柴达木盆地西部新生界陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积环境与沉积模式*

利用野外露头、岩心、测井录井和分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地西部(简称“柴西地区”)新生界干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩进行了研究,划分了其沉积微相类型,研究了其分布规律,分析其形成环境和控制因素,并建立了相应沉积模式。该区湖相碳酸盐岩在垂向上与碎屑岩频繁互层,湖相碳酸盐岩包括颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩和混积岩4大类11种,划分出了灰泥坪、颗粒滩、藻丘(礁)、浅湖湾以及(半)深湖泥灰岩相等5种沉积微相。通过分析不同碳酸盐岩及其微相时空展布特征,认为其发育主要受控于湖盆构造运动、湖平面变化、陆源碎屑注入、古气候与古水介质条件、古地貌与古水深环境,并在此基础上建立了柴西湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积模式。研究认为柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积时期,湖盆为典型咸化湖盆,构造活动相对稳定,湖平面上升达到峰值。碳酸盐岩主要发育在湖侵期,高频湖平面变化形成了碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩频繁互层。在枯水期,盆地坡折处发育碎屑岩滩坝或三角洲前缘沉积;在湖侵期,盆地坡折处发育了鲕粒滩及藻灰岩,盆地洼陷区发育泥灰岩或灰质泥岩。     

柴达木盆地西部新生界陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积环境与沉积模式

利用野外露头、岩心、测井录井和分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地西部(简称"柴西地区")新生界干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩进行了研究,划分了其沉积微相类型,研究了其分布规律,分析其形成环境和控制因素,并建立了相应沉积模式。该区湖相碳酸盐岩在垂向上与碎屑岩频繁互层,湖相碳酸盐岩包括颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩和混积岩4大类11种,划分出了灰泥坪、颗粒滩、藻丘(礁)、浅湖湾以及(半)深湖泥灰岩相等5种沉积微相。通过分析不同碳酸盐岩及其微相时空展布特征,认为其发育主要受控于湖盆构造运动、湖平面变化、陆源碎屑注入、古气候与古水介质条件、古地貌与古水深环境,并在此基础上建立了柴西湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积模式。研究认为柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积时期,湖盆为典型咸化湖盆,构造活动相对稳定,湖平面上升达到峰值。碳酸盐岩主要发育在湖侵期,高频湖平面变化形成了碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩频繁互层。在枯水期,盆地坡折处发育碎屑岩滩坝或三角洲前缘沉积;在湖侵期,盆地坡折处发育了鲕粒滩及藻灰岩,盆地洼陷区发育泥灰岩或灰质泥岩。     

湖相碳酸盐岩礁滩体系沉积特征、主控因素及成因模式：以东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段为例

湖相碳酸盐岩广泛存在于陆相湖盆之中，大型礁滩沉积体系的发育模式对湖相碳酸盐岩成因机理的研究具有重要意义。基于钻井岩心、薄片、测录井、地震以及地球化学测试等资料，分析了东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩沉积特征。结果表明：研究区常见7种岩石类型及4种岩性组合，可识别出藻礁、浅滩、灰泥坪及风暴沉积4种沉积微相。藻礁和浅滩共同构成湖相礁滩复合沉积体系，主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地顶部，相带主体呈NE-SW向展布；灰泥坪主要发育于台地内部及剥蚀区附近；风暴沉积在台地东南斜坡区上部较为发育。从高位域早期至晚期，礁滩体系由垂向加积为主演化为逐步发生侧向迁移，平面展布规模逐渐扩大至斜坡区上部。推测区域和全球相对温暖气候背景、古东亚季风气候条件下盛行的东南风、盆地构造及古地貌、湖平面升降、碳酸盐岩母岩风化及海侵作用等共同控制了该湖相礁滩体系的形成及演化。在此基础上，提出湖相碳酸盐岩“气候—物源—盆地”系统成因模式，丰富了对湖盆大规模礁滩沉积体系形成机理的认识。     

河北饶阳凹陷中央隆起带古近系沙三段上部碳酸盐岩沉积模式研究

通过岩心和薄片观察及测井解释等手段,以揭示饶阳凹陷中央隆起带大王庄油田沙三段上部碳酸盐岩沉积特征及沉积模式为目的开展工作,得到以下认识:饶阳凹陷中央隆起带古近系沙三段上部发育碳酸盐岩滩坝沉积,藻砂屑云岩、鲕粒云岩、泥晶云岩及含陆源碎屑的藻屑—鲕粒云岩是本区主要的岩石类型。滩坝发育四种沉积微相,包括藻屑碳酸盐岩滩微相、鲕粒碳酸盐岩滩微相、泥晶碳酸盐岩湖湾微相及含陆源碎屑的颗粒碳酸盐岩滩微相。研究区碳酸盐岩的分布主要受到湖平面变化、古地形、构造活动强度及陆源碎屑物质供应程度的影响,中央隆起带古地貌微环境的不同,直接影响到岩石类型和沉积微相的差异,高部位形成藻屑碳酸盐岩和鲕粒碳酸盐岩,低部位的低能环境形成泥晶碳酸盐岩湖湾。藻屑碳酸盐岩滩和鲕粒碳酸盐岩滩微相是本区碳酸盐岩滩坝最有利的油气储集相带。该区沉积微相的研究及相模式的建立有助于饶阳凹陷中央隆起带大王庄油田下一步精细的储层预测,也为类似地区的碳酸盐岩储层预测提供了可借鉴的地质模型。     

潮水盆地侏罗系沉积特征及找煤潜力

潮水盆地侏罗系为完整的断陷湖泊充填沉积序列,沉积环境属多种沉积体系,具有低位体系域—湖侵体系域—高位体系域的多层序旋回的特点。下侏罗统为断陷初始形成期的湖泊沉积,具有断陷盆地形成初期“填平补齐”的沉积特点。地层厚度变化大,沉积相变快。在层序中可识别出低位体系域与湖侵早期体系域。低位体系域主要发育了冲积扇、辫状河道、滨浅湖砂砾、洪积物等;中侏罗统为裂陷发展期湖泊沉积,为盆地内主要含煤岩组。层序中粒度旋回较发育,通常在每一旋回的上部含煤层或炭质泥岩,层序底部常发育砾岩。在该层序中可识别出局部低位体系域与高位体系域。低位体系域发育河流砂砾沉积和滨浅湖砂砾,常表现出垂向加积或退积序列。而湖侵体系域则以较深水的湖相沉积为特征,常表现出向上泥岩厚度加大的退积式准层序组;同时,亦发育诸多三角洲相沉积;上侏罗统为断陷消亡期沉积,形成低位体系域浅湖、扇三角洲和冲积扇沉积体系。潮水盆地下侏罗统芨芨沟群上岩组和中侏罗统青土井群下岩组均具有成煤的构造、成煤的环境和成煤的物质来源,而找煤的关键是寻找目前技术、经济水平可以达到的赋煤构造。     

渤海海域沙一、二时期碳酸盐岩沉积特征及主控因素分析

渤海海域沙一、二时期湖相碳酸盐岩分布广泛。根据其沉积特征可划分为台地型、斜坡型、水下隆起型和混合沉积型4大类及相应的亚相、微相,其中位于湖平面之下浪基面之上的各类浅水湖泊碎屑滩(生物滩、陆屑滩)储层最为发育。该时期渤海海域为温暖潮湿的北亚热带气候、封闭的微咸水-半咸水的环境。古地貌特征为影响碳酸盐岩发育和富集分布规律的主控因素,周边陆源碎屑供给能力则影响碳酸盐岩的发育程度。     

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系混合沉积特征及发育模式*

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系沙三下亚段广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积。通过对井壁取心、测井及综合化验资料的分析,对研究区混合沉积特征、发育模式及控制因素进行分析。结果表明: 研究区既发育同一岩层内的混合沉积,又发育碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑的互层混合沉积。混合沉积形成于两大物源注入背景下的湖泊滨岸环境,可进一步分为泥坪、砂质滩坝、浅滩和半深湖等混合沉积亚相,主要体现为波浪和湖流作用的双重影响。沙三下亚段整体呈现出水退式发育的特点,主要发育湖侵域和高位域,湖侵域主要发育半深湖混合沉积和浅滩混合沉积,高位域主要发育砂质滩坝混合沉积。混合沉积物受古地貌、古气候、古物源和湖平面变化的控制,优势储集亚相为砂质滩坝混合沉积亚相和浅滩混合沉积亚相。该研究成果不仅为莱州湾凹陷南部古近系优质动用储量研究提供了指导,而且为下一步勘探指明了方向。     

白驹凹陷泰州组层序地层及沉积特征

运用地震、岩心、钻测井和古生物等资料,对苏北盆地白驹凹陷泰州组进行了层序地层和沉积相分析,在泰州组地层中可识别出3个层序界面,划分出2个三级层序(SQ1、SQ2)和4个体系域。根据沉积相标志,在泰州组沉积体中识别出了辫状河三角洲、(曲流河)三角洲及湖泊3种沉积相类型,并进一步划分为8种亚相和17种微相。其中,SQ1沉积于盆地初始断陷期,以发育辫状河三角洲为特征;SQ2低位体系域沉积时期,盆地的拉张作用增加,湖盆范围扩大,(曲流河)三角洲沉积最为发育;SQ2湖侵体系域和高位体系域沉积时期,盆地发育由断陷湖盆转为坳陷湖盆,湖侵体系域湖泊沉积范围最广,主要为半深湖—深湖亚相沉积环境,高位体系域湖平面略有下降,以滨浅湖沉积环境为主。指出白驹凹陷生油层主要发育于SQ2湖侵体系域,其本身又是良好的盖层;而储集层则主要发育在SQ1-SQ2低位体系域以及SQ2高位体系域,之间相互组合形成了2套生储盖组合,生储盖的良好配置使白驹凹陷发育的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、三角洲前缘水下分流河道、席状砂以及滨浅湖砂滩、砂坝砂体成为有利的油气勘探区。     

准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区白垩系清水河组沉积演化与有利砂体展布

以三维地震、钻测井、岩心、测试化验等资料为基础,对准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区白垩系清水河组特别是“底砂岩段”重点油气储集层进行层序地层划分、沉积特征和砂体展布研究。认为:(1)清水河组发育高位体系域、湖侵体系域和低位体系域;其中,低位体系域主要发育浅水辫状河三角洲相,湖侵体系域发育滨浅湖-半深湖相,而高位体系域则发育浅水曲流河三角洲相。(2)“底砂岩段”中发育水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和分流间湾4种沉积微相类型;“底砂岩段”位于受北部物源控制的浅水辫状河三角洲前缘,可分为内前缘和外前缘;(3)结合区域沉积背景建立了清水河组浅水三角洲沉积微相模式,整体上,清水河组沉积演化过程为一套完整的湖平面升降演化沉积旋回。     

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系混合沉积特征及发育模式

渤海莱州湾凹陷南部古近系沙三下亚段广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积。通过对井壁取心、测井及综合化验资料的分析,对研究区混合沉积特征、发育模式及控制因素进行分析。结果表明:研究区既发育同一岩层内的混合沉积,又发育碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑的互层混合沉积。混合沉积形成于两大物源注入背景下的湖泊滨岸环境,可进一步分为泥坪、砂质滩坝、浅滩和半深湖等混合沉积亚相,主要体现为波浪和湖流作用的双重影响。沙三下亚段整体呈现出水退式发育的特点,主要发育湖侵域和高位域,湖侵域主要发育半深湖混合沉积和浅滩混合沉积,高位域主要发育砂质滩坝混合沉积。混合沉积物受古地貌、古气候、古物源和湖平面变化的控制,优势储集亚相为砂质滩坝混合沉积亚相和浅滩混合沉积亚相。该研究成果不仅为莱州湾凹陷南部古近系优质动用储量研究提供了指导,而且为下一步勘探指明了方向。     

准噶尔盆地东部地区八道湾组层序地层及油气勘探有利区带预测

运用层序地层学与沉积学的原理和方法,建立滴水泉地区侏罗系八道湾组层序地层格架,划分沉积相,在此基础上分析层序充填及沉积演化特征,预测研究区岩性油气藏的类型及分布。研究结果表明:八道湾组为“一个半”层序,包括5个体系域。整体经历了一个先退积、后进积、再退积的过程。研究区发育辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊3种沉积相类型、5种沉积亚相类型和10种沉积微相类型。JSQ1层序低位体系域以辫状河沉积为主,湖侵体系域主要发育滨浅湖沉积,高位体系域以辫状河三角洲沉积为主;JSQ2层序低位体系域主要发育辫状河三角洲沉积,而湖侵体系域以滨浅湖沉积为主。滴水泉地区八道湾组发育的有利储集砂体是辫状河和辫状河三角洲砂体,主要发育于低位和高位体系域。研究区八道湾组沟谷型古地貌可与JSQ1低位体系域广泛分布的辫状河道砂体组合形成地层-岩性圈闭,是研究区最有利的勘探目标。     

黄骅坳陷歧北斜坡区薄层湖相碳酸盐岩沉积相模式及演化特征

歧北斜坡区沙一下亚段湖相碳酸盐岩储层较薄（多数集中在0.5~8 m）,地震资料难以指导内部小层及滩体划分,沉积相模式、演化规律及主控因素认识不清,采用标志层控制、静-动态资料相互拟合的方法,利用岩心、测井、地球化学、古生物等资料,结合示踪剂、吸水剖面等动态资料对薄层湖相碳酸盐岩储层进行综合研究。研究结果表明：超覆地层对比模式符合研究区薄层湖相碳酸盐岩地层真实发育情况,并识别出5期明显的湖岸线;湖水首先沿着港西断层形成的断槽及中部的斜坡低洼区由东向西主发生湖侵;研究区主要发育滨浅湖亚相,包括生屑滩、混积滩等6种沉积微相,生屑滩面积占60%以上;沉积模式显示出沉积早期,地形坡度大、湖侵范围小、滨浅湖面积也最小,主要沉积沿岸碎屑岩砂坝;沉积中后期,水体越过坡折带,滨浅湖面积不断扩大,并迅速超覆至全区,生屑滩沉积面积达到最大的演化规律。歧北斜坡区湖水咸化、湖相碳酸盐岩广泛沉积的主要原因,是海侵作用致使湖水初步咸化和浅水缓坡台地环境导致混合水蒸发浓缩二次咸化双重作用的结果。强烈的剥蚀和填平补齐导致的近似平台型古地貌特征和古生物的大量繁殖,也是控制北斜坡区沉积相类型及演化的主要因素之一。     

Early diagenesis in Pleistocene coral reefs, southern Sinai, Egypt: response to tectonics, sea-level and climate

The uplifted Pleistocene terraces along the coast of southern Sinai exhibit a well developed reef system formed during isotope stage 9, and a younger one formed during isotope stage 5. An intermediate reef corresponding to isotope stage 7 occurs only as an erosional relic in the study area. The sediments comprise reefal framestones, peri-reefal facies, coral rubble, and siliciclastic-dominated beach and aeolian facies. The compositional and textural complexity of the sediments leads to a highly variable spatial distribution of diagenetic features. However, the geometric relationships and elemental analyses allow a reconstruction of the general diagenetic evolution: during the major eustatic sea-level highstand of isotope stage 9, the Older Reef was constructed and cemented with aragonite and high-Mg calcite. Climate was probably semiarid with some rainy periods which permitted the installation of ephemeral freshwater lenses, especially during the minor sea-level lowstand within isotope stage 9. In these lenses, and during the subsequent major sea-level lowstand, some freshwater dissolution occurred. The highstand during isotope stage 7 led to the construction of the Intermediate Reef. In the Older Reef, some high-Mg calcite precipitated at that time. Dolomite cement formed either in marine interstitial waters modified by some freshwater input, or in a hypersaline context. Phreatic-meteoric low-Mg calcite cement covers, and partly replaces, previous marine cements and dolomite, but is still attributed to the major highstand of isotope stage 7 when freshwater lenses could develop during minor sea-level lowstands. The subsequent major sea-level lowstand was dominated by an arid climate, and only a little freshwater corrosion occurred. The Younger Reef formed during the major highstand of isotope stage 5. Aragonite and high-Mg calcite cements, as well as some dolomite, are common within the reef, whereas freshwater cements are limited to beach and aeolian facies. Due to tectonic uplift, only the lower part of the Older Reef was reflooded during isotope stage 5, and only some aragonite crystals precipitated on top of dolomite or low-Mg calcite. The interrelationships between tectonics, sea-level variations of different orders, and climatic changes thus had a profound impact on the diagenetic history of these reef systems.     

Sedimentary characteristics of large‐scale lacustrine beach‐bars and their formation in the Eocene Boxing Sag of Bohai Bay Basin,East China

The beach‐bar reservoir play has become an important exploration target within the Bohai Bay Basin, especially in the Boxing Sag within the Dongying Depression, where a large‐scale lacustrine beach‐bar oil pool has been discovered recently. The sedimentary characteristics, distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of beach‐bar sand bodies in the upper fourth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es4s) in the Boxing Sag were studied in detail based on seismic, well log data and core data. The Es4s in the Boxing Sag is composed of a third‐order sequence consisting of three systems tracts, i.e. a lowstand systems tract, a transgressive systems tract and a highstand systems tract. Beach‐bar sand bodies were deposited widely in the basin during the lowstand systems tract period. The sandy beach‐bars are characterized by siltstones, fine‐grained silty sandstones interbedded with thin mudstone units. The presence of well‐developed sedimentary structures, such as swash bedding, parting lineation, parallel bedding, ellipsoidal mud clasts, ripples, terrestrial plant debris and vertical burrows, suggests that beach‐bars were deposited in a relatively shallow water environment under the influence of strong hydrodynamics. Laterally, the sandy beach facies occurred as a more continuous sheet‐like body around the sandy bar in most parts of the sag. Stratigraphically, beach‐bars were distributed mainly in the lowstand systems tract and they were less well‐developed in the transgressive systems tract and highstand systems tract. Several factors were probably responsible for the occurrence of the large‐scale beach‐bars during the lowstand systems tract period, including: (i) a gentle palaeoslope and relatively weak structural activities; (ii) a shallow‐water condition with a strong hydrodynamic environment; (iii) high‐frequency oscillations of the lake level; and (iv) an abundant terrigenous clastic feeding system with multiple‐point and linear sediment sources.     

胜利油田车镇凹陷沙河街组二、三段沉积相

车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组三段上亚段-二段下亚段是较为典型的深断陷型三级层序.层序的发育主要受控于幕式断陷作用,可进一步划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域.通过岩心观察、薄片镜下鉴定、粒度分析、古生物及遗迹化石分析,并综合利用测井曲线和地震相特征,认为该时期主要发育有扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇、湖底扇、滨浅湖滩坝等骨架砂体相,以及滨浅湖、半深湖-深湖等沉积相及其亚相.综合考虑物源特征、沉积环境、沉积体系平面展布以及生、储、盖组合关系,认为有利的沉积相带主要是三角洲、扇三角洲前缘、湖底扇、近岸水下扇的中扇和外扇以及滨浅湖中发育的滩坝和砂坝.     

海平面升降变化对贵州紫云礁体生长的控制

以贵州紫晚二叠世碳酸盐台地边缘礁为例,运用高频层序地层学原理和方法,精细地划分了紫云礁层序的各级单元,并对其内部沉积构成进行了详细研究,探讨海平面和变化对礁体生长的控制,研究结果表明,晚二叠世紫云礁 合体为发育在台地边缘坡折带的一个三级层序,由１３个准层序组成,并可识别出低位、海侵、高位３个体系域,低位期的下切谷 边缘坡折带碳酸盐台地的暴露、海侵期和高位期礁的３种生长方式的增生及每种生长方式的特定     

The Baltic Ice Lake in the southwestern Baltic: sequence-, chrono- and biostratigraphy

Jensen, J. B., Bennike, O., Witkowski, A., Lemke, W. & Kuijpers, A. 1997 (September): The Baltic Ice Lake in the southwestern Baltic: sequence-, chrono- and biostratigraphy. Boreas , Vol. 26, pp. 217–236. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
This multidisciplinary study focuses on late-glacial deposits in the Mecklenburg Bay -Arkona Basin area. The sequence stratigraphical method has been used on shallow seismic and lithological data, in combination with biostratigraphical work and radiocarbon dating. Glacial-till deposits underlie sediments from two Baltic Ice Lake phases. Varved clay deposits from the initial phase cover the deepest parts of the basins. A prograding delta is observed at the western margin of the Arkona Basin, prograding from the Darss Sill area. The delta system is possibly related to a highstand dated at 12.8 ka. A maximum transgression level around 20 m below present sea level (b.s.l.) is inferred, followed by a drop in water level and formation of lowstand features. The final ice lake phase is characterized by a new transgression. The transgression maximum as observed in the Mecklenburg Bay is represented by transgressive and highstand deltaic deposits. These also indicate a maximum shore level of 20 m b.s.l. The deltaic sediments that contain macroscopic plant remains and diatoms have yielded Younger Dryas ages. Mapping of the late-glacial morphology of the Darss Sill area reveals a threshold at 23 to 24 m b.s.l. This means that the Baltic Ice Lake highstand phases inundated the Darss Sill, which implies that the westernmost extension of the Baltic Ice Lake reached as far as Kiel Bay. Forced regressive coastal deposits at the western margin of the Arkona Basin mark a lowstand level of around 40 m b.s.l. caused by the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake. The lowstand deposits predate lacustrine deposits from the Ancylus Lake, which date to approximately 9.6 ka BP.     

黑龙江七星河含煤盆地古近纪-新近纪沉积相及层序地层特征

黑龙江省东部七星河盆地是一新生代聚煤盆地,其含煤地层为古近系宝泉岭组、新近系富锦组。宝泉岭组由各级砂岩、泥岩、炭质泥岩以及褐煤组成,发育滨浅湖相、深-半深湖相、三角洲平原相,属于湖泊沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系。富锦组主要由泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、含砾粗砂岩及煤层、炭质泥岩、硅藻岩组成,发育滨浅湖相、扇三角洲平原相,分别属于湖泊沉积体系和扇三角洲沉积体系。层序SI相当于宝泉岭组,发育低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,煤层主要发育高位体系域中后期,成煤环境以滨浅湖淤积沼泽为主。层序SII相当于富锦组,主要发育湖侵体系域、高位体系域,局部地区发育低位体系域,煤层亦主要发育高位体系域中后期,成煤环境以扇三角洲淤积沼泽和滨浅湖淤积沼泽为主。层序SI、SII的高位体系域中后期,盆地基底沉降速率和物源供给处于相对平衡状态,主要发育了扇三角洲淤积沼泽、滨浅湖和滨浅湖淤积沼泽环境,发育可采煤层。