勉略宁矿集区铜厂铜-铁矿床成因:黄铜矿Re-Os定年和硫化物原位硫同位素制约

铜厂铜-铁矿床在成矿时代、成矿物质来源及矿床成因等方面存在较大争议,限制了其成矿模式的建立以及进一步的找矿实践. 利用黄铜矿Re-Os同位素对该矿床进行定年,并利用LA-MC-ICP-MS技术对黄铜矿、黄铁矿及磁黄铁矿等硫化物开展原位硫同位素研究. 分析结果显示,5件黄铜矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为484±34 Ma（MSWD=8.7）,表明铜厂铜-铁矿床形成于早古生代加里东期. 铜厂铜-铁矿床上部铜矿床中黄铜矿（+9.75‰~+13.1‰）和黄铁矿（+9.22‰~+13.9‰）的δ34S值略高于下部铁矿床中黄铜矿（+8.66‰~+10.9‰）、黄铁矿（+8.85‰~+11.0‰）和磁黄铁矿（+7.93‰~+9.28‰）. 计算得到早期成矿热液的δ34S_∑S值约为+10.6‰,晚期成矿热液的δ34S_∑S值约为+12.3‰,说明矿床硫是地幔硫混染海水硫形成的,热化学还原在海水硫酸盐还原过程中起到关键作用. 铜厂铜-铁矿床的形成可分为两期:新元古代晋宁期,Rodinia超大陆裂解导致勉略宁地区发生海底火山喷发形成富含Fe、Cu的初始矿源层;早古生代加里东期,大陆边缘持续的裂解和裂陷形成勉略海槽并导致强烈的岩浆活动,富含挥发分及硫的岩浆热液混合海水硫,并从细碧岩中萃取Fe、Cu等成矿物质,早期成矿热液在铜厂地区深部形成铁矿床,随着磁铁矿和硫化物的沉淀,成矿热液演化到晚期阶段并沿断裂构造带向上运移,在铜厂地区浅部形成铜矿床.      

新疆阿尔泰托莫尔特铁(锰)矿成矿作用

新疆托莫尔特中型铁(锰)矿床赋存于上志留-下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组变质火山-沉积岩系中。本研究利用硫同位素和年代学,探讨该矿床的成矿物质来源、成矿时代和成矿作用。结果表明,矿床的形成经历火山沉积期、岩浆热液叠加改造期和区域变质期。火山沉积期为铁和锰主要成矿期,岩浆热液叠加改造期形成少量铁和铜矿化。火山沉积期黄铁矿的δ34S变化于6.2‰～13.1‰和-20‰,表明硫主要来自火山岩,也有少量来自细菌还原海水中的硫酸盐。岩浆热液叠加改造期硫化物的δ34S变化于-1.8‰～8.5‰,主要集中在-1.8‰～3.8‰,表明硫主要来自黑云母花岗斑岩脉。含矿岩系变流纹岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(406.7±4.3)Ma,穿切矿体的黑云母花岗斑岩脉锆石激光剥蚀-多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)U-Pb年龄为(401.6±0.6)Ma,表明托莫尔特铁矿火山沉积期形成的Fe-Mn矿化及岩浆热液叠加改造期形成的Fe-Cu矿化出现在早泥盆世(407～401 Ma),为火山喷发沉积和岩浆侵入活动的产物。     

闽中梅仙式铅锌银矿床矿质来源的硫、铅同位素示踪及成矿时代

福建闽中地区是我国又一个新的、重要的火山岩容矿块状硫化物铅锌多金属成矿带。为查明梅仙式铅锌银矿床的金属成矿物质来源和成矿时代,本文对其中5个主要矿床进行了矿石矿物和围岩的硫、铅同位素测试和同位素地质年代学研究。结果表明,不同矿床矿石硫化物的硫同位素组成变化范围较小且平均值接近于零,δ34S介于-3.5‰~ 5.6‰,平均 2.0‰,表明硫主要为岩浆来源,火山直接喷发和从容矿火山岩中淋取皆是可能的机制。大部分矿床矿石铅以放射性成因为特征(206Pb/204Pb>18.140、207Pb/204Pb>15.584、208Pb/204Pb>38.569),且矿石铅同位素值均大于围岩,指示铅可能主要是由容矿火山岩淋滤而来。根据矿床地质特征和同位素地质测年数据,厘定出两次重要的铅锌成矿作用,即中-新元古代海底火山喷流沉积同生成矿(赋矿围岩单颗粒锆石U-Pb法、Sm-Nd等时线法和40Ar-39Ar法年龄介于933~1788Ma)和燕山期岩浆热液叠加改造成矿(侵入岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb和Rb-Sr等时线年龄为127~154Ma)。     

硫同位素地质特征及其在湖南省铜矿床成矿物质来源示踪中的应用

硫是铜矿床的重要成矿物质,硫同位素特征可用于示踪含硫矿物或流体来源,从而为矿床成因和成矿预测研究提供支持。本文简述了硫同位素特征在地质勘查中的应用进展,并将湖南省以铜为主要矿种的铜矿床分为岩浆热液型和砂页岩型两大类,对矿床的基本地质特征和硫同位素特征进行了分析,总结了硫同位素的分布特征:矽卡岩型铜矿床矿石矿物中硫化物δ34S分布较为集中,峰值通常位于3~5‰之间,热液交代型铜矿床含硫矿物中δ34S的分布范围和峰值与矽卡岩型铜矿床有明显区别;砂岩型铜矿床中δ34S分布范围一般较广,峰值通常为较大的负值。硫同位素特征在湖南省铜矿床成矿作用研究中可以发挥更大的作用。     

滇中播卡铜矿床硫、铅同位素组成及其地质意义

滇中播卡铜矿床是著名“东川式”铜矿床的典型代表,但对其成矿物质来源和矿床成因认识存在争议。对矿区典型铜矿发育的金属硫化物进行硫和铅同位素组成分析,探讨其成矿物质来源。硫同位素测试结果表明,人占石铜矿金属硫化物的δ³⁴S值为1.6‰~10.7‰,指示硫以岩浆(火山喷发)作用为主要来源,并受到沉积作用影响。铅同位素测试结果则表明人占石铜矿、天生塘铜矿、竹箐凹子铜矿和白石岩铜矿中的铅主要来源于壳幔混合物质。综合前人研究和本次硫、铅同位素分析结果,认为播卡铜矿床成矿物质主要来自地幔,且受到地壳物质的混染。     

江西省兴源冲铜矿床同位素地球化学特征及成矿机制探讨

兴源冲铜矿床地处九岭南缘铜多金属大型矿集区西段的黄茅地区。文章在成矿地质特征的基础上,通过对矿石进行稳定同位素地球化学研究,重点分析了成矿物质来源,探讨了矿床成矿机制。碳、氧同位素分析结果表明,矿区碳酸盐岩δ13CVPDB为-5·4‰～1·9‰,平均为0·6‰,δ18OSMOW变化范围为9·0‰～13·9‰,平均为10·9‰,主要为海相碳酸盐岩,碳、氧同位素图解表明碳可能主要来源于深部,且受高温变质作用和低温蚀变作用明显;矿石硫化物硫同位素δ34S变化范围主要在1·0‰～6·2‰之间,个别样品同位素比值偏大,对比相似矿床,表明该矿床具有海底喷流沉积和后期岩浆热液叠加作用的特征。上述同位素地球化学特征表明,兴源冲铜矿床是在中元古代海底火山沉积基础上,经新元古代晋宁造山期岩浆热液、动力变质叠加成矿作用所形成。     

河南罗山金城金矿床成矿物质来源探讨

河南省金城金矿床位于桐柏—商城韧性剪切带南部、大别山西北侧。矿床赋存于中元古界苏家河群浒湾岩组变质岩中。在详细分析金城金矿床地质特征的基础上,研究共生花岗斑岩脉的微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征,共生石英的氧同位素、共生石英流体包裹体中CO2的碳同位素及共生黄铁矿的硫、铅同位素组成特征,并与老湾金矿和燕山晚期灵山花岗岩体对比。研究发现,本区花岗斑岩脉的稀土配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与灵山花岗岩体几乎完全重叠,稀土元素和微量元素特征参数较为一致,结合区域资料推断本区与矿体共生的花岗斑岩脉来源于燕山晚期岩浆活动。黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围为-6.9‰～5.5‰,均值为2.3‰,与区域上地层和岩浆岩硫同位素对比,认为金城矿床载金黄铁矿的硫主要来源于浒湾岩组围岩。载金黄铁矿铅同位素和浒湾岩组地层铅同位素范围相当,均有下地壳铅源的特征,结合硫同位素分析,认为金城金矿床载金黄铁矿的铅主要来源于浒湾岩组围岩。δ18OSMOW变化范围为5.5‰～11.4‰,极差为5.9‰,均值为8.4‰,具有岩浆热液石英的特征;δ18CPDB变化范围为-6.3‰～-2.8‰,极差为3.5‰,均值为-4.4‰,具有岩浆源或深部源碳(-7‰)和沉积碳酸盐岩来源碳(0)混合的特征;综合研究表明,本矿床成矿物质主要来源于浒湾岩组含金岩石建造,部分来源于燕山晚期岩浆热液活动。     

西藏查个勒铅锌钼铜矿床H-O-S-Pb同位素特征及成矿指示——兼与念青唐古拉成矿带中-东段铅锌(铜钼)矿床对比

查个勒铅锌钼铜矿床位于念青唐古拉铅锌银铁铜成矿带西段南缘,为查明其成矿物质来源及矿床成因,对该矿床开展了系统的H、O、S、Pb同位素研究,并与念青唐古拉成矿带中-东段典型铅锌(铜钼)矿床进行对比。查个勒矿床石英H、O同位素(δD值介于-189‰～-157‰之间,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值介于-2.2‰～2.9‰之间)指示其成矿流体主要由岩浆水与大气降水混合组成。矿区北部铅锌矿体硫化物δ~(34)S值为-5.6‰～-0.8‰,均值为-3.7‰,显示岩浆硫和地层硫混合的特征。矿区南部(铜)钼矿体硫化物δ~(34)S值为1.1‰～2.6‰,均值为1.8‰,显示岩浆硫的特征。矿石硫化物和花岗斑岩全岩~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的比值分别为38.988～39.269、39.002～39.559,15.657～15.747、15.643～15.664,18.614～18.688、18.663～19.058。矿石硫化物与花岗斑岩的Pb同位素特征相似,均表现出上地壳Pb源的特征,推测成矿物质主要来自上地壳岩浆源。查个勒矿床H、O、S、Pb同位素特征与中-东段典型铅锌(铜钼)矿床相似,表明念青唐古拉成矿带铅锌(铜钼)矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源一致。作者认为查个勒矿床是一个受岩浆和构造共同控制的斑岩型(铜)钼+矽卡岩型-热液脉型铜铅锌矿床,在念青唐古拉成矿带,自西向东分布有多处斑岩型(铜)钼矿+矽卡岩型-热液脉型(铜)铅锌矿矿集区。     

江西东乡铜矿床成因:铜和硫同位素联合约束

东乡铜矿床的赋矿岩石以石炭系砂岩和燕山期花岗斑岩为主。文章对东乡铜矿床同位素地球化学进行了研究,探讨了成矿物质来源及矿床成因。东乡矿区块状矿石和花岗斑岩的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值(0.3‰~1.2‰)非常接近深部地幔硫的值,其δ~(34)S值呈现明显的塔式分布,分布范围较窄,表明矿石中的硫主要来自深源岩浆。δ~(65)Cu值分布范围较窄(-2.10‰~0.17‰),整体接近于零附近,明显不同于块状硫化物矿床(δ~(65)Cu=-0.98‰~3.14‰)、矽卡岩型矿床(δ~(65)Cu=-1.29‰~2.98‰)和热液脉型矿床中δ~(65)Cu值(-3.70‰~0.44‰)的分布范围,其δ~(65)Cu值变化范围大于岩浆矿床的δ~(65)Cu值(-0.62‰~0.40‰),更接近于斑岩型矿床的δ~(65)Cu值(-1.16‰~0.81‰),表明东乡铜矿与岩浆热液作用具有密切的成因联系。因此,推断东乡铜矿为岩浆热液型矿床。     

青海赛什塘铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及硫同位素地球化学研究

赛什塘铜矿位于东昆仑多金属成矿带最东端的鄂拉山地区,是青海省重要的矽卡岩型铜矿床之一。本文首次对矽卡岩中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os定年研究,结合最新获得的不同类型矿石中硫化物硫同位素数据,讨论了成矿时代、矿床成因及成矿动力学背景。结果表明,5件辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为224.5±1.8Ma(MSWD=0.15),加权平均年龄为223.4±1.5Ma(MSWD=0.65),指示成矿作用发生于晚三叠世;14件硫化物硫同位素δ34SV-CDT值介于-4.6‰~1‰,平均-1.73‰,显示硫主要来源于深源岩浆。赛什塘铜矿床的成矿作用与晚三叠世岩浆活动密切相关,结合矿床地质特征认为其属于典型的矽卡岩型矿床。综合东昆仑带内铜多金属矿床已有年代学资料及区域构造的演化特征,认为鄂拉山地区与东昆仑西段祁漫塔格地区的铜多金属矿床形成于相似的地球动力学背景下,赛什塘铜矿床的形成与古特提斯构造的演化过程中兴海小洋盆闭合后产生的后碰撞背景有关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.