内蒙古科右前旗大石寨组火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及其形成背景

对大石寨组火山岩的形成时代和形成背景的认识存在较大的分歧。对采自建组剖面底部英安岩样品中的锆石进行阴极发光照相、微区原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和U-Pb测年。锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果显示,锆石发育典型的岩浆震荡环带, 高Th/U(0.51~1.57),轻稀土元素亏损,重稀土元素富集,具有强烈的正Ce异常和强烈的负Eu异常等特征,表明锆石均属于岩浆成因。22个分析点获得的谐和年龄为(314±1)Ma(MSWD=0.88),代表了大石寨组火山岩的形成时代。结合前人的资料,认为大石寨组火山岩为裂陷早期的产物,而晚古生代的沉积岩石组合为在这一基础上发展起来的具有裂陷盆地性质的沉积组合。     

内蒙古科右前旗大石寨组火山岩锆石LA—ICP—MSU—Pb年龄及其形成背景

对大石寨组火山岩的形成时代和形成背景的认识存在较大的分歧。对采自建组剖面底部英安岩样品中的锆石进行阴极发光照相、微区原位LA—ICP—MS微量元素分析和U-Pb测年。锆石U—Pb同位素分析结果显示,锆石发育典型的岩浆震荡环带,高Th／U（0．51～1．57）,轻稀土元素亏损,重稀土元素富集,具有强烈的正Ce异常和强烈的负Eu异常等特征,表明锆石均属于岩浆成因。22个分析点获得的谐和年龄为（314±1）Ma（MSWD=0．88）,代表了大石寨组火山岩的形成时代。结合前人的资料,认为大石寨组火山岩为裂陷早期的产物,而晚古生代的沉积岩石组合为在这一基础上发展起来的具有裂陷盆地性质的沉积组合。     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区下二叠统原寿山沟组碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及地质意义

下二叠统寿山沟组在大兴安岭南部广泛分布,但缺少确切的时代依据.西乌旗塔宾庙林场寿山沟组以巨厚的中薄层泥岩与砂岩韵律层为标志,镜下特征显示,砂岩主体为长石岩屑砂岩.上部中粗粒长石岩屑砂岩中90颗碎屑锆石阴极发光图像显示它们多具有岩浆锆石的典型特点;锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,除8颗锆石(9％)具有元古宙和早古生代的年龄信息(2490～502Ma)外,其余样品年龄大致可分成3组:第1组3颗(3％),年龄为383Ma±3Ma;第2组6颗(7％),年龄为365Ma±4Ma;第3组73颗(81％),年龄介于280～337Ma之间,又进一步在289Ma、300Ma、309Ma、325Ma形成4个峰值,说明砂岩具有多时代物源混合的特征,但沉积下限应不老于289Ma.参考近年大石寨组测年资料推测,寿山沟组应作为大石寨组的同时异相沉积,大兴安岭南部下二叠统地层序列有待于重新认识.结合区域岩浆活动时间认为,原寿山沟组测年砂岩碎屑锆石主要来自于苏尼特左旗—锡林浩特—西乌旗一带早石炭世晚期—晚石炭世岩浆弧,部分来自乌兰浩特地区大石寨组火山岩.     

内蒙古西乌旗大石寨组火山岩年代学和地球化学特征及地质意义

中亚造山带南缘二叠纪火山岩的成因及形成环境一直存在争议。本文以内蒙古西乌旗罕乌拉地区发育的大石寨组火山岩为研究对象,对其开展了野外地质、岩石学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、地球化学研究。大石寨组火山岩为一套中酸性火山熔岩-碎屑岩组合,岩性以流纹岩为主。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,2件流纹岩样品的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值分别为276±0.81Ma(MSWD=1.3)和280±0.76Ma(MSWD=0.69),说明大石寨组流纹岩喷发于早二叠世,反映了早二叠世的构造岩浆作用事件。岩石地球化学研究表明,大石寨组火山岩为一套中酸性火山岩,以高硅、富碱为特征,Ti、Mg、Fe、Ca等元素含量较低;微量元素总体含量较高,具有一致的配分曲线,Rb、Th、U、K、LREE等大离子亲石元素相对于Nb、Ta、HREE等高场强元素明显富集;稀土元素总量偏高,具一致的右倾"海鸥式"配分型式。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上显示明显的Ba、Sr、P、Eu和Ti的负异常。10000Ga/Al平均值3.6。地球化学特征显示该套火山岩具有岛弧火山岩的属性,类似A型花岗岩的地球化学特征,为高温低压下长英质地壳部分熔融的产物。结合地球化学特征及区域地质资料,大石寨组火山岩最可能形成于弧后扩张环境,是早二叠世古亚洲洋闭合前洋壳俯冲消减作用的产物。     

吉林南部通化地区集安群的年代学

对辽吉裂谷带吉林段集安群火山岩和碎屑沉积岩以及裂谷带内的花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb的年代学研究.测年结果显示, 集安群火山岩形成于2156~2189Ma, 并于1870~1 881Ma接受区域变质作用改造.伴随集安群的火山-沉积和变质作用, 有2期花岗岩侵入: 一期形成于裂陷期的2156~2189Ma; 另一期形成于造山期的1870~1881Ma.同时, 碎屑锆石和捕获锆石获得了2471~2494Ma和2633~2653Ma的岩浆成因锆石年龄, 代表结晶基底的2次岩浆事件.集安群的物质来源于太古宙基底和裂陷期的岩浆事件产物.      

内蒙古锡林浩特乌拉苏太大石寨组火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,对中亚造山带南缘内蒙古锡林浩特乌拉苏太地区发育的大石寨组酸性火山岩进行了野外地质、岩石学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、地球化学等研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,该火山岩年龄为287.5±1.4Ma(MSWD=3.1),形成于早二叠世早期。岩石地球化学研究表明,大石寨组火山岩为一套中酸性火山岩,以高硅、富碱、高铝为特征,Ti、Mg、Fe、Ca等元素含量较低。微量元素总体含量较高,具有一致的配分曲线,Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、LREE等大离子亲石元素相对于Nb、Ta、HREE等高场强元素明显富集。稀土元素总量偏高,具有一致的右倾海鸥式配分型式。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩具有岛弧火山岩的属性。结合大石寨组岩石学及地质学特征,大石寨组火山岩最可能形成于弧后扩张(或弧间)盆地,是早二叠世早期古亚洲洋闭合前洋壳俯冲消减作用的产物。     

Late Carboniferous-Permian intracontinental extension and orogeny in Dashizhai-Holin Gol area,Inner MongoliaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

俯冲和挤压过程将形成具有加厚地壳的岛弧带或造山带,而伸展过程则形成具有减薄地壳的伸展盆地,因此可以通过地壳厚度推测岩石组合形成时的大地构造背景,并揭示它代表的深部地球动力学过程。兴蒙造山带东部大石寨地区以著名的大石寨组火山岩为特征,其岩浆活动的性质、形成过程和构造背景一直备受争议,其中,该套岩石的构造背景的认识存在岛弧和陆内裂谷两种主要观点。本文根据岩性组合及年代学特征,将大石寨地区主要岩石组合从下到上分为晚石炭世火山岩、早二叠世寿山沟组和大石寨组、中二叠世哲斯组,并利用大石寨-霍林郭勒地区的火山岩和碎屑岩锆石的微量元素及火山岩的全岩微量元素数据,估算了晚石炭世-二叠纪地壳厚度的变化趋势。结果表明,360Ma到320Ma时期发生地壳加厚,320~300Ma地壳从加厚转为减薄;而在300~280Ma时期,地壳厚度减薄最明显且厚度最小。综合岩浆活动、沉积环境和地壳厚度变化曲线等特征,可将大石寨-霍林郭勒地区晚石炭世到二叠纪的构造演化分为4个阶段:第一阶段(360~320Ma),碰撞产生的挤压背景导致区域性隆升和早-中古生代造山带物质的堆叠,使地壳厚度增大,导致幔源岩浆上侵,引起部分熔融作用,形成以侵入岩为特征的地壳垂向增生;第二阶段(320~300Ma),由于碰撞后伸展使得地壳处于从加厚到减薄的转换过程,发育与伸展相关的岩浆活动;第三阶段为300~280Ma,软流圈上涌造成地壳发生强烈伸展,导致地壳厚度明显减薄和大规模岩浆活动,以大石寨组岩浆活动进入高峰期为标志。该时期大规模岩浆活动和裂谷沉积特征与地壳厚度减薄的地球动力学背景高度吻合,从而揭示大石寨-霍林郭勒地区早-中二叠世处于地壳伸展而非俯冲-碰撞过程。第四阶段为280~260Ma,由于蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带和大别-秦岭中央造山带的远距离效应造成地壳加厚,形成陆内造山带。     

大兴安岭南段早二叠世两类火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义

大兴安岭南段二叠系大石寨组发育两套火山岩，即林西地区拉斑玄武岩系列的细碧－角斑岩类和大石寨地区钙碱性岩石系列玄武岩和玄武安山岩类。细碧岩的主元素以富铁为特征，成分类似于N－MORB，微量元素表现为岛弧拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征。细碧岩类形成于大石寨裂陷槽强烈拉张的中心位置，是地幔源区较高程度部分熔融的产生。大石寨地区玄武岩和玄武安山岩类的化学成分表现为大陆缘弧火山岩的地球化学特点，形成于大石寨裂隙槽拉张中心以外的环境，是地幔物质较低程度部分熔融和地壳物质严重混染的产物。大石寨裂隙槽中火山岩的这种独特的成分和组合特点可能反映了裂隙槽的形成是一个快速而短暂的强烈拉张过程。     

内蒙古东部大石寨地区大石寨组火山岩的成因及其大地构造背景

内蒙古东部早二叠世火山岩的成因和动力学背景对于揭示兴安地块和松嫩地块的拼合作用具有重要意义.通过选取大石寨地区大石寨组基-中性火山岩为研究对象,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量和锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析,旨在讨论其岩石成因和构造背景,为制约兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合过程和探讨兴蒙造山带东段的构造演化提供更多信息.大石寨组基-中性火山岩包括变细碧岩、变玄武岩、碎屑岩化玄武安山岩、玄武安山质晶屑凝灰岩、绿泥石化安山岩、杏仁状安山岩、安山质晶屑凝灰岩等.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,变细碧岩和绿泥石化安山岩样品的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为286.0±4.3 Ma（MSWD=0.14）和286.0±3.3 Ma（MSWD=0.14）,说明大石寨组基-中性火山岩喷发于早二叠世,反映了早二叠世的构造岩浆作用事件.岩石地球化学研究表明,大石寨组基-中性火山岩为一套弱过铝质-偏铝质富钠质亚碱性玄武岩-玄武安山岩-安山岩岩石组合,以拉斑系列为主,部分兼具拉斑性和钙碱性特征,相对富集大离子亲石元素（LILE,Ba、U、K等）和轻稀土元素（LREE,La、Ce）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE,如Nb、Ta等）.锆石原位Lu-Hf资料显示,变细碧岩和绿泥石化安山岩具有较高的正ε_Hf（t）值（6.68~12.94,8.41~12.31）和相近的单阶段模式年龄（T_DM1=438~589 Ma和413~668 Ma）.综合研究表明,大石寨组基-中性火山岩来源于亏损地幔,在岩浆演化过程中经历了单斜辉石、橄榄石和铁镁氧化物的分离结晶作用,并遭受过较强烈的地壳混染作用.结合区域地质资料,大石寨地区大石寨组火山岩形成于陆内伸展的构造背景,而非俯冲背景的产物,这表明兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合事件发生在早二叠世之前.同时通过对比区域上早中二叠世火山岩的地球化学特征以及其他地质资料,认为内蒙古中东部早中二叠世火山岩是陆内伸展作用的产物,而区域上的伸展作用可能起始于早石炭世.      

赤峰地区中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学证据

赤峰地区中生代火山岩由流纹岩、粗安质熔结凝灰岩、粗安岩组成。通过LA-ICP-MS技术对赤峰地区中生代火山岩进行锆石U-Pb同位素定年研究,该区中生代火山岩中的锆石呈半自形—自形晶,发育振荡环带,Th/U值较高(0.50～2.26),为岩浆成因。满克头鄂博组火山岩2个样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(156±2)Ma(n=24)和(157±3)Ma(n=19),形成于晚侏罗世;玛尼吐组火山岩样品中的锆石U-Pb年龄为(147±2)Ma(n=18),形成时代属于晚侏罗世;白音高老组火山岩2个样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(132±1)Ma(n=23)和(138±3)Ma(n=18),形成时代属于早白垩世。赤峰地区中生代火山岩应形成于太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲后的伸展环境中。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.