能为勐桥-马鞍底斜长角闪岩（第2组）的端元组分之一；第4组为大象山Pho Rang斜长角闪岩，该组岩石具有与元江斜长角闪岩（第1组）相似的E-MORB属性特征。进一步的研究表明，哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带中具有类似于E-MORB属性的斜长角闪岩均表现出不同程度的Nb、Ta元素亏损和Rb、Ba等大离子元素富集，微量元素比值（Nb/Yb（0.72~5.29），Th/Yb（0.11~0.87），La/Nb（0.91~8.83））等特征类似于岛弧玄武岩，这些特征指示其原岩岩浆可能是俯冲环境下地幔楔岩石部分熔融的产物。结合哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带、哀牢山-马江缝合带以及扬子地块之间的时-空关系，本文推测哀牢山-大象山变质杂岩带内的E-MORB类型岩浆岩形成于东古特提斯支洋（即哀牢山-马江洋）向东的俯冲过程，其俯冲持续时间为中二叠-早三叠世（272~248Ma）。     

扬子克拉通北缘随(州)-枣(阳)地区新元古代变质岩浆岩的地球化学和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究

扬子克拉通北缘的随州-枣阳地区是整个秦岭-桐柏山-大别山-苏鲁造山带及其前陆地区受三叠纪(印支期)扬子板块向华北板块深俯冲并发生高压-超高压变质作用影响最小的地区,因而扬子板块北缘的前寒武纪基底在这里得到了较多的保存。它们不仅为研究扬子板块北缘新元古代构造环境和岩石圈性质提供了难得的样品,也为研究造山带内变质杂岩的原岩性质及高压-超高压变质作用过程中元素的地球化学行为提供了参照物。这里出露的前寒武纪基底包括新元古代的变质火山-沉积岩系(随州群)以及大量的超镁铁质-镁铁质岩床群。其中构成随州群的岩性包括变酸性火山岩、变沉积岩及少量的变基性火山岩。超镁铁质-镁铁质岩床群以橄长岩为主,少量辉长苏长岩和辉石岩。本文用SHRIPM锆石U-Pb法测得随州群中变质流纹英安质凝灰岩和变质粗面安山岩及超镁铁质-镁铁质岩床群中橄长岩的侵位年龄分别为763±7Ma、741±7Ma和632±6Ma。随州群火山岩的年龄与桐柏山-大别山-苏鲁造山带内高压-超高压变质杂岩的原岩年龄类似,至于造山带内榴辉岩的原岩年龄是否有类似于橄长岩的侵位年龄(631.5±6.1Ma),尚需进一步研究。地球化学上,随县群的酸性火山岩表现出强烈亏损Sr和高场强元素Nb、Ta,富集Rb、Ba、U、Th、K等强不相容元素和轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素之间的分馏程度强((La/Yb)_N=10.44)、弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.75),总体特征类似于大别山-苏鲁造山带内大量出露的黑云斜长片麻岩和裂谷环境下形成的双峰式火山岩的酸性端元。随县群玄武岩的稀土元素之间几乎无分馏((La/Yb)_N=1.78~1.79),高场强元素Nb和Ta相对于La无明显的亏损,总的地球化学特征类似于造山带内大多数的榴辉岩。橄长岩以高Al₂O₃和MgO含量、低TiO₂和碱为特征,轻、重稀土元素之间的分馏程度较强((La/Yb)_N=5.49),尤以强的Ba、Sr及Eu正异常(δEu=1.22)为显著特征,表明其中有较多的富钙斜长石聚集。高场强元素Nb、Ta、U、Th(以及Zr和Hf)无明显的异常,表明其形成过程中未受到大陆地壳的混染,岩浆源区属富集型地幔。     

内蒙古固阳绿岩带三合明BIF型铁矿的形成时代、地球化学特征及地质意义

三合明BIF型铁矿位于华北克拉通西部陆块北缘,产出于固阳绿岩带。矿体赋存于新太古界色尔腾山群斜长角闪岩中。矿石主要呈粒状变晶结构、粒状-针柱状变晶结构,条带-条纹状构造;组成矿石的金属矿物主要为磁铁矿,非金属矿物主要为石英,次为角闪石等。对选自斜长角闪岩中的锆石进行SIMS U-Pb定年,具有核边结构、Th/U比大于0.4的锆石其核部给出了2562±14Ma的上交点年龄,可大致作为三合明BIF的形成时代。原岩恢复显示斜长角闪岩为正变质岩,Zr/Ti-Nb/Y图解显示为亚碱性玄武岩系列,Fe₂O₃^T+TiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO图解落入高铁拉斑玄武岩区;斜长角闪岩主量元素特征与MORB相近,REE配分曲线和蛛网图都近于平坦,且介于N-MORB和E-MORB之间,LREE略微富集,Th、U相对亏损,Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf无明显异常;(La/Sm)_N和Nb/U分别为0.76和50,由此推断原岩可能为T-MORB。Ti-V、Th-Hf-Ta构造环境判别图解中,分别落入MORB和弧后盆地的重叠区、N-MORB区。结合T-MORB形成的构造环境以及前人提出的岛弧叠加地幔柱模式,本文认为三合明BIF形成于弧后盆地并有地幔柱叠加的构造环境。铁矿石化学组分主要为SiO₂、Fe₂O₃和FeO,较低的Al₂O₃(0.68%)、极低的TiO₂(0.04%)和HFSE表明只有极少量陆源碎屑物质的加入。铁矿石的球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式与固阳绿岩带底部的科马提岩极为相似,PAAS标准化的铁矿石REY配分模式与高温热液海水混合物相似,即LREE亏损,HREE富集((La/Yb)_SN=0.34),具有明显的正Eu异常(δEu=2.33)和微弱的正Y异常(δY=1.13),Y/Ho重量比29,摩尔比53。根据铁矿石兼具有与科马提岩和高温热液海水混合物相似的地球化学特征,本文推断海底高温热液淋滤科马提岩为三合明BIF型铁矿提供了大量的Fe和Si。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.