青海湖冰后期水体环境的演化

本文根据对青海湖区各类天然水及湖底近代沉积物QH-16A岩心中介形虫壳体的稳定同位素等分析资料,讨论了青海湖现代水体稳定同位素核素的分布,导出了其初始水同位素组成;根据其介形虫壳体的δ18O、δ13C和Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca比值的研究,建立了青海湖区冰后期以来的气候波动模式;并据此阐述了青海湖自冰后期以来水体环境的演化。     

新疆库车盆地中始新世成盐演化特征——以KL4钻孔为例

古盐湖成盐演化具有多期次、连续性和淡化—咸化—盐化的周期性特征,系统研究成盐剖面的沉积韵律有利于恢复古盐湖成盐演化特征.本文以库车盆地KL4钻孔含盐系剖面及其74个石盐样品为研究对象,将含盐系剖面划分为4个成盐韵律,在此基础上开展岩相学、石盐元素地球化学以及石盐流体包裹体氢氧同位素分析等工作.结果显示:剖面上部Ⅲ和Ⅳ成盐韵律发育钾石盐、含钾石盐、杂卤石、钾石膏、钾芒硝等盐类矿物;K+含量的分布范围为0.021％～0.158％,平均含量0.051％;石盐原生流体包裹体中氢氧同位素δD和δ18 O值范围分别为-78.2‰～-58.7‰和-2.4‰～1.3‰,平均值分别为-66.32‰和-0.80‰.盐湖卤水从早期到晚期蒸发浓缩程度逐渐升高,早期成盐卤水在晚期高浓度卤水的形成过程扮演了预富集的角色,在Ⅲ和Ⅳ成盐阶段发现3次钾盐析出事件.本研究为探讨库车盆地中始新世古盐湖环境、沉积特征以及成盐规律提供了重要依据.     

达里诺尔湖水体稳定氢、氧同位素组成变化对结冰过程的响应

利用自然界中广泛分布的环境同位素进行湖泊水体演化过程分析已经成为现代湖泊科学的重要研究方向.通过采集内蒙古达里诺尔湖(简称"达里湖") 2013年1月份的湖冰、湖水, 2012年夏季湖水与湖区大气降水等, 共分析了77个样品中稳定氢(H)、氧(O)同位素值的变化情况, 在此基础上对达里湖水体稳定H、O同位素组成变化及其对结冰过程的响应进行了详细分析, 结果显示: (1)伴随结冰过程的完成, 各站点深层冰体(厚度~65 cm)中δD、δ18O值比表层冰体(厚度~15 cm)中的值出现不同幅度的偏重.而冰下水体中δD、δ18O平均值则比冰体中的平均值分别偏轻约13.85‰、2.23‰.在冰层形成的快速与稳定阶段, δD、δ18O值的变化幅度也存在差异.同时, 冬季外源水体的输入对各站点间同位素值差异的影响比夏季更明显; (2)夏季湖水、冬季湖水与湖冰的同位素值均落在全球大气降水线与湖区大气降水线之外, 显示湖泊冰封之前, 蒸发对湖泊水体同位素偏移存在一定程度的影响; 而冬季湖水与湖冰的同位素值基本位于同一斜率区间, 且全部落在夏季湖水同位素值的右侧, 显示两者之间并不存在明显的蒸发分馏作用, 造成上述现象的因素只能归结于结冰过程.      

青藏高原现代湖泊沉积物碳酸盐矿物氧同位素组成特征及影响因素

选择青藏高原14个代表性现代湖泊的表层沉积物为研究对象,它们是冷湖、大苏干湖、小苏干湖、大柴旦湖、小柴旦湖、托素湖、尕海、茶卡湖、唐古拉-1、错鄂、乃日平错、纳木错、空姆错和普莫雍错,探讨这些湖泊碳酸盐矿物组成及相应氧稳定同位素组成的影响因素。XRD结果显示这些湖泊的碳酸盐矿物多以方解石为主,并含白云石。其中冷湖以白云石为主,尕海还含有一定量的文石。碳酸盐氧同位素分析结果显示总碳酸盐δ¹⁸O在-15.9‰到2.6‰范围变化,方解石δ¹⁸O变化范围为-16.2‰～3.9‰,白云石δ¹⁸O变化在-15.3‰～-5.4‰范围内。通过氧同位素与湖区环境因素的相关性分析,认为总碳酸盐δ¹⁸O受湖水δ¹⁸O组成、温度、降水量/蒸发量、盐度、海拔和纬度多种因素影响;方解石δ¹⁸O主要受湖水δ¹⁸O、温度、盐度、海拔和纬度的影响;白云石δ¹⁸O受降水量/蒸发量和盐度的影响。总碳酸盐δ¹⁸O对湖水δ¹⁸O、温度、海拔和纬度的响应是以方解石为载体而体现的;总碳酸盐δ¹⁸O对降水量/蒸发量的响应则归因于白云石δ¹⁸O对其的响应结果;另外总碳酸盐δ¹⁸O通过方解石和白云石δ¹⁸O的叠加作用响应于盐度。该研究初步建立了总碳酸盐、方解石和白云石氧同位素与环境各个指标之间的响应关系,对于揭示过去青藏高原地区环境变化有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界石灰岩岩相及碳、氧稳定同位素特征

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界石灰岩的岩相及碳、氧稳定同位素组成变化大,具有多种成因类型。通过薄片鉴定、岩石及矿物微区碳、氧稳定同位素测试以及包裹体测温资料研究,发现正常海水成因的泥晶灰岩及颗粒灰岩具有较高的δ18O、δ13C;受淡水淋滤、溶蚀的颗粒灰岩、角砾泥晶灰岩、豹斑含云灰岩或灰云岩的δ13C随淡水淋滤及溶蚀程度升高而明显降低,但其δ18O变化较小;去膏化成因的巨晶次生灰岩在阴极发光下具环带结构,并具有较低的δ18O、δ13C,去云化成因的中-细晶次生灰岩多呈麦粒或蚕蛹结构,其δ18O、δ13C相对较高;早期及表生淡水方解石胶结物的δ18O、δ13C均为低值,Mn离子含量低,阴极发光暗淡;晚期热液方解石胶结物具异常低的δ18O、δ13C,包裹体均一温度介于100~150℃,富含Mn离子,阴极发光明亮。研究结果表明,岩相特征、碳、氧稳定同位素组成以及包裹体测温数据是确定石灰岩沉积、成岩环境以及成因类型的重要指标。     

三水盆地古近系湖相沉积岩的氧、碳同位素地球化学记录及其环境意义

三水盆地古近系莘庄组顶部至土布心组红岗段的全岩碳酸盐稳定同位素分析结果表明其形成期间经历了多次环境变迁。根据碳酸盐氧、碳同位素比值及其相互关系的变化,可识别三次海水入侵期。其时δ18O值大幅度向正值漂移。而由于受有机质降解的影响,相应时期的δ13 C均表现为低值。在不直接受海洋影响的湖相沉积阶段,δ18O与δ13 C的相关程度虽然未达到典型的封闭型湖泊水平,但仍呈现一定的正相关变化 (r =0.6 5 ),表明其湖水滞留时间较长。而频繁出现的石膏薄层沉积也指示湖盆的封闭性较好。这些均表明这一时期的三水盆地可能是一周期性封闭型湖泊。其稳定同位素组成主要受制于蒸发量/降雨量平衡的变化。而δ13 C比值往往还受有机质活动的控制,更多的是反映有机质生产力、埋藏与降解率。     

夏季风降水对黄土高原现生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成的影响

为了深入了解黄土地层中丰富的陆生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐化石氧同位素组成的气候环境指示意义,文章对黄土高原典型气候带的现生蜗牛壳体文石氧同位素进行了测量。结果显示:高原半干旱地区蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成相对于半湿润地区显著富集δ¹⁸ O;壳体δ¹⁸ O值与夏季降水量具有密切负相关关系。对照黄土高原气候特征以及夏季风降水氧同位素组成和降水量的关系,认为:1)夏季风降水δ¹⁸ O丰度是影响蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成变化的主要因素;2) 进一步研究黄土沉积物中蜗牛壳体化石氧同位素组成对重建黄土高原夏季风强度变化的历史具有重要的意义。     

罗布泊荒漠地区湖泊蒸发盐资源的形成及环境演化

通过地球卫星遥感资料和地面调查以及化学测试等综合研究, 证实罗布泊地区存在大型现代液体钾盐矿床. 用钻探材料及系统分析方法重建了20 ka BP以来湖泊沉积序列和环境物性柱剖面, 用天然水体五元体系稳定相图讨论了古湖泊湖水及现代湖水的饱和流结晶路线及成盐成矿演化趋势. 结果证明, 液体钾盐矿床的分布及成钾成矿环境受现代地壳运动作用下新生地堑构造系统的控制.     

格尔木河流域平原区地下水同位素及水化学特征

通过对格尔木河流域天然水中H、O同位素的系统分析,根据地球水化学组分循环演化规律所对应流域不同类型水体的同位素组成的研究,结果表明流域地下水化学组分随流程增加溶滤作用增强,地下水中HCO3-逐渐减少,Cl-则增加。运用δD、δ18O和3H值建立了流域大气降水线方程,确定了山区河水非当年降水补给,河水以地下水补给为主、其次是冰雪融水和大气降水补给。山区降水δD、δ18O均值低于平原区,表明平原区降水受蒸发作用影响水中富重同位素。平原区地下水中的δD、δ18O值与河水基本一致,说明平原区地下水主要受河水出山后入渗补给。承压自流水δD和δ18O值与潜水基本一致,根据地下水的3H值确定早于潜水年龄,且随埋深增加δD、δ18O值减少的趋势,其年龄亦由新变老。     

细纹灰尖巴蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成的季节性变化

陆生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成,理论上取决于壳体生长季节的降水 18O丰度、温度和湿度,对揭示古气候和古环境变化具有巨大的潜力。然而,同一地区不同属种的蜗牛生长季节存在一定的差异,因此,了解不同季节生长的蜗牛壳体氧同位素特征,是其成为重建古气候、古环境变化的工具的关键。为了进一步阐明降水氧同位素组成和气候月际变化对蜗牛壳体 18O的影响,分别对从江苏镇江逐月采集的现生细纹灰尖巴蜗牛(Bradybaena ravida redfieldi)进行了整体壳体及壳口文石氧同位素组成的分析,结果表明： 1)不同月份采集的样品壳口的 δ18O 值变化较大,从－1.92‰至－6.79‰,幅度达4.87‰,其中,4～6月采集的样品 δ18O 值较正,平均 －2.40±0.42‰,7～9月采集的样品明显偏负,平均 －6.41±0.34‰; 2)整个壳体的 δ18O 值差别不大,平均 －2.61±0.47‰,与 4～6月壳口 δ18O 平均值相近; 3)不同月份蜗牛壳口 δ18O 值呈现出与当地的降水氧同位素组成、温度和大气相对湿度等相似的季节性变化模式,其中降水氧同位素组成对壳口 δ18O 变化的影响是主要的。这些特征说明,蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成受其生长时的环境因素(降水 18O丰度,温度和相对湿度)控制,对于中国夏季风影响地区来说,春季生长的蜗牛壳体相对富集 18O,而夏季生长的壳体 18O相对贫化。换句话说,根据蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成能够推测壳体主要生长季节,或降水 18O丰度及气候温湿程度的特征。对于B.ravida redfieldi来说,氧同位素组成显示了壳体主要生长时期为春季的特征。     

青藏高原末次冰期盛冰阶的时限与干盐湖地质事件

本文根据高原盐湖原生石盐矿物包裹体流质的氢、氧稳定同位素分析以及包裹体流质的Ｎａ^＋、Ｍｇ^2＋测定讨论了青藏高原北部近五万年来的气候环境演变，论述了末次冰期盛冰阶在高原地区的时限问题，初步确定盛冰阶的时限为２１０００－１５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，该期的平均温度比现今低约６－７℃。由于高寒的气候环境，促使高原盐湖补给水锐减，在其盛冰阶的晚期普遍形成干盐湖地质事件，这从各不同时间形成的原生石盐包裹体的流质中ｖｇ^2＋／Ｎａ^＋值的分布得到充分的证实。     

Microstructural evolution of deformation-modified primary halite from the Middle Triassic Röt Formation at Hengelo, The Netherlands

The microstructure of halite from the subhorizontal, bedded Main Röt Evaporite Member at Hengelo, The Netherlands (AKZO well 382, depth interval of 420–460 m), was studied by transmitted and reflected light microscopy of gamma-irradiation decorated samples. Primary microstructures compare favourably with those found in recent ephemeral salt pans. Large, blocky, fluid-inclusion-poor halite grains and elongated chevrons are interpreted to have formed in the saline lake stage, while void-filling clear halite is interpreted to have formed during the desiccation stage of the salt pan. In addition, in all layers the grains are rich in deformation-related substructures such as slip bands and subgrains indicating strains of a few percent. The study of gamma-irradiation decorated thin sections shows that the main recrystallization mechanism is grain boundary migration. Grain boundary migration removes primary fluid inclusions and produces clear, strain-free new grains. Differential stresses as determined by subgrain size piezometry were 0.45–0.97 MPa. The deformation of the salt layers is probably related to Cretaceous inversion in the area.     

表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体研究进展

系统介绍了近些年来国外在表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体均一温度、水体组分、δD和δ18O同位素、气体成分及微生物等信息提取和应用方面的研究进展。这些研究进展充分表明表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体是目前利用蒸发盐定量获取古气候环境（温度、湿度）参数、揭示海洋和盐湖水体地质历史时期的长期演化以及丰富和深化成盐成矿理论的良好地质载体。分析了我国目前在这一研究领域同国外相比的差距、潜在优势和发展前景。     

Criteria for the recognition of salt-pan evaporites

Layered evaporites can accumulate in: (1) ephemeral saline pans, (2) shallow perennial lagoons or lakes, and (3) deep perennial basins. Criteria for recognizing evaporites deposited in these settings have yet to be explicitly formulated. The characteristics of the ephemeral saline pan setting have been determined by examining eight. Holocene halite-dominated pans (salt pans) and their deposits (marine and non-marine) from the U.S., Mexico, Egypt and Bolivia. These salt pans are typified by alternating periods of flooding, resulting in a temporary brackish lake, evaporative concentration, when the lake becomes saline, and desiccation, which produces a dry pan fed only by groundwater. The resulting deposits consist of alternating layers (millimetres to decimetres) of halite and mud. The layers of halite are characterized by: (1) vertical and horizontal cavities, rounded crystal edges and horizontal truncation surfaces, due to dissolution during flooding; (2) vertical ‘chevrons’ and ‘cornets’ grown syntaxially on the bottom during the saline lake stage; (3) halite cements (overgrowths and euhedral cavity linings) and disruption of layering into metre-scale polygons, produced during the desiccation stage. The muddy interbeds are characterized by displacive growth of halite during the desiccation stage. Immediately below the surface of the pan the halite layers are ‘matured’ by repeated episodes of dissolution and diagenetic crystal growth. This results in porous crusts with patches of ‘chevron’ and ‘cornet’ crystals truncated by dissolution, clear diagenetic halite cement, and internal sediment. These layers of ‘mature’ halite closely resemble the patchy cloudy and clear textures of ancient halite deposits. Holocene salt-pans are known to cover thousands of square kilometres and cap halite deposits hundreds of metres thick, so they are realistic models for ancient evaporites in scale, e.g. Permian Salado Formation of New Mexico-Texas, which preserves many primary salt-pan features.     

Ancient Microorganisms and Carotenoids Preserved in Fluid Inclusions in Halite from Chaka Salt Lake,Western China: Evidence from Micro-observation and in situ Raman Spectroscopy

Trapped ancient microorganisms in halite fluid inclusions are of special interest to the understanding of biology and ecology in salt lake systems.With the integration of petrologic,microthermometric,and Raman spectroscopic analyses,this study utilizes fluid inclusions from Chaka Salt Lake,eastern Qaidam Basin,NW China,to assess the possibility of microorganism-trapping by fluid inclusions.Here,we report that the solid phase of some primary fluid inclusions contains carotenoids,which is interpreted as evidence of Dunaliella algae,and that the coexisting liquid phase comprises SO_4~(2-).The homogenization temperatures of single-phase primary fluid inclusions indicate that the precipitation temperature of the Holocene halite in Chaka Salt Lake ranges from 13.5°C to 36.4°C.This suggests that fluid inclusions in halite are a good medium for trapping and preserving ancient microorganisms and organic matter in salt lakes,and that Raman spectroscopy has good potential to identify halophilic archaea.     

Criteria for the recognition of acid-precipitated halite

Modern acid and neutral saline lakes in Western Australia are an excellent natural laboratory for testing how pH affects halite, and for developing criteria for distinguishing past acid saline waters from past neutral saline waters in the rock record. This study characterizes and compares physical, chemical and biological features in halite precipitated from acid (pH 1·7 to 4·2) and neutral (pH 6·8 to 7·3) saline lakes in southern Western Australia. Supplemental data include synthetic halite grown from acid and neutral saline solutions, as well as halite deposited in Permian acid lakes. Although physical processes of halite growth are not affected by pH, there are differences in the colour, accessory minerals, fluid inclusions and microfossils between acid and neutral halites. Acid lake halite commonly is yellow or orange in colour; neutral lake halites examined in this study are always snow white. Acid halites tend to contain abundant sulphate and iron oxide minerals, both as solid inclusions and as solids within fluid inclusions; neutral halites contain little, if any, sulphates and no iron oxides. Acid fluid inclusion freezing/melting behaviours include characteristics that differ from neutral fluid inclusion behaviours, such as lower eutectic temperatures, higher and wider temperature range of hydrohalite rims with a definable fuzzy border and more complex metastable phases. Acid halite contains 'hairy blobs', clusters of bacterial/archaeal/fungal remains and sulphate crystals, which are not found in halite from neutral lakes. This distinct assemblage of features characteristic of modern acid lake halites may serve as informal criteria for the recognition of past acid lake evaporites in the rock record.     

柴达木盆地全球末次冰期介形类动物群的演变

晚更新世晚期，柴达木盆地达参1井井深46m以下的沉积物内，水生生物化石有很高的丰度和分异度。介形类为 Cyprideis torosa-Ilyocypris inermis组合，伴生有轮藻类、腹足类、双壳类、植物和鱼类等化石。井深46m~10m，为全球末次冰期盛冰阶（25ka~10ka B.P）沉积，当时气候极端干冷，出现干盐湖地质事件（playa），沉积物由湖相泥岩迅速演变为石盐层，生物化石罕见，几近绝迹。平均40m厚的石盐沉积遍及三湖(台吉乃尔湖、达布逊湖和霍布逊湖)地区，形成了该区天然气赖以保存的最后一道屏障-天然气藏的盖层。井深约10m以上，为全新世暖期或称现代间冰期沉积物，渐变为浅湖相泥岩和粉砂岩夹膏盐沉积。当时处于氧同位素阶段1，湖水盐度逐渐降低，水生生物丰度和分异度再度增高，介形类更替为半咸水-淡水介形类Candona neglecta-Candoniella lactea组合，伴生有丰富的轮藻、腹足类、双壳类等。直到现代，台吉乃尔湖、达布逊湖和霍布逊湖以南由于受昆仑山充足的淡水补给影响，水生生物丰富。三湖以北，远离主要淡水补给区，水体较咸，介形类则为典型的盐湖介形类Eucypris inflata所替代，膏盐沉积比三湖以南明显增多。     

Paleotemperatures from fluid inclusions in halite: method verification and a 100,000 year paleotemperature record, Death Valley, CA

Maximum homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions (Th_max) in halite (laboratory-grown crystals and modern samples, Death Valley, CA) match maximum brine temperatures during halite precipitation. Maximum brine temperatures during halite precipitation in Death Valley, late April, 1993 (34.4°C) agree with Th_max (34°C) and correlate well with average maximum air temperatures in April (31.3°C) and May (37.6°C). Th_max may be used for paleoclimate interpretations based on the close relationship between saline lake temperatures and average air temperatures from modern settings. Lower homogenization temperatures, demonstrably below the temperatures at which halite grew, are interpreted to reflect collapse of some fluid inclusion walls due to the pressure difference between the inside and outside of inclusions. By only using Th_max, the problems of anomalously low homogenization temperatures due to possible collapse of fluid inclusions are avoided. Halite samples from 30 stratigraphic intervals, 90 to 0 m (100 to 0 ka), Core DV93-1, Death Valley, CA, were used to measure homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions. Virtually all homogenization temperatures from Core DV93-1 are below the modern Th_max of 34°C (halite precipitation late April, 1993). Lacustrine halites, deposited in a perennial saline lake 35 to 10 ka, have Th_max between 19°C and 30°C, which suggests brine temperatures approximately 4°C to 15°C below modern late April values. Ephemeral saline lake halites precipitated 60 to 35 ka have Th_max between 23°C and 28°C, 6 to 11°C below modern values. The highest Th_max value in the 100 ka record (up to 35°C) is from a halite sample formed approximately 100 ka in a climate regime somewhat colder than the modern.     

U-Series Chronology of Lacustrine Deposits in Death Valley, California

Uranium-series dating on a 186-m core (DV93-1) drilled from Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California, and on calcareous tufas from nearby strandlines shows that Lake Manly, the lake that periodically flooded Death Valley during the late Pleistocene, experienced large fluctuations in depth and chemistry over the last 200,000 yr. Death Valley has been occupied by a long-standing deep lake, perennial shallow saline lakes, and a desiccated salt pan similar to the modern valley floor. The average sedimentation rate of about 1 mm/yr for core DV93-1 was punctuated by episodes of more-rapid accumulation of halite. Arid conditions similar to the modern conditions prevailed during the entire Holocene and between 120,000 and 60,000 yr B.P. From 35,000 yr B.P. to the beginning of the Holocene, a perennial saline lake existed, over 70 m at its deepest. A much deeper and longer lasting perennial Lake Manly existed from about 185,000 to 128,000 yr B.P., with water depths reaching about 175 m, if not 330 m. This lake had two significant “dry” excursions of 10²–10³yr duration about 166,000 and 146,000 yr B.P., and it began to shrink to the point of halite precipitation between 128,000 and 120,000 yr B.P. The two perennial lake periods correspond to marine oxygen isotopic stages (OIS) 2 and 6. Based on the shoreline tufa ages, we do not rule out the possible existence 200,000 yr ago of yet a third perennial lake comparable in size to the OIS 6 lake. The²³⁴U/²³⁸U data suggest that U in tufa owes its origin mainly to Ca-rich springs fed by groundwater that emanated along lake shorelines in southern Death Valley, and that an increase of this spring-water input relative to the river-water input apparently occurred during OIS 6.     

川中东北部中-下侏罗统湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其古环境意义

在钻井岩心观察和岩石学分析的基础上,对川中东北部龙岗地区中-下侏罗统自流井组和凉高山组典型钻井取心段碳酸盐岩样品进行了碳氧同位素分析。40余件样品的测试结果表明,δ¹³C_PDB值在-1.24‰～4.59‰之间,除了1个负值外,都为正值。δ¹⁸O_PDB值在-15.7‰～-9.83‰之间,都为负值。与海相和陆相碳酸盐岩同位素值对比显示,自流井期和凉高山期古湖泊均表现出内陆开放性淡水湖泊的特点,没有经过明显的海水入侵。在中-下侏罗统广泛存在的碳同位素正偏移是由湖泊初级生产力提高所导致的。岩相和同位素变化显示了古湖平面经历了2次主旋回和6次次级旋回变化,湖平面变化总体表现为东岳庙段沉积期＞大一三亚段沉积期＞大一亚段沉积期＞凉高山期＞马鞍山段沉积期。古湖泊初级生产力的变化表现为大一三亚段沉积期＞东岳庙段沉积期＞大一亚段沉积期＞凉高山期＞马鞍山段沉积期。