安徽庐枞盆地泥河铁矿床与膏盐层的成因联系及矿床成矿模式

安徽庐枞盆地位于长江中下游断陷带内,地处扬子板块北缘,是长江中下游成矿带中重要的铁铜多金属成矿区和玢岩型铁矿的集中产地。庐枞盆地西北部勘探发现了大型泥河铁矿床,其硫铁矿和硬石膏矿床也达到了中大型规模,矿床中硬石膏在不同蚀变-矿化阶段均广泛发育,具有鲜明的成矿特色。深部勘探揭示庐枞盆地深部存在含石膏沉积地层(膏盐层),但目前膏盐层与成矿作用关系尚未引起研究重视。本文总结和分析了泥河铁矿床的地质地球化学特征,着重分析了膏盐层与铁矿床形成的关系,并在阐明成矿流体系统演化过程和成矿机理的基础上,提出泥河矿床的形成与三叠系膏盐层有着重要的成因关系,膏盐层是泥河铁矿床形成的重要地质条件之一。铁矿床及蚀变围岩中的大量硬石膏主要来自膏盐层;膏盐层为铁的成矿作用提供了大部分硫和矿化剂元素。在此基础上,建立了泥河铁矿床的两期成矿模式,即中晚三叠世含膏盐地层的沉积作用期(预备成矿期)和早白垩世的岩浆热液成矿期。     

安徽庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床赋矿层位碎屑锆石年代学及其对赋矿地层时代的制约研究

龙桥铁矿床是庐枞盆地一个大型层控矽卡岩型铁矿床,顺层产于沉积岩地层中,受地层控制特征明显,具有显著的成矿特色。龙桥铁矿床赋矿层位时代确定对于该类矿床的成因研究和找矿勘探有着重要的意义。龙桥铁矿床赋矿地层为一套厚度20~150m的泥灰岩、角砾状灰岩、白云岩、泥质粉砂岩和石英杂砂岩,由于缺乏标志性化石和岩性标志层,赋矿地层的时代归属长期存在争议。本文在野外研究的基础上,对龙桥铁矿床主矿体顶底板不同位置的4组砂岩样品(ZK109,ZK309,ZK007和ZK1603)和矿区外围侏罗系罗岭组砂岩(LQWW)开展了系统碎屑锆石年代学研究,定年结果表明,ZK109,ZK309,ZK007和ZK1603样品碎屑锆石的最小年龄和最大年龄分别为262.1±3.2 Ma,2589.8±15.0 Ma;261.8±1.9 Ma,2520.1±11.1 Ma;264.6±2.0 Ma,2947.2±51.4Ma和257.1±1.9Ma,2717.0±21.0。LQWW样品的碎屑锆石最小年龄为166.0±1.4Ma,最大年龄为3842.6±6.5 Ma。结合区域地质特征分析,上述碎屑锆石年龄特征表明,龙桥铁矿床赋矿围岩形成时代应为中三叠世。结合近期庐枞地区的勘查成果,本文认为庐枞北部是寻找龙桥式铁矿床的有利地区。     

河南省镇平县郭岗铁矿床地质特征及成因分析

郭岗铁矿位于南秦岭褶皱带东段,属于隐伏型铁矿床.目前已发现的2个工业铁矿体Ⅰ和Ⅱ呈层状或似层状产出,垂向相距约25 m,赋矿围岩为泥盆系南湾组.矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿,矿石构造为块状和条带状构造等.矿床具典型的地层控制特征.微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征均揭示其盆地沉积属于活动陆缘沉积,稀土元素地球化学特征还证明含矿物质主要来源于华北板块上地壳.郭岗铁矿床成因属于沉积变质型铁矿床.     

宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地玢岩铁矿矿床地球化学特征及其成矿动力学背景探讨

玢岩铁矿是我国铁矿的一个重要成矿类型,宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地是长江中下游地区玢岩铁矿的主要矿集区.对宁芜和庐枞盆地的构造分析结果表明,NNE向断裂和NW向断裂控制了区内的岩浆活动,断裂的交汇部位往往是玢岩铁矿产出的有利空间.综合对比了宁芜和庐枞地区玢岩铁矿成矿岩体的主量元素、稀土元素以及铅同位素特征,表明其具有相似的地球化学特征和共同的物质来源.稀土元素特征表明两盆地玢岩铁矿的成矿物质主要来源于地幔或下地壳;Pb同位素特征则进一步说明其与EM-Ⅱ型富集地幔具有密切关系.宁芜和庐枞盆地在燕山期受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响,成矿作用受岩浆活动所控制.两盆地玢岩铁矿成矿作用的差异,可能是由于其受地壳物质混染程度不同所致.     

宁芜和庐枞盆地含矿岩体地球化学特征对比

宁芜和庐枞盆地是长江中下游地区重要的铁矿产区,两盆地内含矿岩体的岩石学和地球化学特征既具有一定的相似性又表现出一定的差异性。文章对两个盆地内主要含矿岩体的岩相学、主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素等进行对比研究,以期进一步探讨两盆地中成矿岩体的差异。镜下观察结果显示宁芜和庐枞盆地主要含矿岩体具有相同的矿物组合,主量元素特征表明这些岩体具有中硅、富钾和高镁的特点,均为中—基性火成岩。与宁芜盆地含矿岩体相比,庐枞盆地含矿岩体的∑REE、∑LREE和∑HREE含量均较高,明显富集Th、U等大离子亲石元素,具有明显的Eu负异常,说明庐枞盆地含矿岩体的地壳物质较多。两个盆地含矿岩体的Sr-Nd同位素组成指示岩体均来源于富集地幔,庐枞盆地含矿岩体较低的锆石Hf同位素组成说明在岩浆侵入和演化过程中可能有更多的地壳物质加入,导致岩浆的粘稠度降低,更有利于庐枞盆地铁矿的形成。     

安徽庐江泥河铁矿矿床地球化学特征及其对成因的制约

泥河铁矿位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞中生代火山岩盆地中,矿床具有典型玢岩型铁矿的地质特征,是研究玢岩型铁矿成因的良好对象。本次工作在详细的野外观察及室内研究的基础上,对泥河铁矿主成矿期矿石矿物的稀土元素、硫同位素及铅同位素进行了分析测试工作。主成矿期磁铁矿、黄铁矿稀土元素配分模式呈现LREE富集、HREE曲线平直、Eu轻微负异常的特征,与赋矿砖桥组熔岩、闪长玢岩的稀土元素配分模式较为一致,结合矿石矿物与围岩的铅同位素特征,推测成矿金属元素主要来源于赋矿的火山-次火山岩,可能有少量壳源物质的加入。黄铁矿与硬石膏的硫同位素表现出双峰式分布的特征,说明岩浆活动与三叠纪膏盐层均对硫有所贡献。三叠纪膏盐层在泥河铁矿的成矿过程中,不仅仅是重要的矿化剂,同样是铁质沉淀的氧化剂。综合矿床地质与地球化学特征,认为泥河铁矿是由次火山岩体演化产生的含矿高温热液在闪长玢岩穹窿顶部,通过交代充填作用形成的玢岩型铁硫矿床。     

黑圆山铁矿床地质特征及扩找矿标志

通过对本区铁矿矿床的研究,主要目的是为了发现本区铁矿床的地质特征和找矿标志。本区铁矿床属火山沉积型铁矿,赋存于下石炭统老爷庙组第二亚组地层中,铁矿与含碳质凝灰岩、凝灰岩以及凝灰质砂岩等围岩共同构成含矿带。主要找矿标志为地层标志、构造标志、地貌标志。     

辽东硼矿床矿石的稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽东硼矿床赋存于辽东古元古代的镁质火山-沉积地层中.矿石与含矿岩系具密切的交代继承关系：（1）矿石与含矿镁质岩石具交代继承的矿物组成、结构构造;（2）矿石的稀土元素特征主要受含矿岩系岩石的控制,在混合岩化弱的含矿岩系中,矿石的稀土元素特征与含矿镁质岩石相似,而在混合岩化强的含矿岩系中的矿石与混合岩的稀土元素特征相近;（3）辽东的硼矿床的形成是在混合岩作用过程中形成的含硼成矿流体交代镁质岩石的结果.     

库鲁克塔格地区古元古界磁铁石英岩型铁矿的发现及找矿意义

通过塔里木地台北缘找矿研究,在库鲁克塔格地区首次发现磁铁石英岩型铁矿床,铁矿赋存于前寒武系兴地塔格群沙依提组地层中。对该矿床含矿岩系特征、岩矿石化学组成、微量元素、稀土元素组成与矿床地质特征的调查与研究表明,鲁克塔格地区古元古界兴地塔格群沙依提组含铁石英岩主要分布于兴地河—辛格尔一带,含铁建造呈东西向展布。在兴地河-辛格尔地区发现含铁石英岩建造出露长约160km,找矿前景可观。     

安徽庐枞盆地罗河铁矿床中榍石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其意义

罗河铁矿床位于长江中下游铁铜金成矿带庐枞矿集区,已探明资源量约10亿吨,是成矿带内最大的铁矿床。矿床主成矿阶段广泛发育热液成因榍石,以榍石-硬石膏-磷灰石组合为特征,在矿床-800~-900m和-1500~-1600m两个不同深度稳定发育,为确定成矿时代和成矿流体演化提供了良好的研究对象。本次工作对罗河铁矿床深部和浅部两层矿体中热液榍石开展了年代学及地球化学研究,结果表明榍石中存在(Al,Fe)~(3+)+(F,OH)~-=Ti~(4+)+O~(2-)置换反应,并富含Zr、Nb和REE等元素。榍石中Zr含量估算矿床成矿温度约700℃,指示玢岩型矿床比矽卡岩型铁矿床具有更高的成矿温度,高温条件有利于Ti元素的迁移。榍石的稀土元素配分图均呈现出明显右倾,并具较高的稀土元素总量以及明显的负Eu异常特征,轻稀土富集表明其结晶早于磷灰石和绿帘石等矿物,形成于高温热液环境,不同深度榍石的Eu异常变化表明成矿流体的氧逸度从深部到浅部有所升高。热液榍石原位微区LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果表明,上、下两层榍石形成时代分别为130.0±0.9Ma和129.1±0.8Ma~129.7±0.8Ma,表明罗河铁矿床两层矿体是同一成矿系统的在不同深度的产物。矿床成矿时代与区内隐伏闪长岩体成岩时代一致,结合矿床地质特征研究,本文认为闪长玢岩是矿床的成矿母岩。罗河铁矿床属于燕山晚期岩浆热液活动的产物,形成于区域早白垩世岩石圈减薄的环境。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.