堇青石的矿物学特性及其应用

堇青石作为一种天然矿物已被研究多年,它广泛分布于岩浆岩、变质岩和伟晶岩中,但确很少富集成矿。基于堇青石所具有的许多优良性能,使它在耐火材料、精细陶瓷、计算机集成电路的基片等领域中得到了广泛的应用。本文将从堇青石的矿物学角度出发,阐述人工合成堇青石的研究现状及发展前景。     

堇青石的矿物学特征及其应用

堇青石作为一种天然矿物已被研究多年，它广泛分布于岩浆岩、变质岩和伟晶岩中，但确很少富集成矿。基于堇青石所具有的许多优良性能，使它在耐火材料、精细陶瓷、计算机集成电路的基片等领域中得到了广泛的应用。本文将从堇青石的矿物学角度出发，阐述人工合成堇青石的研究现状及发展前景。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵柱晶紫苏堇青麻粒岩中堇青石的矿物学特征

东南极拉斯曼丘陵晚元古代（１０００Ｍａ）高级变质杂岩中区域性产出一套粗粒柱晶紫苏堇青麻粒岩，其原岩为含硼的富镁铝泥质岩。岩石中结晶粗大的堇青石在矿物化学成分上属于镁堇青石，其成分显示不均匀且具较明显成分环带的特征，从核部到边缘，其ＸＭｇ（Ｍｇ／Ｍｇ＋Ｆｅ２＋）比值由０．８５５变化为０．８１６。温压计算结果表明，所研究堇青石形成的Ｐ－Ｔ条件约为０．７６～０．７２ＧＰａ和８６０℃～８３０℃（核部至边缘）。Ｘ－射线粉晶结构分析证明这种堇青石属于低位结构状态的堇青石，晶体结构扭曲指数Δ＝０．２８～０．３０，在自然界比较少见。实验室合成的低位结构状态的堇青石只在持续较长时间的１３００℃～１４００℃的高温条件下稳定存在。因此，这意味着低位堇青石可能是由很高温变质作用及缓慢冷却的条件下结晶形成，这对于研究该区的地壳演化具有极其重要的意义。     

合成翡翠的实验探索

模拟天然翡翠成矿的物理、化学条件,参照硬玉各元素的理论质量分数,选用合适的化学试剂配制合成翡翠原料,采用高温固相法制备非晶质的、具有翡翠成分的玻璃料,再利用高压固相转变的原理,在高温高压设备上对其进行结构转化处理,使其在翡翠稳定区内结晶。X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、偏光显微镜矿物结构的分析结果表明：合成样品中的主要结晶矿物为硬玉,其红外吸收光谱与天然翡翠的基本一致,部分样品的结构转化较完全,结晶程度较好,且其硬度、密度及折射率等常规宝石学参数也与天然翡翠的十分相近。     

堇青石矿物学研究进展：——Ⅱ人工合成堇青石的物理性质

工业用的堇青石多为人工合成，一些堇青石是在最终材料制作之前预先合成的，一些是在材料的制作和使用过程中生成的。堇青石具有许多优良的性能，包括低的热膨胀性，优良的抗热震性，较高的机械强度，低的介电常数和高的电阻率。随着材料生成条件不同，堇青石的物理性质也有较大变化     

堇青石综合利用现状与展望

堇青石具有热膨胀系数低,热导率小,抗热震性能好,介电常数低,介电损耗小,化学稳定性好等特点,是一种具有多用途的非金属矿物原料,既可单独作为材料使用,又可与其他材料进行复合,制备出复合材料来使用,被广泛应用于冶金、电子、汽车、化工、环境保护等领域,可用作优质的耐火材料、电子封装材料、催化剂载体、泡沫陶瓷、生物陶瓷、印刷电路板和低温热辐射材料等。本文根据近年来堇青石在结构陶瓷、耐火材料、多孔材料、红外材料、介电材料和电子封装材料等领域应用的相关报道文献加以汇总,系统地介绍了堇青石材料的综合利用进展。     

天然矿物发光性能研究现状

矿物发光材料的发光是基于对能量的吸收和能级跃迁,其制备方法采用高温固相反应,利用天然的卤化物,硫化物,硅酸盐可开发出多种应用前景广泛的新型发光材料。     

华北地台太古代麻粒岩相带的堇青石-夕线石组合:低压麻粒岩相的标志

华北地台北缘麻粒岩相带中,西起贺兰山东至辽吉地区,凡有高铝变质沉积岩发育的地方几乎都普遍存在堇青石-夕线石组合,它分别出现在含堇青石石英岩、片麻岩、麻粒岩和S-型花岗岩中;堇青石-石榴石-夕线石组合也极常见。用石榴石-堇青石矿物对计算的变质作用P-T条件约5.3×10~8～7.5×10~8Pa,700～810℃,地热梯度约30～40℃/km。这些数据与共生岩石中其他矿物对所得温压条件基本一致。堇青石-夕线石组合是低压变质作用的标志。因此该麻粒岩相带大部分属于低压麻粒岩相。     

大容山花岗岩带中石榴子石,堇青石的成因研究

该花岗岩带中石榴子石富MgO而贫MnO,并且具正成分环带构造,证明是原岩残留晶;堇青石与残留包体中堇青石成分相似,均属镁堇青石,Na_2O<0.33％,表明不是岩浆晶出矿物,而是岩浆源区残留晶。矿物谱学工作表明,堇青石中赋存原生CO_2和H_2O,某组成是矿物形成温度的灵敏指示剂;另一方面,由于挥发分的存在,“湿”堇青石畸变系数△不能反映硅铝有序度,而红外分裂指数能够及“干”堇青石△可能能够反映硅铝有序度。石榴子石-堇青石组合是理想的地质温压逸度计,它给出了大容山岩体及旧州岩体源区的T、P、f_(H_2O)和P_(H_2O)。     

变质矿物生长的局部平衡体系——以贺兰山北段孔兹岩系为例

贺兰山北段孔兹岩系详细的岩石学和矿物学的研究表明 ,岩石中的特征变质矿物如石榴子石、堇青石等的成分与其周围相邻的同世代变质矿物具有很好的相关性 ,而与其寄生主岩成分的相关性较小 ,而贯通矿物如斜长石却与其寄生主岩成分的相关性较为密切 ,同时天然块状样品的脱水熔融实验的结果也显示 ,变质反应是在一个局部平衡体系中进行的。说明在变质作用过程中 ,变质反应的进行以及新矿物的形成是在一个局部平衡的体系下完成的 ,因此在矿物对温压计的使用上 ,应利用处于平衡状态的相邻变质矿物来计算。     

The metamorphic paragenesis of cordierite in pelitic rocks

A petrogenetic grid is constructed for mineral assemblages occurring in metapelitic rocks, particularly those involved in the paragenesis of cordierite. The most useful assemblages for estimating pressures and temperatures are staurolite-cordierite, cordierite-biotite-Al₂SiO₅ and cordierite-hypersthene. Cordierite is stable with kyanite, sillimanite or andalusite. At high pressures cordierite is Mg-rich so that pelitic rocks typically do not contain the phase. Cordierite is stable at temperatures less than 500° C but does not commonly appear in metapelitic rocks until the garnet-chlorite, chlorite-staurolite or chlorite-Al₂SiO₅ tie-lines are broken. At high metamorphic grades, the assemblage garnet-hypersthene-cordierite indicates relatively low pressures, and the assemblage hypersthene-cordierite-sillimanite relatively high pressures. It is clear however, that the absence of cordierite is of little use in characterizing a metamorphic facies unless an alternate mineral assemblage can be shown to be more stable.     

Cordierite formation during the experimental reaction of plagioclase with Mg-rich aqueous solutions

The reaction between plagioclase (labradorite and oligoclase) and Mg-rich aqueous solutions was studied experimentally at hydrothermal conditions (600–700 °C, 2 kbar). During the experiments, plagioclase grains were readily converted to cordierite and quartz within 4 days. The cordierite crystals had well-developed polyhedral shapes, but showed skeletal internal morphologies suggesting that the initial growth occurred fast under high-driving-force conditions. In pure MgCl₂ solutions (0.5–5 M), plagioclase dissolution and cordierite precipitation were spatially uncoupled indicating that Al was to some extent mobile in the fluid. Cordierite crystals formed at 700 °C showed orthorhombic symmetry, whereas those formed at 600 °C dominantly persisted in the metastable hexagonal form suggesting a strong increase in Al, Si ordering speed between 600 and 700 °C. The thermodynamic evolution of the fluid–solid system ultimately resulted in stabilization of Ca-rich plagioclase as demonstrated by partial anorthitization of unreacted plagioclase grains. Cordierite was also observed to form when Mg was added to a potentially albitizing Na-silicate-bearing solution. In that case, cordierite precipitation appeared to be more closely coupled to plagioclase dissolution, and secondary alteration of remnant plagioclase grains did not occur most likely due to armoring of the plagioclase by the cordierite overgrowth. The fast reaction rates observed in our experimental study have potential implications for Mg-metasomatism as a rock-forming process.     

An electron‐optical study of melt‐related microstructures in granulite facies rocks from the Torngat Orogen

Cordierite–quartz and plagioclase–quartz intergrowths in a paragneiss from northern Labrador (the Tasiuyak Gneiss) were studied using SEM, STEM and TEM. The gneiss experienced granulite facies conditions and partial melting during both regional and, subsequently, during contact metamorphism. The microstructures examined all results from the contact metamorphism. Cordierite–quartz intergrowths occur on coarse and fine scales. The former sometimes exist as a ‘geometric’ intergrowth in which the interface between cordierite and quartz appears planar at the resolution of the optical microscope and SEM. The latter exists in several microstructural variants. Plagioclase is present as a minor component of the intergrowth in some examples of both the coarse and fine intergrowth. Grain boundaries in cordierite–quartz intergrowths are occupied by amorphous material or a mixture of amorphous material and chlorite. Cordierite and quartz are terminated by crystal faces in contact with amorphous material. Chlorite is sometimes found on cordierite surfaces and penetrating into cordierite grains along defects. Quartz contains (former) fluid inclusions 10–20 nm in maximum dimension. The presence of planar interfaces between cordierite and the amorphous phase is reminiscent of those between crystals and glass in volcanic rocks, but in the absence of compelling evidence that the amorphous material represents former melt, it is interpreted as a reaction product of cordierite. Plagioclase–quartz intergrowths occur in a number of microstructural variants and are commonly associated with cordierite–quartz intergrowths. The plagioclase–quartz intergrowths display simple, non‐planar interfaces between plagioclase and quartz. Quartz contains (former) fluid inclusions of dimensions similar to those observed in cordierite–quartz intergrowths. The boundary between quartz and enclosing K‐feldspar is cuspate, with quartz cusps penetrating a few tens of nanometres into K‐feldspar, commonly along defects in K‐feldspar and sometimes with very low dihedral angles at their tips. This cuspate microstructure is interpreted as melt pseudomorphs. The plagioclase–quartz intergrowths share some features with myrmekite, but differ in some respects: the composition of the plagioclase (An₃₇Ab₆₂Or₁–An₃₈Ab₆₁Or₁); the association with cordierite–quartz intergrowths; and microstructures that are atypical of myrmekite (e.g. quartz vermicules shared with cordierite–quartz intergrowths). It is inferred that the plagioclase–quartz intergrowths may have formed from, or in the presence of, melt. Inferred melt‐related microstructures preserved on the nanometre scale suggest that melt on grain boundaries was more pervasive than is evident from light optical and SEM observations.     

Sound velocities and elasticity of cordierite and implications for deep crustal seismic anisotropy

The elastic properties of cordierite, a common volatile-bearing metamorphic mineral, were measured using Brillouin spectroscopy under ambient conditions. We obtain a bulk modulus of K_S =129(1) GPa, and a shear modulus of G=54.0(4) GPa. The bulk modulus of cordierite is much larger than those of other crustal framework silicates (e.g., quartz and feldspars), but is similar to K_S for denser upper mantle phases such as olivine. This is likely a result of the cordierite crystal structure, as suggested by a similarly high value of K_S for minerals with closely related structures. Cordierite has an unusually high K/G ratio of about 2.4, and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.31,which may be a diagnostic seismic properties of areas in which cordierite-rich metamorphic rocks occur. The overall velocity anisotropy of cordierite is relatively low (<14%) in comparison with many other metamorphic minerals. Calculated velocities for a representative lower crustal rock suggest that cordierite is not likely to explain the high seismic anisotropy observed in some lower crustal sections. Cordierite would have a strong influence on the bulk seismic anisotropy only in rocks where it is present in large concentrations and has a strong preferred orientation. Although such rocks are known to occur, they are uncommon. Received: 23 Deceber 1997/ Revised, accepted: 12 October 1998     

Disequilibrium in the Ross of Mull Contact Metamorphic Aureole, Scotland: a Consequence of Polymetamorphism

The Ross of Mull pluton consists of granites and granodioritesand intrudes sediments previously metamorphosed at amphibolitefacies. The high grade and coarse grain size of the protolithis responsible for a high degree of disequilibrium in many partsof the aureole and for some unusual textures. A band of metapelitecontained coarse garnet, biotite and kyanite prior to intrusion,and developed a sequence of textures towards the pluton. InZone I, garnet is rimmed by cordierite and new biotite. In ZoneII, coarse kyanite grains are partly replaced by andalusite,indicating incomplete reaction. Coronas of cordierite + muscovitearound kyanite are due to reaction with biotite. In the higher-gradeparts of this zone there is complete replacement of kyaniteand/or andalusite by muscovite and cordierite. Cordierite chemistryindicates that in Zone II the stable AFM assemblage (not attained)would have been cordierite + biotite + muscovite, without andalusite.The observed andalusite is therefore metastable. Garnet is unstablein Zone II, with regional garnets breaking down to cordierite,new biotite and plagioclase. In Zone III this breakdown is welladvanced, and this zone marks the appearance of fibrolite andK-feldspar in the groundmass as a result of muscovite breakdown.Zone IV shows garnet with cordierite, biotite, sillimanite,K-feldspar and quartz. Some garnets are armoured by cordieriteand are inferred to be relics. Others are euhedral with Mn-richcores. For these, the reaction biotite + sillimanite + quartz garnet + cordierite + K-feldspar + melt is inferred. Usinga petrogenetic grid based on the work of Pattison and Harte,pressure is estimated at 3·2 kbar, and temperature atthe Zone II–III boundary at 650°C and in Zone IV asat least 750°C. KEY WORDS: contact metamorphism; disequilibrium     

矿物热分解动力学的研究方法探讨

:矿物分解动力学的研究可以大大提高我们对地质作用过程中矿物生长、元素和流体迁移等过程的了解。本文在介绍固相反应动力学原理的基础上 ,讨论了常压下研究矿物分解动力学的热重分析法和电导率法 ,指出精确确定高压下的反应分数 ,是研究高压下矿物热分解动力学的关键。提出了高压下确定反应分数的方法。     

Orthopyroxene–sillimanite–quartz assemblages: distribution, petrology, quantitative P–T–X constraints and P–T paths

Granulite facies magnesian metapelites commonly preserve a wide array of mineral assemblages and reaction textures that are useful for deciphering the metamorphic evolution of a terrane. Quantitative pressure, temperature and bulk composition constraints on the development and preservation of characteristic peak granulite facies mineral assemblages such as orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz are assessed with reference to calculated phase diagrams. In NCKFMASH and its chemical subsystems, peak assemblages form mainly in high‐variance fields, and most mineral assemblage changes reflect multivariant equilibria. The rarity of orthopyroxene–sillimanite–quartz‐bearing assemblages in granulite facies rocks reflects the need for bulk rock X_Mg of greater than approximately 0.60–0.65, with pressures and temperatures exceeding c. 8 kbar and 850 °C, respectively. Cordierite coronas mantling peak minerals such as orthopyroxene, sillimanite and quartz have historically been used to infer isothermal decompression P–T paths in ultrahigh‐temperature granulite facies terranes. However, a potentially wide range of P–T paths from a given peak metamorphic condition facilitate retrograde cordierite growth after orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz, indicating that an individual mineral reaction texture is unable to uniquely define a P–T vector. Therefore, the interpretation of P–T paths in high‐grade rocks as isothermal decompression or isobaric cooling may be overly simplistic. Integration of quantitative data from different mineral reaction textures in rocks with varying bulk composition will provide the strongest constraints on a P–T path, and in turn on tectonic models derived from these paths.     

Experimental Study of the Melting Reaction and Genetic Mechanism of Mineral Phase Transformation in Granulite Facies Metamorphism

The high-temperature and high-pressure experiment on natural block rock indicates that dehydration-melting of hydrous biotite (Bi) and partial melting of felsic minerals in garnet-biotite-plagioclase gneiss are mainly controlled by temperature, while mineral phase transformation is not only controlled by temperature-pressure conditions but also genetically associated with hydrous mineral dehydration-melting and partial melting of felsic minerals. According to the characteristics of biotite dehydration-melting and garnet transformation reaction, three stages may be distinguished: (1) when the experimental temperature is 700℃, biotite transforms to ilmenite (Ilm) + magnetite (Mt) + H2O and garnet to magnetite (Mt); (2) when the temperature is 730-760℃, biotite is dehydrated and melted and transformed into K2O-rich melt + Ilm + Mt, and garnet, into hypersthene (Hy) + cordierite (Crd); (3) when the temperature is up to or higher than 790℃, biotite is dehydrated and melted and transformed into melt + Hy +