基于多类型雨量计的降雨特性分析

为提高对降雨特性的认识,选择常用的6种测雨设备（翻斗式SL3-1、JDZ05、RG-3,称重式Pluvio2,雨滴谱仪Parsivel2和非计数式JQH-1）,成对布设在南京水利科学研究院滁州水文实验基地的同一个实验场地,同步观测了2019年4月1日至8月31日为期5个月的降雨过程。比测分析得到：在中大雨条件下（日雨量≥ 10 mm）,SL3-1和JDZ05测的降雨总量能够满足4%误差控制要求,RG-3、Pluvio2和Parsivel2测的降雨量比JQH-1测值小4%;在小雨条件下（日雨量<10 mm）,翻斗式和称重式雨量计的测量值小于JQH-1测值的4%;SL3-1、RG-3、Pluvio2、Parsivel2测得雨强≤ 0.1 mm/min的频率大于75%,雨强≤ 0.2 mm/min条件下的雨量累积比重大于50%;Pluvio2和Parsivel2监测的降雨开始时间比SL3-1分别早0.5 h和2 h以上,而结束时间分别晚0.5 h和2 h以上。比测结果有助于研究人员选择合适的测量设备获取所关注的降雨特性。     

三种JDZ型翻斗式雨量计性能比对实验研究

在我国,JDZ系列翻斗式雨量计已广泛用于降雨量的观测。为了掌握JDZ系列雨量计测量降雨的精度和可靠性,以三种JDZ型翻斗式雨量计(JDZ02、JDZ05和JDZ10)为研究对象,基于一套智能化的雨量计率定系统开展室内性能比对实验。结果表明:(1)以小雨强0.4mm·min^-1作为零误差参考雨强,JDZ02在小于2mm·min^-1时的误差在-4%以内,JDZ05在小于4mm·min^-1时的误差在-4%以内,JDZ10在小于6mm·min^-1时的误差在-4%以内。(2)在雨强-总误差的拟合关系中,二次多项式拟合的效果最好,线性拟合的效果次之,幂函数拟合的效果最差,故建议采用雨强-误差的二次多项式关系订正JDZ系列雨量计监测的降雨数据。(3)左右翻斗水量过程线可以精细刻画翻斗内水量动态变化,判断出翻斗式雨量计的翻斗左右平衡性能,并可计算出翻斗式雨量计动态率定过程中的误差变化。     

JDZ02-1型翻斗式雨量计比测试验分析

水文自动测报技术装备和系统,JDZ02-1型翻斗式雨量计和传统虹吸式雨量计相比具有自动化程度高、操作简单且传输方便节省人力。通过对癿藏水文站两种仪器同步实测降雨资料比测分析得出:虹吸式雨量计与JDZ02-1型翻斗式雨量计所观测数据两个系列相关程度高,经分析误差符合翻斗雨量计使用要求。JDZ02-1型翻斗式雨量计可代替虹吸式雨量计广泛使用。     

大小双翻斗组合式雨量计的研发与应用

受变化雨强影响,高分辨率翻斗式雨量计有较大的误差。为解决这个难题,研究人员提出了很多提高精度措施,然而,增加的组件会影响翻斗式雨量计的稳定性,致使故障率升高。在充分研究大、小翻斗式雨量计误差来源的基础上,研究开发出上小下大双层翻斗组合式雨量计,内置控制器实时监测大、小翻斗信号,再进行综合逻辑比较输出高精度校准雨量值。组合式雨量计灵敏度高、蒸发误差小、测量精度不受降雨强度影响,高分辨率与高精度有机融合。室内试验成果和野外比测结果表明,大小双翻斗组合式雨量计在监测0.01～4mm/min雨强降雨时,测量误差小于±2%。     

降雨发生装置空间均匀性的研究

为提高降雨发生装置的空间均匀性,对通过测试平台旋转提高降雨场空间均匀性的方法进行研究,设计、研制了旋转测试平台,解决了旋转过程中的信号传输问题,建立了转速与降雨发生装置空间均匀性之间的关系,结合翻斗式雨量计在降雨场中的测试与流量式雨量雨强标准装置的测试,论证了降雨发生装置作为雨量和雨强的测试环境是可行的。结果表明,随着转台转速的增加,降雨场的空间均匀性先增大后减小,且随着测试面积的减小,不同转速呈现出不一样的变化趋势,转台转速为1 RPM时,测试面积为1.6 m×1.6 m和1.2 m×1.2 m时,其均匀度系数最大(95%);随着测试平台转速的增加,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量和降雨强度之间的一致性增强,在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量的最大偏差最小,为0.2 mm;流量式雨量雨强标准装置测试的累积降雨量的平均值与旋转测试平台在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时测得的结果一致,充分说明通过旋转式测试工作平台可得到与流量式雨量雨强标准装置相一致的结果,证明了该方法提高降雨发生装置空间均匀性是可行的,且能得到累积降雨量的动态测量误差。     

称重式雨雪量计与人工雨量器比测分析

通过对招远水文站OTT Pluvio2称重式雨雪量计与人工雨量器降水量数据进行比测分析,结果表明称重式雨雪量计较人工雨量器数据系统偏小,但是误差在规范允许误差范围内.OTT Pluvio2称重式雨雪量计降水量观测精度、准确性、稳定性均符合有关规范要求,可以在招远地区进行推广使用,以充分发挥自动化遥测设备的优势,大大降低...     

JSP-1型虹吸校正翻斗雨量计研制与特点

翻斗式雨量计因雨强影响会产生很大的误差,虹吸雨量计不能数字化降雨过程,并需要人工测量虹吸水量进行虹吸订正.本研究成果利用翻斗计量降雨过程,用精确的虹吸计量值智能校正翻斗的误差,综合了翻斗计量和虹吸计量的优点,将分辨率为0.1mm的翻斗雨量计的测量误差从±15%减小到±2%.因此,JSP-1型虹吸校正翻斗雨量计具有很高的精度.     

强降雨诱发缓倾堆积层边坡失稳离心模型试验研究

2011年9月16日,南江县普降大暴雨,引发了大量沿基覆界面滑动的堆积层滑坡。为研究强降雨诱发沿基覆界面滑动的浅表层堆积层滑坡形成机制,利用自主研制的离心场降雨模拟设备,通过大型离心模型试验,再现了强降雨引起红层地区堆积层边坡滑动失稳的全过程,获得了边坡变形破裂的特征参量,阐明了边坡的滑动失稳机制。研究表明:(1)在0~50 g加载过程中,土压力和孔隙水压力随加速度的增加而逐渐增大,坡体的含水率缓慢降低,滑带土的含水率缓慢升高;(2)在第1次降雨过程中,SP1、SP2土压力计测值继续增大,SP3、SP4土压力计测值变化不大,说明滑体前缘及中部已承受来自滑体后部的推力。4个孔隙水压力计测值逐渐增大至最大,停雨后,4个孔隙水压力计测值均减小,说明在降雨过程中,孔隙水向基覆界面逐渐汇聚,雨停后,基覆界面的孔隙水逐渐消散。滑体中MC3含水率传感器测值逐渐变大,过20 s后,滑带中MC2含水率传感器测值也逐渐增大。(3)在第2次降雨90 s时,4个土压力计、4个孔隙水压力计测值变化大,两个含水率传感器测值迅速降低,说明此时边坡呈现整体滑动。之后,SP1、SP2和SP3土压力计测值缓慢增大到最大。SP4土压力计测值一直下降;4个孔隙水压力计测值缓慢增大至最大,第2次雨停后,4个土压力计、4个孔隙水压力计和2个含水率传感器测值逐渐减小。(4)最后,通过模型和原型的综合对比分析,该边坡的滑动失稳机制为推移式蠕滑-拉裂-整体滑动。     

基于分布式水文模拟的三峡区间洪水预报(Ⅱ)——雷达测雨应用

降雨时空分布信息缺失是影响洪水预报精度的一个重要因素,尤其是雨量站点稀疏的山区,站点观测的降雨信息难以充分地表征山区降雨的空间差异.本文针对长江三峡区间,利用雨量站点观测值来校准雷达测雨数据,并作为分布式水文模型的降雨输入,借助水文模拟结果综合评价雷达测雨数据的适用性.两个示例小流域的研究结果表明:相对于雨量站而言,雷达估测的降雨信息更能体现降雨的空间变化,它与分布式水文模型相结合,是提高洪水预报精度的有效途径.     

莫拉克台风暴雨移置香港地区的PMP分析研究

基于台湾66个站点年最大日雨量历史资料、台湾中央气象局2009年8月8~10日莫拉克台风暴雨期间251个台湾雨量站逐时降雨资料和香港地区65个雨量站的历史逐时降雨资料,以及与香港相邻的3个广东省雨量站(西沥站、横岗站和深圳站)资料,利用分时段地形增强因子法(SDOIF),将莫拉克台风暴雨最大24h实测暴雨中的辐合雨分量分割,并将其辐合雨成分移置到香港地区,与香港地区24h平均地形增强因子相结合,估算出香港地区的可能最大降水。结果显示,莫拉克最大24h降雨量中地形的增强幅度约为45%;得出香港地区最大24h平均可能最大降水分布图,其最大中心值1230.2mm(未考虑水汽放大),与香港地区历史暴雨中心一致,均发生在大帽山附近。     

Inconsistency in rainfall characteristics estimated from records of different rain gauges

The goal of this work is to assess the effect of utilizing different types of tipping bucket rain gauges in investigating rainfall characteristics. A dual tipping bucket (TB) rain gauge station is installed in the upper catchment of Numan basin in Saudi Arabia. The main difference between the two gauges is that the Hydrological Services (HS) gauge is equipped with a siphon tube which reduces undercatchment particularly during heavy rainfall. Records of both gauges for the period 2006 to 2013 are collected, analyzed, and compared, focusing on the characteristics of rainfall events as well as rainfall temporal variability. The HS gauge recorded higher values of total rainfall depth compared to the Texas Electronics (TEMM) gauge. For the individual storms as well as the 5-min rainfall, HS gauge also reported higher mean rainfall depths. Regarding temporal characteristics of reported rainfall, no significant variations are observed between the values of storm duration of the two gauges. The TEMM gauge has the advantage of recoding more storms with depth less than 1 mm. The current study suggests the use of a corrective factor for rainfall record of the TEMM gauge.     

Analysis of rainfall preceding debris flows on the Smědavská hora Mt., Jizerské hory Mts., Czech Republic

In August 2010, extreme rainfall affected the north of the Czech Republic and caused regional floods and landslides. Three torrential debris flows originated in the Jizerské hory Mts., close to Bílý Potok on the north slope of the Smědavská hora Mt. The rainfall situation which triggered the debris flow was analyzed and compared with the rainfall situation in 1958 when a debris flow occurred in the same area. The rainfall data were obtained from rain gauges of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Four rain gauges were chosen close to the Smědavská hora Mt. with data of daily amounts from 1983 to 2013 and 10-min intensity or hourly amounts from the specific period. The data from 1958 were available from three different rain gauges (only daily amounts). The data series were not complete so linear regression was applied to interpolate them. A number of analyses were carried out including daily rainfall, 2-day/3-day moving values, antecedent precipitation index (API) of 5/10/30 days, 10-min intensity, and hourly amounts, and the trigger factor of the debris flow in the study area was also investigated. It was determined that for the triggering of debris flows, both high API values as well as high-intensity short-duration rainfall is needed. It was documented that in cases of solely high API indices or high-intensity short-duration rainfalls, no debris flows were initiated.     

Extreme rainfall events: evaluation with different instruments and measurement reliability

With regard to extreme events, it is well documented that an intensity of about 1 mm/min already represents an extreme intensity. Under alpine conditions, a precipitation event with an intensity of 3 mm/min has occurred. Therefore, the rain gauges in this region have to be able to measure in this and even in higher intensity ranges. This study deals with basic automated tipping-bucket rain (TBR) gauge and Bulk precipitation samplers, which are able to hold more than 95 % of the cumulative rainfall, that are verified within the space of the week without losses during the extreme events and with minimal evaporation loss. Bulk samplers collected more rainfall than TBR gauges in 110 of 221 extreme events analysed over the past 10 years. In 17 extreme events, an underestimation greater than 10 % was evaluated. The objective was to single out the counting errors associated with TBR gauge, during extreme events, so as to help the understanding of the measured differences between instruments in the field. We want to determine whether the automated precipitation gauge can provide a reliable and precise measurement of precipitation with particular interest regarding heavy and extreme events.     

长三角地区夏季降水结构演变及其非平稳性

基于长三角地区72个站点1960—2016年逐日降水量观测数据, 采用Pettitt与Mann-Kendall非参数检验法, 从降水量、降水日数、降水强度和不同等级降水(小雨、中雨、大雨与暴雨)发生率方面, 分析长三角地区夏季降水结构的时空演变及其非平稳性特征, 并探讨其可能的成因。结果表明: ①长三角地区夏季小雨发生率以减少为主, 其他6个降水指标均以增加为主。其中, 小雨发生率非平稳的站点表现为单调减少, 降水量、降水强度、大雨和暴雨发生率非平稳的站点表现为单调增加, 并且主要分布在太湖流域, 增加了该区域遭受洪涝灾害的风险。②东亚夏季风强度与长三角地区多数站点的小雨发生率呈正相关关系, 而与其他降水指标呈负相关关系。③长三角地区城市化典型区(太湖流域)城市化对夏季降水量、降水强度、大雨和暴雨发生率有增加作用, 贡献率分别为25.4%、27.9%、54.6%和25.5%;对降水日数、小雨和中雨发生率有减少作用, 贡献率分别为-37.3%、-33.2%和-100%。     

喀斯特地区枯落物层对地表径流和土壤侵蚀的影响研究

以枯落物层质量和雨强为影响因素进行室内人工模拟降雨试验,探讨喀斯特地区枯落物层对地表径流和土壤侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明:(1)地表无枯落物覆盖的情形下,除雨强为40mm/h无地表径流外,其它雨强的情形均有产流;且均随着雨强的增加,初始产流时间提前,地表产流产沙量增大。(2)在有枯落物覆盖情形下,初始产流时间有所延缓,在40mm/h雨强下,枯落物层明显影响了地表径流的产生,但随着降雨强度的增加,减少径流效果越来越不明显;(3)枯落物覆盖对减少土壤流失效果显著,其中降雨强度为90mm/h时,枯落物保沙效率约99%,当降雨强度为140mm/h时,达到94%。研究表明,喀斯特地区枯落物层对延缓地表径流和减少土壤侵蚀具有重要作用。     

利用FY-2C双光谱图像反演白天像素级逐时雨强

基于中国静止气象卫星FY-2C的多光谱数据,研究了由热红外亮温和可见光反照率拟合反演白天地面像素级逐时雨强分布的方法.利用降雨概率判识矩阵区分了降雨云和非降雨云,技术得分为0.5073,比简单利用阈值划分方法显著提高了雨区判识精度.对逐时降水率的分析,允许误差为±20%内,正确率为52.19%.对降水等级的分析,经1200多个实测有雨样本的检验,其对小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨的实测命中率达62.79%.若将降水率小于0.5mm/h的微雨这种临界状态作无雨处理,则有雨样本的降水强度判识准确率达到88.17%.     

桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统水循环对降水的响应

岩溶湿地是西南岩溶生态系统的重要调节器,对该地区的可持续发展有重要意义,而水循环作为维系岩溶湿地健康运转的核心因素,已经成为当前的研究热点。2020年4月15日—5月30日野外监测了桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统参数,采用水文动态分析与水均衡等方法,开展了地下河系统水循环研究。结果表明：（1）地表径流、土壤水、表层岩溶带...     

Rainstorm-induced landslides at Kisawa village, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, August 2004

Heavy rain fell on the Shikoku area during Typhoon Namtheun, setting a new record for daily rainfall in Japan of 1317 mm. The rain which peaked at 120 mm/h, triggered numerous landslides in the Nakagawa basin of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan on August 1, 2004. Among them, four large, rapid, long-runout landslides were triggered at Kisawa village. Two people were caught in one landslide and disappeared without trace, and there was much property damage. Ring-shear tests on samples from the landslides showed that shear resistance was greatly reduced by high pore-water pressure after shear failure was triggered by the increase in ground-water level during the rain.