天然粉石英的提纯增白研究

尝试反浮选法和酸浸法去除粉石英矿中的红柱石、水铝石和铁等杂质。结果表明,采用反浮选法可去除粉石英中的红柱石杂质,最佳浮选条件:油酸钠作为捕收剂,其浓度为3.3 mmol/L,磷酸氢二钠作为抑制剂,其浓度为4.7 mmol/L,浮选液pH为8.5。采用酸浸法可去除水粉石英中的水铝石和铁杂质,最佳酸浸条件:盐酸(浓度为18%)与粉石英质量比为3∶1,在60℃酸浸30 min后,再在室温酸浸8 h。经过反浮选和酸浸处理后,粉石英中二氧化硅含量由80.02%上升至98.49%,白度由76.0%上升至89.3%,铝含量由9.86%下降至0.26%,铁含量由182μg/g下降至56.3μg/g。     

油酸钠浮选锂辉石的作用机理研究

通过浮选实验、Zeta电位测量和红外光谱分析研究了油酸钠捕收剂体系中锂辉石的浮选行为和作用机理。浮选结果发现,当油酸钠用量为200 mg/L,pH=8⁹时,锂辉石最大浮选回收率为27%;当加入的活化离子Fe3+浓度为35 mg/L时,浮选回收率高达90%,可见Fe3+活化效果显著。Zeta电位测量结果显示锂辉石的零电点约为pH=3.0,加入阴离子捕收剂油酸钠后锂辉石Zeta电位整体向负移,则两者之间存在非静电作用力。在最佳浮选pH值=89时,锂辉石最大浮选回收率为27%;当加入的活化离子Fe3+浓度为35 mg/L时,浮选回收率高达90%,可见Fe3+活化效果显著。Zeta电位测量结果显示锂辉石的零电点约为pH=3.0,加入阴离子捕收剂油酸钠后锂辉石Zeta电位整体向负移,则两者之间存在非静电作用力。在最佳浮选pH值=8⁹时,锂辉石Zeta电位变化最显著,表明此时发生的吸附作用最大。结合红外光谱测试结果可得出结论:油酸钠在锂辉石表面吸附主要通过化学作用。     

石英与钠长石浮选分离的研究

用十八胺(阳离子捕收剂)和十二烷基磺酸钠(阴离子捕收剂,SDS)作浮选为捕收剂分离石英与钠长石,研究了浮选条件对分离效果的影响以及捕收剂在矿物表面的吸附行为.结果表明,最佳浮选条件是浮选液的pH=2,阴、阳离子捕收剂的浓度分别为3.0×10-6 mol/L和4.0×10-6 mol/L;阴阳离子捕收剂在石英与钠长石两种矿物上表现出相同的吸附行为.在最佳浮选条件下,对不同配比的石英和钠长石混合物进行浮选,石英回收率为14%,钠长石回收率达80%,分离效果显著;对含微量长石的石英矿粉进行浮选,分离效果与石英与钠长石混合物相近.     

西藏雄村斑岩型铜金矿红柱石成因矿物学特征

雄村斑岩铜金矿中广泛分布有红柱石,红柱石主要呈三种产出状态:①石英-钾长石-白云母/绢云母-红柱石组合;②红柱石-石英-绢云母/白云母组合;③石英-红柱石-硫化物脉.矿物组合关系、红柱石结构和成分等特征均表明红柱石属热液成因.早期钾硅酸盐化带中的石英-钾长石-白云母/绢云母-红柱石组合形成于高温(大于550℃)、低+K...     

阴离子捕收剂浮选分离一水硬铝石与高岭石的表面晶体化学

铝土矿正浮选实践中,常采用脂肪酸阴离子捕收剂(如油酸)选择性分离一水硬铝石和高岭石等铝硅酸盐矿物。矿物表面晶体化学特性是产生选择性浮选分离的决定性因素。笔者研究了油酸钠(Na OL)浮选体系中一水硬铝石和高岭石的可浮性,发现一水硬铝石可浮性明显好于高岭石。红外光谱分析表明,矿物表面Al质点与油酸的羧酸基团发生化学吸附作用。借助Materials Studio软件分别计算了2种矿物常见晶面的单位面积断裂键数,并计算了矿物晶面/捕收剂的作用能。计算分析发现,矿物晶面单位面积断裂键数以及与油酸根离子相互作用能大小存在差异,具体为:一水硬铝石(100)(001)(010),而高岭石(010)(110)(001),而且油酸与一水硬铝石3个晶面的的作用皆强于高岭石。矿物晶体晶面的Al-O断裂键数不同导致油酸作用下高岭石和一水硬铝石的可浮性差异。     

绢云母石英片岩浮选尾砂提纯工艺研究

本研究利用绢云母石英片岩浮选云母后获得的石英尾砂为原料提纯制备了纯度99.9%高纯石英粉。研究结果表明,采用熔解-中和-灼烧提纯工艺,可打破SiO₂晶格内化学键,可使石英晶格中采用物理法提纯无法去除的气液包裹体类和类质同象类等杂质转移到熔液中,再通过固液分离使其得以有效去除而获得高纯石英粉。     

滇西大石坡超大型红柱石矿床成因:岩浆岩侵位的约束

滇西大石坡矿床是近年来新发现的超大型红柱石矿床。红柱石属于蓝晶石族矿物,是制造高级耐火材料的原料,在新兴产业、高新技术产业中也具有重要经济价值。红柱石矿物原料地质工作程度在云南省比较低,趋于空白。本文通过岩石地球化学和主要矿物相关性分析,深化认识大石坡红柱石矿床成矿特征与成因。大石坡红柱石矿体赋存在高黎贡山群红柱石石英云母片岩、含红柱石云母石英片岩、红柱石长石云母石英片岩中,矿体厚度大、品位中等,矿床规模达超大型。红柱石是受古近纪花岗岩侵位发生低压高温接触变质作用而形成,分布杂乱,无定向性,与区域片理产状斜交。研究显示,红柱石与矽线石相关系数为-0.369,说明二者之间成因不相关,红柱石与矽线石不是同一变质时期形成的。该矿床的形成明显受高黎贡山群片岩和古近纪钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩制约。     

辽宁某萤石矿捕收剂效果对比试验

以辽宁某萤石矿为研究对象,通过纯矿物、实际矿物浮选试验以及接触角测试、红外光谱分析对比2种不同植物油酸对萤石的浮选效果。纯矿物试验结果显示,植物油酸b对萤石的捕收性及选择性优于植物油酸a;接触角测试结果显示,植物油酸a与b作用于萤石纯矿物后接触角均由亲水角转变为疏水角,当植物油酸b用量为50mg/L时接触角为最大的112.7°,此时萤石可浮性最好。红外光谱测试结果显示植物油酸b能够在萤石表面发生较强的化学吸附。最终选择植物油酸b进行实际矿物浮选试验,拟定粗选磨矿细度为-0.074mm粒级含量占71.60%,粗选抑制剂为水玻璃,精选抑制剂为六偏磷酸钠,再磨细度为-0.043mm粒级含量占56.70%,进行一粗一扫六精,中矿顺序返回工艺流程。最终可获得CaF₂品位为97.89%回收率为79.61%的萤石精矿。     

泥质变质岩系主要的矿物温度计与压力计

简要介绍泥质变质岩中常用的温度计和压力计,对其可适用性、适用范围、质量优劣等进行了评述。经过对这些温度计和压力计的比较研究,我们发现石榴石-黑云母温度计、石榴石-白云母温度计、石榴石-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-斜长石-石英(GASP)压力计、石榴石-黑云母-斜长石-石英(GBPQ)压力计、石榴石-白云母-斜长石-石英(GMPQ)压力计、石榴石-黑云母-白云母-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-石英(GBMAQ)压力计、石榴石-金红石-钛铁矿-斜长石-石英(GRIPS)压力计的准确度较高,可以为地质工作者所采用。二云母温度计、白云母-斜长石温度计准确度还有待大幅度改进。石榴石-金红石-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-钛铁矿-石英(GRAIL)压力计、石榴石-堇青石温度计和石榴石-堇青石-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-石英(GCAQ)压力计等温压计的准确度及其可适用性,还有待于进一步研究。     

青田石山炮绿的组成成分对其品质的影响

浙江青田的山炮绿属于青田石中的非叶蜡石型品种,以其色艳质细闻名于世。本文采用电子探针、X射线粉晶、X射线能谱和红外吸收光谱等测试方法对山炮绿进行了研究,重点研究了山炮绿的矿物组成成分,结果表明,山炮绿的主要组成是密集定向排列的绢云母,其次还含有石英、红柱石等矿物,且存在一定量的结构水,并进一步探讨了这些成分对山炮绿品质的影响。     

Electrokinetic properties and flotation behaviour of apatite and calcite in the presence of sodium oleate and sodium metasilicate

Calcite is generally associated with apatite minerals in phosphate deposits. To explore the possibility of separating these minerals by a soap flotation technique, their electrokinetic properties and flotation behaviour were studied in the presence of sodium oleate.Microelectrophoresis data indicate oleate adsorption on these minerals, and from Hallimond-tube flotation tests it has been noted that in a controlled pH environment and for a certain sodium oleate concentration range, separation of these minerals is possible.The study of apatite/calcite-sodium metasilicate-sodium oleate systems indicates the preferential adsorption of silicate at the calcite surface. This suggests the potential use of sodium metasilicate as the modifying agent for the separation of apatite from calcite by depressing calcite when using sodium oleate as collector.     

The flotation of quartz from iron minerals with a combined quaternary ammonium salt

A combined quaternary ammonium salt was used as a collector for the flotation of quartz. It shows better selectivity and collectability than dodecyl amine chloride and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide for the flotation of quartz from magnetite and specularite, but the quebracho should be used in the flotation separation of quartz from specularite. By the measurement of zeta potentials, contact angles, and adsorption of the combined quaternary ammonium salt, the results show that the combined quaternary ammonium salt is preferred to adsorb on the surface of quartz, changes its zeta potentials and contact angles, and increases its hydrophobicity. The results of FTIR show that the combined quaternary ammonium salt adsorbs on the quartz surface in physical adsorption with no new products.     

Selective flocculation of hematite in the hematite-quartz-ferric ion-polyacrylic acid system. Part 1, activation and deactivation of quartz

This investigation has shown that quartz can be activated for polyacrylic acid adsorption by hydrolyzing metal cations, similar to activation in flotation. Detailed experiments on activation phenomena with ferric ions have been performed. The flocculation of activated quartz can be prevented by suitable additions of disodium EDTA, sodium hexametaphosphate or potassium fluoride. Selective flocculation of hematite with polyacrylic acid from a hematite/quartz mixture can be achieved in the pH range 3 to 9, but the process is not selective in the presence of ferric ions. Suitable additions of EDTA or KF are particularly successful in preventing quartz activation by ferric ions and the facilitating selective flocculation of hematite in artificial mixtures of quartz and hematite.     

The action of neutral oleic acid in the flotation of hematite

Acidification of solutions of oleate salts forms emulsions of oleic acid. It was found that these emulsions produce a different adsorption behaviour on different size fractions of the same mineral. At low oleate concentrations, for the finer fractions, adsorption at acid pH was higher than chemisorption at pH = 7.5; adsorption was lower for the coarser, flotation-size fractions. Therefore, the conclusions obtained in acid solutions for the adsorption of oleate on fine minerals cannot be applied to flotation-size minerals.At low oleate concentrations there is a good correlation between oleate adsorption and hematite flotation. This does not hold for oleate concentrations > 5· 10^?5M, where there is poor flotability in the acid region, although the adsorption of oleic acid is very high. This is attributed to the disordered character of the layer of cooperatively adsorbed oleic acid.     

Modified column flotation of adsorbing iron hydroxide colloidal precipitates

A promising technique for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater streams involved firstly the ions adsorption on a colloidal precipitate (carrier) and then the separation of the loaded flocs (coagula) by a modified column flotation. Here, the effluent feed and the carrier (ferric hydroxide) enter smoothly by the top of the column through a special diffuser, in counter current with rising bubbles (100–600 μm diameter) generated by using recycled water, surfactant and air suction through a venturi. High separation values of the column flotation of the carrier precipitates were achieved, despite the high superficial flow rate and the high Fe^+ 3 concentration utilized (> 60 mg L^− 1 Fe). No rupture of colloidal carrier aggregates was observed and a low split was ensured by monitoring the concentrate (floated product) flow rate. Results indicated that best separation was attained by controlling the medium pH (for best heavy metal ion adsorption onto the carrier), followed by sodium oleate, used as “collector” and optimizing operating parameters (conditioning, flow rates, etc.). The column throughput reached 43 m h^− 1 (m³ m^− 2 h^− 1), which is about 4 times the normal capacity of DAF-dissolved air flotation unit, the most used floater in wastewater treatment. Various metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, etc.) and molybdate ions present in synthetic and real effluent were successfully removed based on this colloidal adsorbing flotation principle. The process was also applied in a pilot scale to treat an industrial electroplating wastewater. Most of toxic metals (Cu, Ni and Zn) were reduced from initial concentrations of about of 2 to 10 mg L^− 1, to below 0.5 to 1.0 mg L^− 1, meeting local municipal discharge limits (but Cd ions). It is believed that flotation separation using medium-sized bubbles has great potential as a clean water and wastewater treatment technology.     

Selective flotation of scheelite from calcium minerals with sodium oleate as a collector and phosphates as modifiers. I. Selective flotation of scheelite

The effects of Na₂SiO₃, Na₃PO₄, Na₄P₂O₇, (NaPO₃)₆, quebracho, tannic acid and S 808 (sulphonated product of rough phenantrene) on the floatability of the following five pure minerals: scheelite, calcite, fluorite, garnet and quartz, with sodium oleate as collector were investigated in detail as well as the role of pH on these effects. The results obtained indicate that Na₄P₂O₇ and (NaPO₃)₆ were effective modifiers for the selective flotation of scheelite. The results of the batch flotation tests on mixtures of these minerals showed that the recovery of scheelite from scheelite-silicate mixtures (31% WO₃) with (NaPO₃)₆ or Na₄P₂O₇ increased by 20% as compared with sodium silicate and the WO₃ grade of the concentrate by 5%. At room temperature, the scheelite-calcium mineral mixtures could not be separated with sodium silicate. In the separation of these mixtures with the phosphate modifiers, a concentrate grade of 47–60% WO₃ was obtained at 70–90% recovery. This showed that the flowsheet of the selective flotation of scheelite with phosphate modifiers may replace the conventional Petrov's process.     

Solution chemistry studies and flotation behaviour of apatite,calcite and fluorite minerals with sodium oleate collector

The maximum flotation response for three naturally occurring calcium minerals, apatite, calcite and fluorite with sodium oleate collector correlated directly with the minimum interfacial tension of the air/solution interface. For fluorite and apatite the minimum surface tension occurred about the mid-pH region and was attributed to the formation of pre-micellar associated species in solution. In the case of calcite the minimum was observed at high pH since the presence of high concentrations of calcium ions in solution appeared to reduce the concentration of amphililic species in the low and mid-pH regions.Microelectrophoresis data demonstrated that the three minerals acquired a negative charge in sodium oleate solution, resulting from adsorption of oleate species on the mineral surfaces.The flotation behaviour of the systems were shown to be related to the species distribution diagrams suggesting that the role of the acid soap dimer, soap dimer, molecular and lattice species could make a significant contribution to the character and composition of the interfacial films.High flotation response was explained by strong adhesion between the hydrophobic particle and bubble. It was suggested that the reduction in surface tension may not be the major factor contributing to the flotation efficiency but indicated the presence of associated surfactant species in solution which could also synergistically adsorb at the solid/liquid interface, increasing the hydrophobic character of the mineral surface. This would maximize the magnitude of the contact angle and hence the strength of the adhesion between particle and bubble. This adsorption behaviour is not in general agreement with conventionally non-hydrolyzable collector theory which is usually based on electrostatic models.     

Effects of an ultrasonic field on the flotation selectivity of barite from a barite-fluorite-quartz ore

The influence of an ultrasonic field frequency of 22 kHz and intensity of 0.5 W/cm² has been examined on the flotation of barite, fluorite and quartz as well as on their ability to adsorb dodecyl- and cetylsulphates. The tests affected the flotation of pure minerals in a Hallimond tube as well as the flotation of a natural barite-fluorite ore. It has been found that ultrasonic pretreatment of minerals causes an increase in the flotation rate of barite and a decrease in the flotation rate of fluorite. Ultrasonic pretreatment of the natural barite-fluorite ore before its flotation is the most advantageous. In this case it is possible to obtain concentrates of barite composed of a low amount of CaF₂. This may be explained by the different effects of ultrasonic vibrations on barite and fluorite which cause some improvement of the selectivity of their flotation separation.For a full explanation of these results the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment of the minerals on their adsorption properties and surface topography have been investigated, as well as the direct influence of ultrasound on the adsorption process.     

Upgrading of calcareous phosphate ores by flotation: Effect of ore characteristics

Sedimentary phosphates contain-besides the phosphate minerals-, various associated gangue minerals such as: clays, silica, calcareous minerals (mainly calcite and dolomite), carbonaceous matter, iron oxides and/or pyrite. The common practiced flow-sheets for concentrating these types of phosphate ores consist of a combination of various mineral processing units such as: crushing and screening, attrition, washing, magnetic separation, and/or flotation. However, none of these combinations was successfully efficient to upgrade the calcareous ores because of the close similarity of the physical properties (density, particle size, particle shape, etc.) as well as the surface physico-chemical properties of the carbonate and phosphate minerals. For the last five decades extensive efforts have been spent to adopt flotation for separating carbonates from phosphate ores. These efforts include thermodynamic analysis, modification of the technique, controlling the pulp environment, and finding new reagents that can specifically differentiate between carbonates and phosphates.This paper reviews some of the published work on the separation of carbonates from phosphate ores by flotation and presents the flotation results of phosphate ore samples different in their physical properties and mineralogical composition. The results obtained reflect the effect of ore nature on the flotation performance and the reagents consumption.