622铀矿床与虎圩金矿床REE特征对比

本文通过赣杭火山岩带中的铀矿床和金矿床的ＲＥＥ特征对比，认为产铀矿和金矿的火山岩均属ＬＲＥＥ富集型，但前者明显铕亏损，铀矿石与金矿石ＲＥＥ特征差别大，前者ΣＲＥＥ和ＨＲＥＥ大大增高，铕强烈亏损，后者ΣＲＥＥ降低，铕呈弱异常或无异常．结合两矿床各自的矿化特征，认为成矿热液酸碱度等介质条件、围岩蚀变、副矿物种类、矿物共生组合、次生淋滤富集等因素是造成矿石ＲＥＥ特征的原因，ＲＥＥ贫富程度和分布模式可作为矿床评价因素．     

REE在判别斑岩体含矿性上的应用

对满洲里乌奴格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床热液蚀变过程中REE行为的研究发现,铕亏损对斑岩矿化具指示意义,总结提出了斑岩体含矿性的REE评价指标.据此对本区甲乌拉、西天山和牡丹江地区的5个斑岩体进行了REE评价研究,所获结论与钻探工程揭露一致.指出REE方法在找矿评价上具有良好的应用前景.     

川西呷村黑矿型多金属矿床热液体系稀土元素组成特征

本文首次测定了呷村黑矿矿石中流体包裹体的ＲＥＥ组成,计算了与含矿流纹岩系熔体平衡的岩浆热液ＲＥＥ含量。主成矿期流体具有轻稀土富集、Ｅｕ明显正异常的特点,但岩浆热液却具有明显的Ｅｕ负异常特征,结合热液体系氧同位素及稀土元素交换反应模拟,表明岩浆热液不是直接的成矿热液。蚀变围岩具显著的Ｅｕ正异常,其它稀土元素出现亏损。蚀变反应水／岩比值较大,蚀变岩中的ＲＥＥ组成反映了成矿热液ＲＥＥ的特点,且ＲＥＥ亏损     

安徽铜陵桂花冲斑岩铜矿围岩蚀变与矿化作用

桂花冲铜矿为安徽铜陵地区新发现的斑岩型铜矿,斑岩体为准铝质高钾钙碱性的花岗闪长斑岩。围岩蚀变与矿化作用是斑岩型矿床成矿过程研究的一项重要内容,对蚀变带岩石开展元素地球化学成分的迁移研究,是分析热液交代蚀变过程的基础。桂花冲铜矿区内围岩蚀变作用比较强烈,蚀变类型主要有钾化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。蚀变分带比较明显,由内向外依次为钾化带、绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带,矿体主要产于绢英岩化带内。矿化蚀变自早至晚划分为钾长石、石英-绢云母、石英多金属硫化物和碳酸盐4个阶段。蚀变带物质组分迁移结果表明,在蚀变过程中,岩石的主量元素除TiO₂、MnO、MgO外,其他元素迁移量发生了明显改变;微量元素除Sr和Cu外,迁移量变化较小,稀土元素在矿化强的部位亏损,在矿化弱的地带富集。岩体及蚀变带岩石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式一致,说明岩体与蚀变岩石经历了相同来源流体的交代蚀变,是岩浆流体连续作用的结果。     

花岗斑岩-玄武岩热液蚀变体系研究:以澜沧老厂锰银铅锌铜钼矿床为例

花岗斑岩侵入玄武岩中形成相应的铜钼矿化是三江成矿带的特色之一,三江南段的澜沧老厂多金属矿床的花岗斑岩隐伏侵入石炭系玄武质火山岩中,花岗斑岩-玄武岩热液蚀变体系得以完整保存。在确立初始岩石端元的基础上,对花岗斑岩顶盖相的去钠化蚀变及玄武质围岩夕卡岩化过程的元素地球化学进行了初步研究,主要结论包括:(1)花岗斑岩驱动的热液体系以富含Na-Ca-Si-Mn为特征,Na-Ca-Si主要来自花岗斑岩中的斜长石分解蚀变,在花岗斑岩顶盖相中形成极度的Na亏损和极高的K_2O/Na_2O比值(去钠化蚀变);Si在花岗斑岩顶盖相中弱富集,Si-Ca在玄武质围岩夕卡岩化过程中明显富集(w(Si O_2)平均增加了4%~5%,w(Ca O)平均增加了5%左右),目前在蚀变体系中没有发现Na的明显富集,推测Na可能被热液搬运进入地表径流系统;Mn是特征蚀变元素,可能来自深部花岗斑岩,在花岗斑岩顶盖相及玄武质围岩中都得到明显富集(平均富集0.4~1.2倍)。(2)矿化元素中Mo主要来自花岗斑岩,在斑岩顶部及玄武质围岩中富集,局部成矿;Sn-Zn主要来自花岗斑岩,但目前没有在花岗斑岩内外接触带发现矿化;Ag-Pb-Bi的主要物源是玄武岩,在斑岩顶部富集,在更远端的碳酸盐岩地层中成矿;Cu也主要来自玄武岩,在玄武岩夕卡岩化过程中局部成矿。(3)稀土元素在花岗斑岩的蚀变过程主要表现为活化迁移亏损,在活化过程中Eu发生了比较明显的分异(δEu 0.85~1.32);玄武岩夕卡岩化过程中,热液流体携带的稀土元素在橄榄玄武岩中基本收支平衡,但在拉斑玄武岩中明显富集,并以显示弱的正Eu异常为特征。     

小寺沟斑岩钼铜矿床流体包裹体研究

小寺沟斑岩钼铜矿床赋存于小寺沟上杖子岩体北东接触带内.该岩体具有侧向分带,与矿化有关的是黑云母花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩.在北东接触带内,从岩体向围岩(雾迷山组白云岩)方向,热液蚀变可分为:钾长石-(黑云母)蚀变带;石英-绢云母蚀变带;粘土化带和蛇纹石蚀变带.钼矿主要产在石英-绢云母化带,铜矿主要产在蛇纹石蚀变带内.在蚀变矿化地段生成的大量流体包裹体,是研究热液性质、成矿条件的证据.通过对与蚀变、矿化有成因联系的各种矿脉中流体包裹体的研究,可以阐明成矿热液的变化特征.     

新疆可可塔勒铅锌矿床稀土元素地球化学的初步研究

可可塔勒铅锌矿矿石和围岩的ＲＥＥ分布模式类似于酸性岩类和泥质碎屑岩类矿石。ΣＲＥＥ值多小于围岩，不同类型矿石ＲＥＥ模式有明显差异。矿石在表生氧化过程中趋于富集轻稀土、贫化重稀土。蚀变围岩ΣＲＥＥ略有增加，Ｅｕ亏损明显。矿石主体形成于开放或近开放体系，含矿热液富含Ｃｌ＾－。蚀变岩石相对于未蚀变岩石、铁帽相对于原生矿石、以及铁帽上方土壤的ＲＥＥ分布特征是找矿评价的ＲＥＥ依据。     

澜沧老厂铅矿深部斑岩-玄武岩体系的蚀变地球化学

<正>老厂矿区花岗斑岩侵入以玄武岩为主体的火山岩围岩中,岩浆驱动热液对斑岩及围岩进行交代蚀变,是富硅富碱热液对贫硅玄武岩的交代过程。在首先确定主要岩石单元相对初始值的基础上,进而通过数据对比,获得热液蚀变过程中主要的元素变化特征,获得了如下的一些认识:花岗斑岩控制的热液体系,主体成分以富硅和锰为特征,斑岩从深部到浅部及火山岩围岩中,明显表现出硅和锰的富集,热液体系中的硅普遍被火山岩围岩所捕获,表现为Si O2在不同火山岩中都增     

云南老王寨金矿煌斑岩固定铵（NH4^＋）地球化学特征

云南老王寨金矿与金矿化时空密切共生的煌斑岩可分为新鲜（弱蚀变）、蚀变和矿化3种。固定铵（NH4^ ）含量测定结果表明，新鲜煌斑岩固定铵含量明显高于其他幔源岩石、低于矿区碳质围岩的固定铵含量。笔者认为该特征可能不是地壳混染的结果，从新鲜煌斑岩→蚀变煌斑岩→矿化煌斑岩，固定铵含量递增，且与金含量具较好的正相关，表明矿区煌斑岩蚀变流体和矿化流体中均可能存在铵，铵在金矿化流体中对金的迁移起了作用。     

内蒙古扎兰屯哈拉河银铜铅锌矿围岩蚀变与矿化作用

哈拉河银铜铅锌矿为内蒙古扎兰屯地区新发现的斑岩型矿床,斑岩体为钙碱性花岗闪长斑岩。围绕侵入岩体,围岩蚀变强烈。围岩蚀变与矿化作用关系的研究是斑岩矿床成矿过程研究的一项重要内容。对围岩蚀变类型、蚀变矿物组合以及蚀变类型与矿化体品位变化关系进行了研究。结果显示:哈拉河矿区内围岩蚀变类型主要有钾长石化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化和碳酸盐化等;蚀变分带比较明显,由深至浅依次为钾长石化带、绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带;区内蚀变与矿化关系密切,蚀变类型决定矿化类型和矿化强度,银矿化主要发育青磐岩化带内,铜铅锌矿化主要产在绢英岩化带内。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.