房山岩体构造-热演化:来自(U-Th)/He年龄的约束

房山岩体位于华北克拉通北缘,明确其中-新生代的隆升剥露过程及构造演化史可以为华北克拉通的构造演化提供有力证据.运用锆石裂变径迹、磷灰石（U-Th）/He及锆石（U-Th）/He等构造热年代学研究方法,综合房山岩体高、中、低温热年代学资料,重建了房山岩体的构造-热演化历史,并根据不同矿物的封闭温度差（ΔT）和与之对应冷却年龄差（Δt）的关系,计算侵入岩体在不同构造热演化阶段的抬升冷却速率,分析了岩体隆升速率的变化特征,结合前人研究成果进一步探讨了房山岩体隆升过程的基本特点.研究表明,房山侵入岩体构造热演化分为4个阶段:（1）130.0~123.5 Ma,侵位岩浆结晶-固结阶段,岩体平均冷却速率高达88.46 ℃/Ma;（2）123.5~56.0 Ma,岩体相对缓慢冷却阶段,平均冷却速率为0.74 ℃/Ma,平均隆升速率为29.6 m/Ma;（3）56~35 Ma,岩体相对快速冷却阶段,平均冷却速率为6.90 ℃/Ma,隆升速率为276.0 m/Ma;（4）35 Ma以来,岩体相对缓慢冷却阶段,平均冷却速率为1.0 ℃/Ma,隆升速率为40.0 m/Ma,构造趋于稳定.结合区域构造动力学环境的研究,分析了房山岩体构造热演化可能的动力学成因,认为房山岩体阶段性抬升冷却可能与华北克拉通东部太平洋板块的俯冲作用、南北两侧陆内俯冲造山作用和西南部印度-欧亚大陆碰撞、青藏高原隆升等远程构造挤压有关.房山岩体的形成及相对快速抬升冷却阶段分别对应于华北克拉通两期重要的破坏高峰.      

MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC UPLIFT-DENUDATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT,NORTHWESTERN CHINA: CONSTRAINTS FROM APATITE FISSION TRACK DATA

本文利用裂变径迹方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段吐拉-肃北之间隆升和剥露过程.古生代花岗岩和侏罗系沉积岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于107.2 ±9.0Ma到14.1±1.3Ma之间,明显小于其侵位年龄或者沉积年龄.自西部的吐拉到东端的肃北,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄逐渐升高,从14.1±1.3Ma增加到107.2±9.0Ma.花岗岩和侏罗系砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹模拟结果表明,阿尔金断裂南侧地质体经历了两阶段的快速冷却过程,早期为33Ma左右,晚期为8Ma左右;阿尔金断裂北侧经历了晚白垩世开始的相对缓慢的冷却过程以及8Ma以来快速冷却事件.阿尔金断裂南北两侧的地质体的裂变径迹年龄和热历史略有差异,可能反映阿尔金断裂的影响.33Ma左右的快速冷却事件可能是阿尔金断裂活动引起的快速去顶作用的开始,这一事件对应了印度和欧亚板块碰撞.8Ma左右的冷却事件,与阿尔金山地区盆地内的快速沉积过程相一致,同时可能是青藏高原抬升与侧向生长在本区的响应.     

青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程的裂变径迹热年代学约束

对青藏高原西北缘高原内部和陡坡地貌带2个花岗岩体10件磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定表明,高原内部大红柳滩—郭扎错逆冲断裂上盘磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为24.8±4.9～14.0±1.3Ma,此外,一个玄武岩烘烤的热事件年龄为7.9±0.8Ma;而陡坡地貌带的西昆仑中间逆冲断裂上盘的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为2.9±0.5～0.9±0.3Ma。进一步的热历史模拟结果显示,高原内部自渐新世以来经历了2期隆升-剥露,分别是渐新世—早中新世(30～16Ma)和上新世以来(≤5Ma),而陡坡带只记录了晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)的隆升-剥露,暗示他们经历了不同的热演化历史。结合前人在该区的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和野外地质现象,认为现今高原边缘陡坡地貌带可能是自晚中新世以来(≤8Ma)高原边界断裂伴有向塔里木盆地后展式叠瓦逆冲产生的构造抬升的结果;现今高原面有可能是由高原边界断裂系于大约5～2Ma以来强烈活动逐渐形成的,其隆升-剥蚀幅度>2000～3000m。这对自晚中新世以来青藏高原西北缘高原面与陡坡地貌形成过程提供了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代的重要约束。     

云南德钦白马雪山岩体热历史及其对青藏高原三江地区构造地貌演化的指示意义

青藏高原三江地区高程缓降、河流及深切峡谷发育,重建其构造-热年代时空演化为把握该地区地形地貌发育演化的内在驱动力提供科学依据。本研究以云南德钦白马雪山岩体为研究对象,开展磷灰石(U-Th)/He及裂变径迹年代学分析,结合已发表的U-Pb和Ar-Ar年代学结果来重塑该地区的构造-热演化历史和地形演化。研究表明,该地区经历了多期快速冷却事件:三叠世的岩浆侵位活动,早白垩世和中-晚始新世的快速冷却,以及中新世和上新世以来的快速剥蚀。青藏高原隆升致使全球气候变化的同时也导致其周缘地区经受强烈侵蚀:中新世以来(21~11Ma)快速冷却速率为10℃/Myr,而上新世以来(ca.5Ma)冷却速率从10℃/Myr增至15℃/Myr。假定区域现今地温梯度为25~35℃/km,河谷剖面不同位置的侵蚀速率及剥蚀量的空间分布特征进一步表明(靠近澜沧江主干道处侵蚀速率远高于其支流,且对应的年龄相对年轻),河流下切及溯源侵蚀的多重效应导致该地区快速剥蚀、剥露,地形起伏加大的瞬态地貌演化规律。     

札达盆地碎屑裂变径迹揭示的盆山耦合过程

札达盆地是中新世9.5 Ma以来发育的新生代沉积盆地.沉积厚度、砾石成分和古流向分析显示札达盆地新生代沉积的物源主要来自盆地北部的阿伊拉日居山系.札达盆地系列样品碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄结构显示存在两个明显的峰值年龄区间, 分别为12.6~15.3 Ma(P1峰值年龄)与19.8~22.2 Ma(P2峰值年龄).锆石裂变径迹年龄的滞后时间(lag time)与沉积时代对比分析显示, P1和P2峰值年龄为快速冷却事件的静态峰, 与北部阿伊拉日居地区基岩U-Pb年代研究揭示的热事件时间具有良好的可对比性.因此, 札达盆地碎屑裂变径迹年龄两个峰值年龄区间记录了源区阿伊拉日居的两次构造事件, 可能对应于喀喇昆仑断裂在中新世的两次强烈的构造活动.综合碎屑锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄信息, 估算源区在32.6~9.5 Ma之间的平均冷却速率是15.4 ℃/Ma, 上新世末期—第四纪(3.6~1.4 Ma)之间再次发生了一次快速的隆升剥露事件.札达盆地中新生代沉积地层碎屑裂变径迹热年代学结构与喀喇昆仑断裂东南段阿伊拉日居的热事件年龄格局吻合, 从碎屑裂变径迹年代学角度揭示了造山带地区的盆山耦合过程.      

滇西北独龙江岩体晚中新世以来的热史和剥蚀历史的磷灰石裂变径迹记录

位于藏东-滇西高原构造急剧转折地段的独龙江地区,其花岗岩体内系统垂向取样的9个花岗闪长岩样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据在4～6.8Ma之间.裂变径迹分析显示样品应处于剥露的部分退火带,其表观年龄主体表现为冷却年龄,部分具混合年龄特征.热史分析揭示出岩体至少记录了自晚中新世以来的3个显著冷却阶段.早期的时限可推至约13～8Ma,中、晚期的时限分别在约5.5Ma和2.8Ma,基本可以与区域上的不整合相对应.依据冷却史推导的各阶段剥蚀速率分别为0.10～0.12mm/a,0.26～0.3mm/a和0.85～1.02mm/a,可以与藏东-滇西高原周缘及邻区的盆地沉积记录相对应.研究结果为探讨藏东-滇西高原晚中新世以来的构造抬升-伸展变形提供了定量的参照时限.     

磷灰石低温热年代学技术及在塔里木盆地演化研究中的应用

随着磷灰石低温热年代学技术理论研究的不断完善和发展,它已被广泛用于地质体定年、构造-热演化、地形地貌演化等研究领域。该文首先对磷灰石裂变径迹和(U-Th)/He热定年技术近几年的研究进展进行了综述,在此基础上阐述了低温热年代学方法在塔里木盆地构造-热历史和物源分析领域的应用效果。多组分动力学退火模型的建立、激光剥蚀ICP-MS方法的提出及裂变径迹自动测试仪的开发极大地推动了磷灰石裂变径迹技术的发展。对于磷灰石(U-Th)/He热定年技术,FT-等效圆校正模型极大地降低了He年龄校正过程中产生的误差;辐射损伤捕获扩散模型首次揭示了晶格缺陷对4 He扩散的影响模式;辐射损伤积累和退火模型有效地解释了克拉通盆地部分磷灰石样品裂变径迹年龄小于He年龄的现象。塔里木盆地巴楚隆起的低温热年代学数据和热史模拟结果揭示出巴楚隆起自中生代以来曾经历过185~140Ma、140~100Ma、75~50 Ma等三期快速隆升事件,主要是由羌塘地体、拉萨地体、印度板块与欧亚板块南缘碰撞引起的。塔北隆起钻孔内浅部样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄和(U-Th)/He年龄都大于相应的地层年龄,记录的是物源区南天山的热信息;其热史模拟结果揭示出南天山曾经历过晚中新世—早上新世(15~5 Ma)一期快速隆升事件,并以此构建了塔里木盆地北部与南天山晚中新世—上新世构造-沉积耦合演化模式。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床晚中生代以来抬升冷却事件的磷灰石裂变径迹约束

金川铜镍硫化物矿床位于阿拉善地块西南缘的龙首山隆起,大地构造位置属于华北板块西南边缘。该矿床形成后的保存与变化过程认识不足,尤其是其抬升冷却历史尚未明确。明确金川铜镍硫化物矿床自晚中生代以来抬升冷却时期及速率,为提高对其成矿动力学过程的认识及今后深部找矿工作提供依据。本文结合区域热年代学数据,采用基于LA-ICP-MS的磷灰石裂变径迹分析和热史反演模拟,综合讨论了金川矿区晚中生代以来的抬升和冷却过程。金川铜镍硫化物矿区南部白家嘴子组的3个混合岩样品产生的裂变径迹池年龄依次为40.8±5.4 Ma、30.8±10.4 Ma和50.9±4.6 Ma。利用磷灰石裂变径迹数据及反演模拟热史结果,揭示金川岩体及围岩晚白垩世以来(～100Ma)经历了两个构造抬升阶段:(1)晚白垩世-晚中新世时期岩体相对缓慢抬升,(2)晚中新世以来,岩体快速冷却并被抬升至地表。金川地区晚中新世(～8Ma)发生的快速抬升是对区域构造演化(喜马拉雅运动Ⅱ)的响应,其动力学环境为南、北双向构造挤压力作用之下,印度板块向北挤压俯冲楔入到青藏高原之下,导致青藏高原不断向北楔入,同时位于祁连山地体之下的阿拉善地块岩石圈地幔向南...     

哀牢山-红河剪切带渐新世的构造体制转换与剥露历史:来自哀牢山南段磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

哀牢山-红河剪切带是东南亚重要的构造边界,其记录了青藏高原东南缘新生代以来的陆内变形和地貌演化。本次研究对该剪切带哀牢山南段开展了基于LA-ICPMS法测试的磷灰石裂变径迹低温年代学分析。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和热史反演模拟揭示哀牢山段存在晚始新世-早中新世(40～20Ma)的快速剥露事件,而早中新世(大约20Ma)之后处于稳定的慢速剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄-海拔分布曲线特征暗示:快速剥露机制存在差异,早期阶段(40～26Ma)的剥露过程受控于伸展为主的左旋走滑体制影响;晚阶段(26～20Ma)的快速剥露归因于简单剪切为主的左旋走滑剪切体制,上述结果暗示哀牢山-红河构造带在晚渐新世发生了一次重要的构造体制转换,即从走滑伸展变形转换为简单剪切变形。哀牢山杂岩带北段、中段、南段冷却路径对比,表明北-中段可能存在两阶段快速冷却作用,而南段只发生单一快速冷却作用;结合青藏高原东南缘低温热年代学数据,暗示自中-晚中新世,青藏高原中、下地壳物质可能向东南缘扩展,并已到达哀牢山中段,同时诱发哀牢山杂岩带以北广大地区的抬升和快速冷却。     

湘东北望湘岩体的热年代学与幕阜山隆升

应用热年代学方法,测定了湘东北望湘岩体的热历史,分析了九岭-幕阜山岭的隆升过程.望湘岩体约于140.0 Ma侵位,其4个不同高程的样品的锆石裂变径迹年龄范围为85.5～74.3 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为55.6～45.2 Ma.结果表明,九岭-幕阜山岭自中新生代以来,经历了3期(132.0～120.0,81.1～55.6,47.0～30.0 Ma)较强烈的隆升和剥蚀夷平过程.     

川东北地区埋藏–剥露历史分析——来自盆地模拟和热年代的制约

构造热演化是沉积盆地基础地质研究的重要内容,更是油气勘探中不可或缺的部分,多种古地温方法的综合对比研究是目前热史研究主要发展趋势。本文将裂变径迹(FT)和(U-Th)/He热年代学、镜质体反射率法(Ro)和盆地模拟等技术相结合,运用正演和反演的方法重建了川东北地区埋藏–剥露热演化历史。研究表明川东北地区自晚白垩世埋深达到最大后进入剥蚀阶段,大约从92 Ma开始隆升,经历了快速隆升–缓慢隆升–加速隆升三个阶段,整个过程的剥蚀量大约3~4 km,且两次大的剥露过程分别受控于雪峰山的隆起造山以及大巴山的推覆和青藏高原的隆升作用。研究还建立了综合热年代学、Ro和盆地模拟技术恢复复杂构造–热演化历史的方法,这对于复杂环境下的构造热演化历史的恢复以及海相油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

The Mid-Miocene Pollen Record of the Xunhua Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Global Climate Change

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau is located at the convergence of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and westerlies; thus, this area has witnessed historic climate changes.The Xunhua basin is an intermontane basin on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The basin contains more than 2000 m of Cenozoic fluvial–lacustrine sediments, recording a long history of climate and environmental changes.We collected the mid-Miocene sediments from the Xunhua basin and used palynological methods to discuss the relationship between aridification in the interior of Asia, global cooling, and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Based on the palynological analysis of the Xigou section, Xunhua basin, the palynological diagram is subdivided into three pollen zones and past vegetation and climate are reconstructed.Zone I, Ephedripites–Nitraridites–Chenopodipollis–Quercoidites(14.0–12.5 Ma), represents mixed shrub–steppe vegetation with a dry and cold climate.In zone II, Pinaceae–Betulaepollenites–Ephedripites–Chenopodipollis–Graminidites(12.5–8.0 Ma), the vegetation and climate conditions improved, even though the vegetation was still dominated by shrub–steppe taxa.Zone III, Ephedripites–Nitrariadites–Chenopodipollis(8.0–5.0 Ma), represents desert steppe vegetation with drier and colder climate.The palynological records suggest that shrub–steppe dominated the whole Xigou section and the content gradually increased, implying a protracted aridification process, although there was an obvious climate improvement during 12.5–8.0 Ma.The aridification in the Xunhua basin and surrounding mountains during 14.0–12.5 Ma was probably related to global cooling induced by the rapid expansion of the East Antarctic ice-sheets and the relatively higher evaporation rate.During the 12.5–8.0 Ma period, although topographic changes(uplift of Jishi Shan) decreased precipitation and strengthened aridification in the Xunhua basin on leeward slopes, the improved vegetation and climate conditions were probably controlled by the decrease in evaporation rates as a result of continuous cooling.From 8.0 to 5.0 Ma, the rapid development of the desert steppe can be attributed to global cooling and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Cenozoic Exhumation and Thrusting in the Northern Qilian Shan, Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from Sedimentological and Apatite Fission-Track Data

Abstract: The Qilian Shan lies along the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To constrain its deformation history, we conducted integrated research on Mesozoic–Cenozoic stratigraphic sections in the Jiuxi Basin immediately north of the mountain range. Paleocurrent measurements, sandstone compositional data, and facies analysis of Cenozoic stratigraphic sections suggest that the Jiuxi Basin received sediments from the Altyn Tagh Range in the northwest, initially in the Oligocene (~33 Ma), depositing the Huoshaogou Formation in the northern part of the basin. Later, the source area of the Jiuxi Basin changed to the Qilian Shan in the south during Late Oligocene (~27 Ma), which led to the deposition of the Baiyanghe Formation. We suggest that uplift of the northern Qilian Shan induced by thrusting began no later than the Late Oligocene. Fission-track analysis of apatite from the Qilian Shan yields further information about the deformation history of the northern Qilain Shan and the Jiuxi Basin. It shows that a period of rapid cooling, interpreted as exhumation, initiated in the Oligocene. We suggest that this exhumation marked the initial uplift of the Qilian Shan resulting from the India–Asia collision.     

Exhumation History of the Xining Basin Since the Mesozoic and Its Tectonic Significance

The Xining Basin is located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its continuous Cenozoic strata record the entire uplift and outgrowth history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The newly obtained apatite fission track data presented here shows that the Xining Basin and two marginal mountain ranges have experienced multiphase rapid cooling since the Jurassic, as follows. In the Middle–Late Jurassic, the rapid exhumation of the former Xining Basin resulted from collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Tarim Block. During the Early–Late Cretaceous, the former Xining Basin underwent a tectonic event due to marginal compression, causing the angular unconformity between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic, collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Lhasa Block may have resulted in the rapid exhumation of the Xining Basin and the Lajishan to the south. In the Early Cenozoic(ca. 50–30 Ma), collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates affected the region that corresponds to the present northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. During this period, the central Qilian Block rotated clockwise by approximately 24° to form a wedge-shaped basin(i.e., the Xining Basin) opening to the west. During ca. 17–8 Ma, the entire northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic deformation, and the Lajishan uplifted rapidly owing to the northward compression of the Guide Basin from the south. A marked change in subsidence occurred in the Xining Basin during this period, when the basin was tectonically inverted.     

榆木山地区玉门砾岩磁性地层及其对青藏高原东北部变形隆升意义

青藏高原新生代变形隆升过程是青藏高原新生代构造演化研究的热点问题,地处于高原东北部祁连山东北缘的榆木山是研究高原变形隆升时空过程的关键研究区之一。榆木山地区发育了一套粗砾相磨拉石——玉门砾岩,磁性地层研究表明其底部地质年代约为3.58Ma。经古水流、磁化率、野外考察等推断玉门砾岩可能主要为构造隆升的产物,同时在榆木山地区还发育3个与玉门砾岩有关的不整合面,其跨越年龄分别约为:5.23～3.58Ma、2.88～2.58Ma和<1.77～0.8Ma。综合分析认为该地区变形隆升不晚于3.58Ma,之后至少经历两期构造变形隆升,该结果比北东向分步生长变形隆升模式推测的变形隆升时间明显早约1Ma,应该是对高原东北部青藏-昆黄运动的响应结果。     

西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统韩家沟砾岩沉积特征及其地质意义

青藏高原东北缘西秦岭北缘构造带的漳县地区出露一套具有磨拉石沉积特征的上新统韩家沟砾岩。其现今的空间分布和沉积特征对于认识青藏高原东北缘新生代构造演化和地壳隆升具有重要的科学意义。通过对上新统韩家沟砾岩层的厚度、砾石成分、形态和粒度特征、古流向特征、物源特征等研究,探讨其沉积环境和形成的构造背景。提出了西秦岭北缘上新统韩家沟砾岩代表新近纪上新世以来,西秦岭地块向北逆冲推覆构造背景下形成前陆磨拉石盆地沉积的认识。该区域上新统韩家沟砾岩现今出露最高高程与北缘断裂带之南的山顶夷平面高程相近,可能指示了其形成之后和西秦岭一起经历了长期的侵蚀夷平,最后在新近纪末期或第四纪初形成了统一夷平面。该夷平面代表了青藏高原东北缘地壳隆升的起点,新近纪末期以来,该夷平面的隆升、侵蚀和解体记录了青藏高原东北缘地壳隆升过程,即青藏高原东北缘真正隆升是新近纪末期或第四纪以来的地质事件。     

青海共和盆地中三叠世花岗岩组合岩石成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

青海共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘，以往有关共和盆地及邻区早-中三叠世岩浆岩成因机制的认识分歧较大，且研究主要集中在露头岩石方面。本文以共和盆地干热岩GR1井深部花岗岩岩芯样品作为研究对象，对其进行岩石学、长石电子探针、主微量元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。矿物组成及长石电子探针测试结果显示花岗岩主要为奥长花岗岩、英云闪长岩及花岗闪长岩。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明，奥长花岗岩的结晶年龄为236.5±1.7Ma，英云闪长岩的岩浆结晶年龄为241.6±3.0Ma。主、微量元素地球化学显示这些花岗岩主要为准铝质，属于高钾钙碱性系列。全岩Ta-Nb-Hf等不相容元素图解及锆石Hf同位素数据表明共和盆地的236.5~241.6Ma花岗岩显示火山弧及同碰撞花岗岩成分特征，说明中三叠世共和地区发生俯冲-碰撞转换。结合本文数据与区域背景资料，作者认为：共和盆地早-中三叠世花岗岩组合的形成与印支期宗务隆洋的南向俯冲作用密切相关，此时，在宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘存在统一的大陆边缘弧环境；在236~241Ma时发生俯冲-碰撞转换；晚三叠世时宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘已处于碰撞期和后碰撞期。     

The Exhumation History of North Qaidam Thrust Belt Constrained by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology: Implication for the Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

Determining the spatio-temporal distribution of the deformation tied to the India-Eurasian convergence and the impact of pre-existing weaknesses on the Cenozoic crustal deformation is significant for understanding how the convergence between India and Eurasia contributed to the development of the Tibetan Plateau. The exhumation history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was addressed in this research using a new apatite fission track (AFT) study in the North Qaidam thrust belt (NQTB). Three granite samples collected from the Qaidam Shan pluton in the north tied to the Qaidam Shan thrust, with AFT ages clustering in the Eocene to Miocene. The other thirteen samples obtained from the Luliang Shan and Yuka plutons in the south related to the Luliang Shan thrust and they have showed predominantly the Cretaceous AFT ages. Related thermal history modeling based on grain ages and track lengths indicates rapid cooling events during the Eocene-early Oligocene and since late Miocene within the Qaidam Shan, in contrast to those in the Cretaceous and since the Oligocene-Miocene in the Luliang Shan and Yuka region. The results, combined with published the Cretaceous thermochronological ages in the Qaidam Shan region, suggest that the NQTB had undergo rapid exhumation during the accretions along the southern Asian Andean-type margin prior to the India-Eurasian collision. The Cenozoic deformation initially took place in the North Qaidam thrust belt by the Eocene, which is consistent with the recent claim that the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau initiated in the Eocene as a response to continental collision between India and Eurasia. The immediate deformation responding to the collision is tentatively attributed to the pre-existing weaknesses of the lithosphere, and therefore the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau should be regarded as a boundary-condition-dependent process.     

Thermal History since the Paleozoic in the Eastern Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is the one of the three major petroliferous basins in northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which has experienced multiphase superimposition and transformation. The study of thermal history not only plays an important role on revealing the tectonic origin of the Qaidam Basin and the forming mechanism and uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau,but also can provide scientific evidence for the assessment of oil and gas resources. This work used balanced cross-section technique and apatite fission track ages with modeling of fission track length distribution to infer that the eastern Qaidam Basin has experienced significant tectonic movement in the Early Jurassic movement(～200 Ma), which caused the carboniferous uplift and denudation, the geological movement in the Late Cretaceous, characterized by early stretching and late northeast-southwest extrusion; the Himalayan movement in multi-stage development in eastern Qaidam Basin, which can be divided into the early Himalayan movement(41.1–33.6 Ma) and the late Himalayan movement(9.6–7.1 Ma, 2.9–1.8 Ma), and large-scale orogeny caused pre-existing faults reactivated in late Himalayan movement. On the basis of burial history reconstruction, the thermal history of eastern Qaidam Basin was restored. The result shows that the thermal history in eastern Qaidam Basin shows slow cooling characteristics; the paleo-geothermal gradient of eastern Qaidam Basin was 38–41.5℃/km, with an average value of 39.0℃/km in the Late Paleozoic, 29–35.2℃/km, with an average value of 33.0℃/km in the Early Paleogene; the geothermal gradient of the Qaidam Basin increased in the Late Paleogene, which was similar to the present geothermal gradient in the Late Neogene. The characteristics of the tectono-thermal evolution since Paleozoic in the eastern Qaidam Basin are mainly controlled by magmatic thermal events in the study area.