济阳拗陷孔店组沉积体系及其构造成因

济阳拗陷是中国东部主要含油气盆地,其地质构造相当复杂,是我国研究含油气盆地最典型的地区.本文以地震和钻井资料为基础,研究了构造对主要储层孔店组沉积体系的控制作用,为油气勘探和开发提供地质依据.孔店组具典型陆相走滑-伸展断陷盆地早期幕式充填的多物源、快速堆积的特征.砂质沉积体系以冲积扇和扇三角洲为主要类型,深洼内为干旱盐湖的膏盐层、灰岩层及韵律层理泥岩层沉积.3种类型的陡坡边界具有近岸沉积的共同特征,但沉积的平面和纵向分布存在差异.与陡坡边界类型相比较,缓坡边界沉积相类型相对简单,冲积扇及近岸水下扇不甚发育,相带宽,沉积物运移较远.     

断拗型盆地构造-沉积模式与隐蔽性油藏——以西藏伦坡拉盆地古近系为例

伦坡拉盆地为西藏地区唯一发现工业油流的古近系断拗型陆相残留盆地。勘探实践表明,早期对该盆地构造-沉积模式与油气成藏关系认识不够一定程度上制约了勘探,为理清二者关系并落实有利勘探方向,本文对该盆地的构造、沉积特征及成藏条件进行分析。盆地南北向可划分为缓坡带、深凹带、陡岸带3个构造带;识别出河流-冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、水下扇4种沉积体系,其中在缓坡带发育河流-冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系,深凹带发育湖相沉积体系,陡岸带发育水下扇沉积体系;盆地存在2种沉积体系组合:缓坡带(河流)冲积扇-扇三角洲-滨浅湖相沉积体系组合,陡岸带水下扇-半深湖(深湖)-滨浅湖相沉积体系组合;可用"双向物源、缓坡扇三角洲、陡坡水下扇"构造-沉积模式解释。在缓坡带,应寻找扇三角洲前缘岩性隐蔽性油藏;在陡岸带,有可能发现构造-岩性复合型隐蔽性油藏。盆地具有多种潜在有利勘探目标类型,展现出较好的勘探前景。     

辽西建昌盆地早白垩世义县组沉积环境分析及盆地演化初探

建昌盆地是冀北—辽西地区早白垩世地层发育齐全、出露良好的代表性盆地之一,并且发现了大量保存完好的热河生物群化石。早白垩世地层包括义县组、九佛堂组和沙海组。其中义县组上部和下部为火山岩,中间发育沉积岩,岩性主要为灰紫色、灰黄色砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、砂岩和灰绿色泥岩,沉积环境由冲积扇、辫状河与湖泊环境组成,以冲积扇和辫状河环境为主。古水流方向表明物源区早期位于盆地北西和南东侧,晚期位于盆地北东侧。义县组早期发育垂直盆地走向的冲积扇沉积,晚期发育沿盆地走向的辫状河沉积,表明义县早期盆地构造活动强烈,晚期趋于稳定。     

大别山北缘早白垩世黑石渡组沉积体系研究

分布于大别山北缘晓天-磨子潭断裂以北和金寨-响洪甸-西汤池断裂以南呈东西向延伸的早白垩世黑石渡组,厚达千米,岩相主要有角砾岩、砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩等,包括冲积扇、河流、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积体系,其中河流沉积主要由洪泛平原和决口扇组成。黑石渡组属于向上变细层序,早期为冲积扇沉积,中期为洪泛平原、决口扇和扇三角洲沉积,晚期为深湖浊流沉积。冲积扇和湖相浊流沉积主要发育于盆地东段舒城晓天地区,洪泛平原和决口扇沉积主要发育于盆地西段霍山地区,扇三角洲在两地都比较发育。这是一个不对称的断陷盆地,晓天-磨子潭断裂可能对盆地的发育具有控制作用。     

小型箕状断陷盆地构造—沉积模式与油气成藏——以苏北管镇次凹为例

管镇次凹位于苏北盆地洪泽凹陷中部,是一个典型的箕状断陷,由南向北可划分为4个构造带:陡岸带、深凹带、断裂构造带和缓坡带.识别出5种沉积体系,即曲流河三角洲沉积体系、滨浅湖沉积体系、半深湖-深湖沉积体系、冲积扇(扇三角洲)沉积体系、水下扇沉积体系;在缓坡带发育三角洲沉积体系,深凹带发育湖相沉积体系,陡坡带发育冲积扇(扇三角洲)-水下扇沉积体系.研究区主要目的层存在2种沉积体系组合:水下扇-半深湖(深湖)-曲流河三角洲沉积体系组合和冲积扇(扇三角洲)-滨浅湖-小型三角洲沉积体系组合;阜宁组沉积时期,第1种沉积体系组合模式下更有利于烃源岩的发育;戴南组沉积时期,第2种沉积体系组合模式下容易形成一定规模的低水位扇(扇三角洲).因此在这2种沉积体系组合的有机配置下,极有利于岩性油气藏的形成.     

龙川江盆地上第三系芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层分析

龙川江盆地是造山带内部发育的新生代小型山间断陷盆地。本文结合该盆地晚新世构造、火山活动与沉积作用，对盆地盖层芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层进行了分析。通过分析，建立了龙川江盆地晚新世沉积模式，认为晚新世早期断陷带内快速堆积，主要以发育冲积扇沉积体系为特征，中、晚期冲积扇快速人湖，由此而形成冲积扇一扇三角洲一湖泊沉积体系组合；提出了龙川江盆地芒棒组层序的形成受多期构造活动控制的观点，并建立了3个构造层序，划分了体系域。     

丹霞盆地砾石统计与冲积扇体的识别

丹霞盆地是白垩纪形成的内陆山间红色盆地，主要由冲积扇体、曲流河沉积体、滨湖沉积体、浅湖沉积体和火山喷发沉积体组成，其中，冲积扇体和曲流河沉积体的岩石特征是粒度粗、成分复杂，粒度与成分在空间上变化快，较难识别。本文以剖面和钻孔资料为基础，重点研究了砾岩中的砾石特征，包括成分、形态、三轴大小、扁平砾石的产状等，用以确定扇体的物质来源方向和水体的古流向等，更好地识别冲积扇体的空间分布和冲积扇体之间的叠置关系。总体上，丹霞盆地内冲积扇体的发育具有如下规律：在盆地发育初期，冲积扇体较发育，但规模小，且多分布于盆地边缘，常和断裂活动有关。砾石主要来自附近的剥蚀区，砾石的稳定系数普遍较小，且其大小与物源区的地质时代和岩性有关。早期的冲积扇体常常和火山喷发沉积体相伴生，而后期的冲积扇体则和滨-浅湖相沉积伴生。在盆地发育晚期，冲积扇体表现为规模较大，常常和河流相沉积伴生，砾石稳定系数普遍较大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘上三叠统延长组沉积相特征研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部汝箕沟剖面、南部阎家庄剖面和中部环78、环52、演40井岩芯的详细观察,并结合前人的研究资料及岩性和岩相组合、沉积相分析,探讨了研究区延长组沉积相特征与演化过程。研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西缘延长组发育12种岩相类型,7种岩相组合。延长组时期为扇三角洲—湖泊、辫状河三角洲、冲积扇沉积体系,其中也充分发育筛状沉积、水上分流河道、分流河道间、水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、等沉积微相和亚相类型。北部汝箕沟地区在延长组沉积早期主要为扇三角洲相,进入中期由湖泊相过渡为扇三角洲相,晚期则发育深湖相;中部环县—演武地区在延长组早期为辫状河三角洲相,中期发育辫状河三角洲相和湖泊相,晚期过渡为三角洲相并受到抬升剥蚀作用;南部阎家庄在延长组则发育冲积扇相,随后便受到抬升剥蚀作用。     

冀北滦平中生代陆相断陷盆地九佛堂组沉积特征分析与探讨

冀北滦平中生代陆相断陷盆地中的早白垩世九佛堂组充填发育在盆地的最上部,为内陆温暖湿润气候条件下巨厚的灰绿—灰黄色碎屑岩沉积。宏观上可分为两大岩性组合段:一段底部的冲积扇沉积体系为断陷初期产物,因侵蚀遗存较少; 扇三角洲沉积体系分别构成一段的中下部及中上部,湖泊沉积体系夹持在扇三角洲沉积体系的中间; 二段为冲积扇沉积体系。盆地发育受控于西北部的岗子—红旗镇同生断裂,形成九佛堂期敞流型断陷湖。断裂具两个活动阶段,第一阶段由冲积扇体系向扇三角洲体系演化,发育时限短,形成的湖域狭小,堆积厚度小; 第二阶段由扇三角洲体系向冲积扇体系演化,直至盆地消失,发育时限长,形成的湖域广大,堆积厚度大。此外,对该盆地九佛堂组的沿革与确立作了简介。      

西秦岭徽县-成县早白垩世盆地沉积特征及其构造意义

徽县-成县(徽成)盆地是西秦岭造山带内一个具有代表性的早白垩世走滑拉分盆地。沉积相分析结果显示,盆地内部发育不同的沉积相组合,且呈现明显的时空变化特征。盆地充填序列分析表明,徽成盆地的沉积演化可划分为4个阶段:田家坝组沉积时期、周家湾组沉积时期、鸡山组沉积早期和鸡山组沉积晚期。田家坝组沉积时期,盆地南部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积组合为主;周家湾组沉积时期,盆地西部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积组合为主;鸡山组沉积时期,盆地北部和南部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积为主。在整个沉积过程中,盆地中心表现为湖泊(前三角洲)相细粒沉积,而河流和三角洲体系则分布于冲积扇和深水湖泊(前三角洲)沉积之间。古流向和物源恢复结果证明,盆地沉积物主体来自于盆地北部、南部的花岗岩和前侏罗纪地层。盆地构造沉降和沉积充填过程主要受控于盆地北缘徽凤断裂,盆地南部抬升与盆地边界断层的活动密切相关,是盆地的主要物源区。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the