扬子地块西北缘,西南缘超大型卡林型金矿床的找矿方向

根据扬子地块西北缘、西南缘卡林型金矿床的地质、地球化学等特征,可以将它们划分为三种矿床地球化学类型：Ａｕ－Ａｓ－（Ｓｂ）型、Ａｕ－Ｈｇ－（Ｔｌ或Ｕ）型和Ａｕ－Ｓｂ－黄铁矿型金矿床。Ａｕ－Ａｓ－（Ｓｂ）型金矿床可以成为超大型金矿床。     

冀东地区金矿床类型及其地质特征

冀东地区是我国重要的金矿床密集区之一。根据金矿床形成的地质环境和后期的活化改造作用特征，将本区金矿床划分为两大系列、五大类型，两大系列为以太古宙花岗岩－绿岩带为容矿岩的金矿床系列和以中新元古界碎屑岩－碳酸盐岩为容矿岩的金矿床系列。以太古宙花岗岩－绿岩带为容矿岩的金矿床系列又划分为绿岩带同构造期初生型金矿床和绿岩带后构造期与中生代壳源深熔花岗岩有关的再生型金矿床。以中新元古界碎屑岩－碳酸盐岩为容矿岩的金矿床系列再细分为与造山带岩浆隐爆作用有关的金矿床，与造山带碰撞型壳源深熔花岗岩有关的金矿床和与造山带伸展构造作用有关的金矿床。同时分别叙述了冀东地区各类金矿床的地质特征。     

内生金矿床的成因：基本模式

金矿床以具有仅限于某一类金矿床的典型矿物组合（金－黄铁矿－毒砂；金－多金属－硫化物；金－碲化物；金－辉锑矿；金－辰砂）之一为特征。特征的矿物组合主要受沉淀环境的ＰＨ值和温度变化的控制。具有前３种矿物组合的金矿物的金矿床起源于花岗岩类或岩浆体系有关的流体，具有后２种矿物组合的金矿床起源于壳下非岩浆流体。     

乌兹别克斯坦金矿床的成因问题——随中国科学家代表团访问乌兹别克斯坦考察报告之二

乌兹别克斯坦的金矿资源十分丰富，其储量居世界第4位，产量居世界第8位。位于乌兹别克斯坦中部的克孜尔库姆地区是世界最大的金矿省之一。闻名世界的穆龙套金矿床就产在这里。乌兹别克斯坦的内生金矿床主要有4个工业－成因类型：金－石英型、金－硫化物－石英型、金－硫化物型和金－银－石英型。前三个类型统称之为克孜尔库姆型，穆龙套金矿床属于这个类型。本文重点讨论了克孜尔库姆型金矿床的成因问题。     

初论中国金矿床的成矿时代

本文基于中国５０个岩金矿床８４组直接测年数据，提出中国金矿床具“一老（２５００－１８００Ｍａ）一新（２８０－１００Ｍａ）”的成矿格架。区域分布上，前寒武纪形成的金矿床成矿年代为“西低东高”，而显生宙金矿为“西高东低”。中国金矿床最重要类型为绿岩带型金矿。测年方法上，应采用单颗粒含铀矿物Ｕ－Ｐｂ法，而４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ、Ｋ－Ａｒ法和Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线法仅适于测定显生宙形成的金矿床。     

湖南益阳－沅陵一带金矿床的成矿作用地球化学

通过对典型金矿床的研究，作者将湖南益阳－沅陵金矿密集区内的金矿床分为单金、金－锑、金－钨和金－锑－钨四种类型，并分别阐述了不同类型金矿床形成的物理化学条件、成矿物质、成矿流体、成矿能量的来源，成矿元素活化转移和沉淀的机制。在对矿床地球化学特性进行系统研究的基础上，作者提出了区内金矿床的成矿作用，实际上是开放体系中低温水／岩反应过程的认识，并建立了相应成矿作用的地球化学模式。     

华北地块北缘金矿床类型及成矿系列

华北地块北缘是我国金矿的主要产地之一。其金的成矿地质背景复杂,主要可分为变质基底区、地槽区、盖层区、中生代火山断陷盆地、构造－岩浆活动带５种类型。该区大部分金矿床与中生代构造岩浆活动有关。以成矿作用为主要依据将华北地块北缘金矿床划分为三大类：一类是侵入岩浆热液型金矿床;一类是火山－热液型金矿床;第三类是沉积－改造型金矿床。结合成矿地质背景分析和矿床类型的划分,将华北地块北缘金矿床划分为三个系列组合     

湖南益阳—沅陵一带金矿床的成矿作用地球化学

通过对典型金矿床的研究，作者将湖南益阳－沅陵金矿密集区内的金矿床分为单金、金－锑、金－钨和金－锑－钨四种类型，并分别阐述了不同类型金矿床形成的物理化学条件，成矿物质、成矿流体、成矿能量的来源，成矿元素活化转移和沉淀的机制，在对矿床地球化学特性进行系统研究的基础上，作者提出了区内金矿床的成矿作用，实际上是开放体系中低温水／岩反应过程的认识，并建立了相应成矿作用的地球化学模式。     

归来庄金矿成因及成矿模式

多种类型金矿化群聚于铜石碱性钾质次火山岩体中及其周围，构筑了成矿模式的框架。归来庄金矿床属于富含贵金属的石英－萤石－冰长石型浅成中－低温热液金矿床。     

四川金鸡台金矿床地质地球化学研究

金鸡台金矿床产于碳酸盐岩中，受层间构造破碎蚀变带一格控制。金矿床矿物特征元素组合为Ａｕ－Ａｓ－Ｃｕ－Ｓｂ－Ｂｉ－Ｎｉ－Ａｇ，蚀变类型有硅化和绢云母化；通过稀土元素、同位素地球化学的研究，表明矿质主要来自地层，经由地层卤水和大气降水构成的混合水循环富集，沿断裂充填、交代，形成工业金矿床。     

Chemistry and Occurrences of Native Tellurium from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan

The chemistry and mode of occurrences of native tellurium in the epithermal gold ores from Teine, Kobetsuzawa, Mutsu, Kawazu, Suzaki and Iriki in Japan are examined. Mineral assemblages in contact with native tellurium are: quartz‐sylvanite at Teine, quartz‐hessite‐sylvanite‐tellurantimony at Kobetsuzawa, quartz at Mutsu, quartz‐stutzite‐hessite‐sylvanite‐tetradymite at Kawazu, quartz at Suzaki, and quartz‐goldfieldite at Iriki. The peak patterns of XRD for native tellurium from these six ores are nearly identical to that of JCPDS 4–554. Their chemical compositions of Te range from 98.16 to 100.73 wt.%, showing nearly pure tellurium. Other elements detected are: Se of 0–0.85 and Cu of 0–0.74 at Teine, Sb of 0.45–0.47 and Se of 0.19–0.27 at Kawazu, Se of 0.22–1.11 and Sb of 0–0.49 at Suzaki, and Cu of 0.69–0.98, As of 0.22–0.28 and Bi of 0–0.22 wt.% at Iriki. No other elements are detected in the ores of Kobetsuzawa and Mutsu. The ranges of associated minor compositions are consistent with those of the experimental phase. The differences would be related to associate minerals. The mineral assemblages in these ores agree well with the previously proposed experimental phase relations in Au‐Ag‐Te ternary system for 120–280°C. The Suzaki ore has high Te‐Au assemblage: from calaverite‐sylvanite‐krennerite via native tellurium to petzite, with changing mineralization stage, whereas the Kobetsuzawa and the Kawazu ores have high Te‐Ag assemblage of tellurium‐hessite, and native tellurium‐stutzite‐hessite‐sylvanite, respectively. The Teine ore has intermediate assemblage of native tellurium‐sylvanite. The mineral assemblages in the Au‐Ag‐Te system are related to the hydrothermal environment especially to the pH condition, i.e. Au rich assemblages under acidic and Ag rich assemblages under intermediate pH conditions, being supported by alteration mineral species. The other telluriferous epithermal gold deposits not in association with native tellurium such as Agawa, Date, Takeno, Chugu, Chitose, Sado and Kushikino are estimated to have been formed under higher pH conditions as adularia and calcite occur in these deposits. The pH‐Eh diagram for aqueous tellurium species and tellurium minerals at 250°C indicates that the region of native tellurium occurs between those of aqueous telluride and tellurous species at lower pH, being consistent with their mineral assemblages in ores and alteration envelopes.     

山东省平邑归来庄碲型金矿床碲元素地球化学特征及成矿机制探讨

归来庄贫硫氧化型低温热液碲金矿床中金及碲化物矿物主要有自然金、碲金矿、碲金铜矿、碲银矿、碲金银矿、碲铅矿、碲镍矿、碲汞矿及自然碲等。金元素主要来源于泰山群山草峪组的片麻岩及寒武一奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩;碲元素主要是由铜石杂岩体的二长质、正长质等中偏碱性岩浆从地球深部的上地幔、下地壳带入矿区并进入由岩浆水及大气降水等组成的成矿热液中,与金元素形成碲金络合物进行搬迁、富集,因成矿体系的ｐＨ、Ｅｈ等物理化学     

小秦岭金矿田中的两种罕见矿物—碲铅铋矿和自然碲

碲铅铋矿和自然碲产于河南省小秦岭含金石英脉矿床中。碲铅铋矿化学成分平均值(%)为:Te44.06,Bi40.24,Pb14.23,并含有微量的Ag、Au、Hg、Fe、Ni、Cu等元素。理论化学式为(Bi,Pb)_3Te_4,其中Bi>Pb。共生矿物有自然金、碲金矿、破银矿、碲铅矿、碲金银矿、碲铋矿;方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等。 自然碲反射色为纯白微带乳色,非均质性清楚,偏光色为蓝灰-棕灰色。显微硬度为H_v=85.1kg/mm~2(25g)。共生矿物有碲金银矿、碲银矿、黄铜矿等。化学成分中碲含量达98.44％,并含Ag、Cu、W、Fe、Pt等微量元素。     

Gold and silver tellurides in the Shirokinsky ore-and-placer cluster,the Sette-Daban Ridge,Yakutia

The first findings of Au and Ag tellurides (sylvanite and petzite) in sulfide-quartz ore of the Shirokinsky ore and placer cluster located in the Sette-Daban Horst-Anticlinorium are described. These minerals were found for the first time at the gold deposits of East Yakutia. The chemical compositions (wt %) of sylvanite (23.65–24.61 Au, 12.7–13.13 Ag, 59.3–59.97 Te, 96.26–97.97 in total) and petzite (23.17–25.24 Au, 42.27–44.40 Ag, 31.26–33.37 Te, 98.19–102.55 in total) are reported. Galena as a host mineral is associated with native gold, electrum, hessite, and stützite. The finding of Au-Ag and Ag tellurides provides evidence for the development of Au-telluride mineralization in the Sette-Daban Horst-Anticlinorium.     

Mineralogy of telluride-bearing epithermal ores in the Kassiteres-Sappes area, western Thrace, Greece

Summary The Kassiteres-Sappes district represents a multi-centered, porphyry-epithermal system developed during the Oligocene to Miocene at a composite calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline volcanic edifice. Precious and base metal mineralization postdates the emplacement of dacite and rhyolite porphyries and is partly superimposed on earlier microdiorite-related porphyry-style mineralization exposed at the Koryfes Hill prospect. A second mineralized porphyry-type system genetically related to a dacite porphyry body developed near the St Demetrios deposit. Tellurides occur mainly at the St Barbara prospect and the St Demetrios deposit. Based on petrographic, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscope analyses, hessite, petzite, sylvanite, altaite, stützite and native tellurium occur in the St Barbara prospect. These tellurium-bearing minerals are hosted in intermediate-sulfidation type veins and accompanied by pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-group minerals, galena and native gold/electrum. The St Demetrios mineralization includes hessite, altaite, stützite, and tetradymite in close spatial relation to a high-sulfidation assemblage composed of enargite, chalcopyrite, goldfieldite, and native gold. Tellurides were deposited at logfTe₂ values of −8.5 to −7.1 and logfS₂ values of −10.7 to −7.9 (275 °C). The ore systems are characterized by Au, Ag, Te, Bi, and Mo, which suggests a magmatic contribution to the mineralizing fluids. Ore-forming components were likely derived from both the dacite and rhyolite porphyries.     

Tellurium-Bearing Mineralization in Clastic Ores at the Yubileynoe Copper Massive Sulfide Deposit (Southern Urals)

At the well-preserved Yubileynoe VMS deposit (Southern Urals), sulfide breccias and turbidites host abundant tellurides represented by hessite, coloradoite, altaite, volynskite, stützite, petzite, and calaverite, as well as phases of the intermediate tellurobismuthite → rucklidgeite solid solution. Three telluride generations were highlighted: (1) primary hydrothermal tellurides in fragments of chalcopyrite and sphalerite of chalcopyrite-rich black smoker chimneys; (2) authigenic tellurides in pseudomorphic chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite veins after fragments of colloform and granular pyrite; and (3) authigenic tellurides in pyrite nodules. Authigenic tellurides are widespread in pyrite-chalcopyrite turbidites. Primary hydrothermal and authigenic tellurides are less common in sulfide turbidites and gritstones with fragments of sphalerite-pyrite, pyrite-sphalerite paleosmoker chimneys and clasts of colloform and fine-grained seafloor hydrothermal crusts. Siliceous siltstones intercalated with sulfide turbidites contain pyrite nodules, whose peripheral parts contain inclusions of epigenetic tellurides. It is assumed that Te for authigenic tellurides originated from fragments of colloform pyrite and hydrothermal chalcopyrite of pyrite-chalcopyrite chimneys, which dissolved during the postsedimentation processes. The main Te concentrators in clastic ores include pseudomorphic chalcopyrite, which inherits high Te, Bi, Au, Ag, Co, Ni, and As contents from the substituted colloform pyrite, and varieties of granular pyrite containing microinclusions of tellurobismuthite (Bi, Te), petzite (Au, Ag, Te), altaite (Pb, Te), coloradoite, and hessite (Ag, Te).

     

Mineral Paragenesis and Ore‐Forming Processes of the Dongping Gold Deposit,Hebei Province,China

The Dongping gold deposit is located near the center of the northern margin of the North China Craton. It is hosted in the Shuiquangou syenite and characterized by large amounts of tellurides. Numerous studies have addressed this deposit; the mineral paragenesis and ore‐forming processes, however, are still poorly studied. In this contribution, a new mineral paragenesis has been evaluated to further understand ore formation, including sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, and bornite), tellurides (altaite, calaverite, hessite, muthmannite, petzite, rucklidgeite, sylvanite, tellurobismuthite, tetradymite, and volynskite), and native elements (tellurium and gold). Molybdenite, muthmannite, rucklidgeite, and volynskite are reported for the first time in this deposit. We consider the Dongping gold deposit mainly formed in the Devonian, and the ore‐forming processes and the physicochemical conditions for ore formation can be reconstructed based on our newly identified ore paragenesis, that is, iron oxides → (CO₂ effervescence) → sulfides → (fTe₂/fS₂ ratio increase) → Pb‐Bi‐tellurides → (condensation of H₂Te vapor) → Au‐Ag‐tellurides → (mixing with oxidizing water) → carbonate and microporous gold → secondary minerals → secondary minerals. The logfO₂ values increase from the early to late stages, while the fH₂S and logfS₂ values increase initially and then decrease. CO₂ effervescence is the main mechanism of sulfides precipitation; this sulfidation and condensation of H₂Te vapor lead to deposition of tellurides. The development of microporous gold indicates that the deposit might experience overprint after mineralization. The Dongping gold deposit has a close genetic relationship with the Shuiquangou syenite, and tellurium likely originated from Shuiquangou alkaline magmatic degassing.     

A comparative mineralogical study of Te-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems in northeastern Greece

Summary Several magmatic-hydrothermal systems in northeastern Greece (western Thrace and Limnos Island) are highly enriched in tellurides which, in addition to native gold and electrum, represent major carriers of precious metals in the ore. Deposition near the porphyry-epithermal transition for several systems is indicated by field relations and by the presence of key minerals (Pb- and Ag-rich tellurides, Bi-sulfosalts and Bi-tellurides/tellurosulfides). Hessite, stützite, sylvanite, petzite, coloradoite, altaite, unnamed Ag-sulfotelluride, native tellurium and electrum are abundant in intermediate sulfidation quartz-carbonate veins together with zincian tetrahedrite-group minerals, chalcopyrite and galena. The presence of hessite, goldfieldite, native gold and enargite or famatinite suggests deposition at a high sulfidation state. The main stage of telluride deposition took place at ∼275 °C at log fTe₂ values of −8.5 to −7.1 and log fS₂ values of −10.8 to −9.0, based on the Fe-content in sphalerite and the sulfide-telluride mineralogy. The close spatial association of telluride mineralization with intrusive centers of intermediate composition, the base metal enrichment and the trace element signature involving Au, Ag, Te, Bi, Sn and Mo suggest that ore-forming components were introduced at the porphyry-epithermal transition. Potential sources of tellurium are the high-K calc-alkaline (western Thrace) to shoshonitic (Limnos) intrusive rocks.     

(Au,Ag)Te2 Minerals from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan

Chemical composition and mode of occurrences of (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals such as calaverite (AuTe₂), sylvanite (AuAgTe₄) and krennerite ((Au, Ag)Te₂) in epithermal gold telluride ores from Suzaki, Kawazu and Teine are examined. In the ores from Suzaki, (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals occur in microbands of tellurides and fine quartz. The minerals in telluride bands change from krennerite, via calaverite‐native tellurium, to sylvanite, in the order of crystallization. A sample from Kawazu contains sylvanite and native tellurium with stutzite, hessite and tetradymite in the coarser gray quartz part. The Teine sample also contains sylvanite and native tellurium with barite and quartz. The peak patterns of XRD of calaverite, krennerite and sylvanite from Suzaki are almost identical to that of JCPDS 43–1472, JCPDS 8–20 and JCPDS 9–477, respectively. The Te, Au, Cu, and Ag contents of calaverite from Suzaki range from 56.4 to 57.9 wt.%, from 41.6 to 42.6 wt.%, from 0.28 to 0.45 wt.% and from 0.14 to 0.31 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.97Ag_0.01Cu_0.02Te₂. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of krennerite from Suzaki range from 59.6 to 61.4 wt.%, from 31.3 to 33.6 wt.%, from 4.91 to 6.13 wt.% and from 0.66 to 0.80 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.71Ag_0.22Cu_0.05Te₂ with Au and Ag ranging from 0.68 to 0.74 and from 0.20 to 0.25, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Suzaki range from 61.5 to 63.4 wt.%, from 24.1 to 27.4 wt.%, from 10.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.12 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Kawazu range from 62.7 to 63.3 wt.%, from 23.5 to 24.1 wt.%, from 12.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.09 to 0.16 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, Cu and Fe contents of sylvanite from Teine range from 61.8 to 63.5 wt.%, from 23.6 to 24.7 wt.%, from 11.9 to 13.3 wt.%, from 0.01 to 1.65 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.02 wt.%, respectively. The average formulae of sylvanite from Suzaki, Kawazu, and Teine are expressed as Au_1.06Ag_0.94Cu_0.02Te₄, Au_1.00Ag_0.95Cu_0.02Te₄ and Au_1.01Ag_0.95Cu_0.06Te₄, respectively. Judging from the mineral assemblages of these ores and other localities, Au–Te mineralization in the Japanese Islands can be divided into four types: native gold–calaverite at Date and Agawa, krennerite(?native tellurium) at Osore‐zan and Mutsu, sylvanite–native tellurium–hessite at Teine, Kawazu, Kobetsuzawa, and Kato, and polyminerallic assemblages at Suzaki and Kushikino. The pH–Eh diagram of aqueous tellurium species and tellurium minerals at 250°C indicates that (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals in epithermal gold telluride mineralization would have been formed under middle to low Eh and acidic (to intermediate) pH conditions. It is possible that dilute tellurium‐containing fluid would scavenge dilute gold.     

Rajkonkoski gold-telluride ore occurrence: A new high prospective type of complex noble metal mineralization in the Karelian Proterozoic

The Rajkonkoski ore occurrence is located within the region of the Karelian craton (AR₂) and the Svecofennian folded belt (PR₁) conjugation. It is presented by quartz-carbonate veins in metadoleriles and a zone of brecciation, crumple, and silification of carbonaceous shales within the volcanites of the Soanlakhtinsky suite (PR₁). Ore mineralization in black shales and quartz veins has features of genetic similarity presenting different levels of the ore system controlled by different range strike-slip fault dislocations. At the Rajkonkoski ore occurrence, 41 ore minerals have been identified: 12 tellurides (native tellurium, hedleyite, pilsenite, tsumoite, tellurobismuthite, hessite, stuetzite, radclidzhite, joseite-B, altaite, volynskite, petzite); 4 bismuth-tellurides of the following compositions Bi₃Te, Bi₃Te₂, BiTe₄, PbBiTe; 3 selenides (clausthalite, tellurolaitakarite, native selenium); and 12 native metals (gold, silver, electrum, copper, iron, lead, tin, bismuth, osmiridium). The contents of the main ore minerals in places exceed 10%, and the concentrations of elements reach as follows: Cu and Pb, 5%; Zn, Bi, 1%; Se, 219 ppm; Te, 171 ppm; Sb, 3 ppm; As, 5 ppm; Ag, >0.1%; Au, 35.28 ppm. Ore mineralization is formed during the temperature interval from 550°C up to <170oC in the conditions of high activity of Se and Te, and beginning from medium temperatures (>300°C) complete miscibilities galenite-clausthalite and galenite-altaite are observed. In aggregate with a wide temperature interval (>400°C) of ore process evolution and mineral specia variety of telluride and native metal mineralizations, the original “torsion” of different temperature mineralizations makes it possible to determine the affiliation of the Rajkonkoski ore occurrence to the xenothermal type deposits or epithermal “alkaline,” gold-telluride A-type characterized by a close connection with magmatism of increased alkalinity and the original geochemical (Te-V-F) and mineral (tellurides of gold, silver and other metals, fluorite, roscoelite, vanadium-containing sulfides) associations. Taking into consideration that many of the xenothermal and epithermal A-type gold and silver deposits are large commercial objects, the prospects of the Rajkonkoski ore occurrence and the region of the Karelian craton and Svecofennian folded belt conjugation seem to be significant for noble metal mineralization.