水热活化法提取粉煤灰中的氧化铝

采用高压水热活化法对预先烧制的粉煤灰进行碱溶实验,探讨钙硅摩尔比、碱液浓度、液固比、苛性比、反应温度、反应时间等影响因素对于氧化铝溶出率的影响。考虑到氧化铝溶出率及反应成本等各方面因素,得出氧化铝溶出的适宜条件。结果表明:碱溶条件下,钙硅摩尔比为1.0,溶液碱浓度为350 g/L,液固比为10∶1,苛性比为14,反应温度280℃,活化时间为2 h。通过氧化铝溶出工艺条件的优化,可使氧化铝提取率达到95%以上。     

水热法分解钾长石制备雪硅钙石的实验研究

采用CaO作为助剂,在低温、中压的水热条件下分解钾长石,继而合成一种水合硅酸钙--雪硅钙石,同时得到KOH稀溶液,可用于制备高纯碳酸钾。影响晶化反应的主要因素有n(Ca)/n(Al+Si)、晶化温度、晶化时间、水固比（质量比）、搅拌速度等。讨论了各因素对钾长石分解及雪硅钙石形成的影响,通过X射线粉末衍射、热重-差热分析、扫描电镜等手段对合成产物进行结构性能表征。实验结果表明,以CaO为助剂分解钾长石,同时合成雪硅钙石的工艺方法可行,资源利用率接近100%。实验得到的优化工艺条件为：晶化温度为220～250 ℃,n(Ca)/n(Al+Si)在0.8～1.0之间,晶化时间5～8 h,水固比为20～25,搅拌速度400 r/min。在此条件下,钾长石中K₂O的溶出率达80%以上,同时得到结晶良好的针状雪硅钙石晶体。     

解钾细菌对西北干旱地区不同硅酸盐矿物的解钾效应研究

为了开发西北干旱地区土壤潜在肥力并提高土壤水分利用效率,笔者以解钾细菌为供试菌种,西北干旱地区代表性土壤矿物钾长石和伊利石为供试基质,采用实验室培养的方式,研究不同水分和接菌浓度条件下解钾细菌对土壤矿物的解钾效应,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、透射电镜和能谱分析技术探究解钾细菌对矿物形貌和结构成分的影响。结果表明,解钾细菌对钾长石和伊利石均有显著的解钾效应,该作用受水分、接菌浓度因素影响显著。钾长石最佳接菌量15%、最佳含水量70%;伊利石最佳接菌量20%、最佳含水量70%。钾长石受解钾细菌作用发生溶蚀,K含量降低,Si/Al降低,说明解钾细菌不但可以释放钾长石中的钾元素,还可溶出Si元素并用以自身的生长需求。伊利石受解钾细菌作用层间电荷降低,铝氧八面体中2价阳离子释放,层间电荷降低,造成层间K+离子和吸附水的释放。伊利石傅里叶变换红外光谱曲线显示K元素的释放与层间水分子的释放有关。因此,进一步研究解钾细菌作用下的土壤粘土矿物Si、Fe等元素的迁移,以及层间K元素与层间水分子的相互作用具有重要的生态意义。     

微生物作用下玄武岩的溶解: 粘附作用和温度的影响

使用透析的方法,设计实验探讨了多粘芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)的粘附对玄武岩中矿物溶解的影响,同时通过改变实验温度,探讨了岩石的微生物溶解与温度的关系.10 d的实验结果表明,在30 ℃条件下,细菌P. polymyxa及其代谢产物对玄武岩的溶解有显著促进作用,加速了橄榄石中Mg、Fe、Mn的溶出及辉石和长石中Ca、Al的溶出,而在5℃条件下,这种促进作用不明显.细菌及其代谢物的粘附能加速Mg、Fe、Mn的溶出,抑制Ca的溶出,这种不同的影响与两组元素的溶出机制不同,且粘附对各溶出机制的影响也不同有关,Al的溶出受粘附作用的影响较小.低温条件下,粘附作用对玄武岩中各元素的溶出基本无影响.     

利用钾长石粉体合成雪硅钙石的实验研究

以氧化钙为反应物料,在200～250℃的水热反应条件下分解钾长石。实验研究了在不同的Ca/(Si Al)摩尔比、水固比、反应温度和反应时间条件下,钾长石中K2O的溶出率和固相的物相变化。结果表明,液相中K2O的溶出率为40%～87%,固相反应产物为结晶良好雪硅钙石晶体。采用化学分析、XRD、SEM、DSC_TG和BET等方法对合成的雪硅钙石粉体进行了表征,结果表明,合成的雪硅钙石粉体是由长5～10μm、宽100～200nm、厚度为49～50nm的薄片纤维晶体交织成的直径为30～40μm的空心球形团聚体,耐火温度高于650℃,是制备硅酸钙保温材料的良好原料。     

钾长石制备X型分子筛的试验研究

以长白山天然钾长石矿为原料,采用水热合成法制备了X型沸石分子筛,对影响合成工艺和产物性能等因素进行了研究.试验表明,反应混合物的配比:水钠比、硅铝比,反应过程中的搅拌速度及凝胶混合物的陈化是合成分子筛的关键工艺参数;晶化12 h是合成反应的最佳结晶时间;产物的吸附量达到了国家化学工业产品标准.     

苏鲁超高压榴辉岩中钾长石的超高压相

在苏鲁超高压榴辉岩中,石榴石和绿辉石包含多种含钾长石的显微多晶包襄体.确定其中的钾长石是否经历过超高压变质不仅有助于限定这些长英质包裹体的成因机制,而且有助于深化理解在超高压变质过程中陆壳岩石的物理和化学行为.榴辉岩B174样品采自于中国大陆科学钻探主孔岩心.该样品的石榴石含多种单相和多相多晶包裹体,其中包括钾长石和方解石单相包裹体、钾长石+石英和钾长石+方解石多晶包裹体.激光拉曼光谱分析揭示了部分钾长石残留有超高压钾长石相--钾质钡铝沸石,表明(1)钾长石至少经历了从钾质钡铝沸石向钾长石的退变质相变;和(2)榴辉岩中含钾长石多晶包裹体形成于超高压变质条件下.     

广西合山煤矸石重金属的淋溶实验及环境效应

准确掌握煤矸石中重金属元素的溶出特征与释放规律对评价与防治煤矸石对土壤与地下水环境污染具有重要意义。笔者选取广西合山市里兰矿区的大型煤矸石堆(GD06)为研究对象,通过对煤矸石静态浸泡和动态淋滤的实验研究,揭示煤矸石中8种典型的有害重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn在不同pH值、不同环境温度、与降水的不同作用方式下的溶出特征与释放规律。结果表明,煤矸石在静态浸泡过程中除未检出Mn外,其他7种重金属元素的溶出浓度随浸泡时间的延长而增加,表现出前期的快速释放和后期的慢速释放规律;而浸泡温度升高后,部分重金属元素如Cr、Cu、Pb在浸泡后期的释放速率呈增加趋势。动态淋滤过程中8种重金属元素表现出间歇性快速释放规律,且溶出浓度大于静态浸泡方式,对环境的影响更显著。pH值和温度是煤矸石静态浸泡重金属元素溶出特征的重要影响因素,重金属元素的溶出浓度随温度升高而增加,随pH值减小表现出不同的溶出特征与释放规律。Zn、Ni、Cd和As在静态浸泡和动态淋滤实验中的释放量和释放率较大,是煤矸石淋滤液中最易污染土壤和地下水的重金属元素。     

油页岩提硅渣铝溶出实验研究

针对提取氧化硅后的油页岩灰渣,对改良碱石灰烧结法提取氧化铝过程中的铝溶出进行了实验研究,主要探讨了烧结温度、烧结时间、碱铝比及钙硅比对烧结熟料中的物相特点及铝溶出率的影响。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对烧结熟料进行的物相分析结果显示,主要物相为铝酸钠(NaAlO₂)和硅酸钙钠(Na₂CaSiO₄)。烧结实验结果表明,当烧结温度为1 150℃,保温时间为1.5 h,碱铝比为1.0,钙硅比为1.0时,烧结熟料中氧化铝的标准溶出率可达94%。     

由钾长石合成中孔-微孔复合分子筛及其性能表征

本研究以富含硅、铝的天然矿物钾长石为主要原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16TMABr)为模板剂,在碱性条件下水热合成了铝硅质中孔-微孔复合分子筛.     

硫酸铁钾转化法制取硫酸钾

以钛白副产绿矾和氯化钾为原料 ,采取硫酸铁钾转化法制备硫酸钾。该工艺既具有反应时间短、操作控制方便、产品质量符合国标要求等优点 ,又治理了钛白粉厂环境污染 ;既具有一定的经济效益 ,又有一定的社会效益。     

钾盐矿床钻探工艺技术

钾盐是生产钾肥的主要原料,是我国的急缺矿种,是所有矿产资源中对外依存度比例最高的资源。由于钾石盐矿埋藏深度变化大（10~2000 m）和可溶性、吸水性、裂隙发育等特点,需要特殊的钻探工艺技术。结合国内外钾盐钻探施工经验和特点,对钾盐矿岩心钻探设备机具、钻探工艺、冲洗液等方面进行了研究。     

钾石膏法生产硫酸钾的工艺研究

研究了以钛白副产硫酸亚铁和氯化钾为原料,采用钾石膏法,经过共沉淀、酸化、加热转化生成硫酸钾的新工艺。该工艺流程简捷,反应时间短,操作控制方便,无二次污染,产品质量符合国标要求。该方法既能处置钛白粉厂的副产硫酸亚铁,又能给企业带来一定的经济效益,是处理钛白副产硫酸亚铁的一种效理想的方法之一。     

Potassium and sodium self-diffusion in alkali feldspar

The rate of potassium self-diffusion in pure microcline was measured between 600° and 800° C using K⁴⁰ as a tracer. Transport of K⁴⁰ by processes other than volume diffusion was insignificant or minimal. Isotropic diffusion coefficients were calculated assuming spherical grains. The data are well fit by the Arrhenius relation and yield a pre-exponential factor (D₀) of 133.8 cm²/sec and an activation energy (Q) of 70 kcal/mole. Similar experiments on the self-diffusion of Na²² in a pure low-albite (exchanged microcline) yield D₀ of 2.31×10^–6 cm²/sec and Q of approximately 19 kcal/mole for the temperature interval from 200° to 600° C. The large difference in these activation energies suggests that the atomic mechanisms for sodium and potassium diffusion are different.     

Separation Technologies of Potassium from Salt Lakes

正1 Introduction Salt Lake,as a kind of chemical resources,has been attracted to many researchers,especially the resources of lithium.As reported,many kinds of brines exist in the world depending on the compositions of the brine.Based on the chemical composition the brines can be classified as the types of chloride,carbonate,sulfate.For different     

Preparation of Potassium Sulphate from Microcline Powder

Agricultural potassium sulphate is one of the most important non-chloride potash, which is the main fertilizer of avoid chlorine crop. Soluble potassium resource is bare in China, while insoluble potassium resource with the main mineral of microcline is extremely abundant. The microcline powder used is collected from Mountain Changling, Luonan county of Shaanxi Province. The chemical analysis results showed that the main chemical components of the powder are SiO2, Al2O3 and K2O, the K2O content is up to 13.56% (shown in table 1).     

Potassium and Associated Elements in Tholeiitic Basalts

Selected average analyses of tholeiitic basalts, which havemarkedly differing contents of K₂O, show a broad coherence betweenK, P, Ti, Ba, Rb, Sr, and Zr. The content of K₂O in the averageanalyses of 43 tholeiitic provinces shows a wide range (0.07–1.61per cent) and has a positively skewed frequency distribution.K₂O in individual tholeiitic basalts and dolerites has a similardistribution pattern. The relationship between K₂O and MgO in the average analysesindicates that the range of K₂O content cannot be solely theresult of near-surface differentiation, nor, indeed, any differentiationprocess which is indexed by the MgO content of the differentiates. Processes which could effect an enrichment of K and associatedelements in tholeiites are assessed and it is concluded thatdegree of melting, eclogite fractionation at high pressure,and mantle wall-rock reaction are likely to be significant factors.Crustal contamination is considered not to be a generally significantfactor in the development of continental tholeiites. The concept that all other tholeiites are derived from a parentalmagma with the composition of low-K deep oceanic tholeiitesis rejected.     

Kiglapait Geochemistry III: Potassium and Rubidium

The regular geometry and completeness of the Kiglapait intrusion permit its bulk composition to be obtained by summation, and the composition of successive liquids to be obtained by subtraction. The summations for K and Rb give 1806 and 1.08 ppm, yielding Rfrsol|K/Rb= 1670 for the intrusion, taken as equal to the parent magma. R increases slightly from this initial value to 2000 at the end of crystallization where MgO approaches zero in the rocks. K and Rb are therefore closely coherent and their distribution coefficients can differ only by a small amount in the Kiglapait system.Apparent feldspar/liquid distribution coefficients (D^F/L) can be estimated from detailed plots of feldspar and liquid compositions against F_L. The Kiglapait data imply that these coefficients are linear 1:1 functions of plagioclase composition within experimental error, having values given by D_KF/L = 1.42? X_AnD_RbF/L = 1.13? X_An with minimum values of 0.75 and 0.49, respectively. The ratio $\text{R}{}^{\mathrm{F}}\text{R}{}^{\mathrm{L}}$ lies in the range of 1.53± 0.03 for the plagioclase composition range X_An= 0.34 to 0.67 showing that high-R rocks such as anorthosite crystallized from high-R liquids.The apparent feldspar distribution coefficients are much closer to 1.0 than common literature values. They can be reduced by assuming that the cumulate pile was continuously recharged by the circulating magma until an advanced stage of differentiation was reached, and assuming that alkalies were exchanged to the feldspars from the magma. When such an ‘aquifer recharge’ model is calibrated using olivine-liquid equilibria as a time marker for the liquid, the inferred minimum equilibrium values of the distribution coefficients are $\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{K}}\text{F}\text{L}$= 0.42, $\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{Rb}}\text{F}\text{L}$ = 0.25 at the base of the intrusion. Their variation is given by $\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{K}}\text{F}\text{L}\text{= 1.66?1.88X}{}_{\mathrm{An}}$, $\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{Rb}}\text{F}\text{L}\text{= 1.17?1.41X}{}_{\mathrm{An}}$, The equilibrium values are considered to be appropriate for deducing liquid compositions in plutonic bodies where alkali exchange can be shown or inferred to have been inhibited, such as in small intrusions. The apparent values are considered to be appropriate, even though they may be artificial, for large intrusions similar to the Kiglapait.The bulk K and Rb concentrations in the Kiglapait intrusion are consistent with a plagioclase-rich abyssal tholeiite magma. Clinopyroxene and olivine fractionation in the mantle may contribute to the production of such high-Rmagmas.     

钾长石分解反应热力学与过程评价

综述了添加各种助剂分解钾长石的研究进展。对不同体系中钾长石分解反应的G ibbs自由能和能耗计算,综合考虑一次性资源、能源消耗量和烧结过程的环境相容性、产品方案等因素,结果表明:只有以石灰石、碳酸钠为配料的工艺路线具有实际工业应用价值;而唯有以碳酸钠为配料时,钾长石原料烧结过程才具有一次性资源消耗量最少、能耗最低、温室气体CO2排放量最小、且可生产高附加值产品、实现完全清洁生产等优点。因此,选择以碳酸钠为配料分解钾长石的技术路线,具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

Uranium, Thorium and Potassium In Reference Samples

Coherent values of U, Th and K concentrations obtained by γ-spectrometry are recommended for 43 international rock reference samples.