班公湖-怒江结合带东段类乌齐地区碳酸岩型镍矿成矿规律研究

野外调查发现西藏类乌齐地区分布着众多的含镍碳酸岩体,呈十几米至几百米不等的岩株出露。通过对成矿地质背景、区内地球化学、典型矿床特征的分析研究,认为研究区镍矿是由于富CO2的深部流体在中下地壳对超基性岩交代的过程中,使超基性岩体中的镍进入流体,进而形成富镍的碳酸岩。依据成矿规律和找矿标志,建立了碳酸岩型镍矿找矿模型。     

西藏班公湖岛弧带含硫化镍超基性岩的源区性质与基底背景

青藏高原班公湖一怒江成矿带上的超基性岩型硫化镍矿化是近年来在西藏地区发现的矿化新类型.文章根据成矿带西段班公湖地区含镍超基性岩体的岩石地球化学和Sr、Pb同位素分析结果,论述了含镍超基性岩浆的源区性质及生成条件,并根据锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年龄测定结果,探讨了藏西北地区的基底背景.研究发现,班公湖地区的含镍超基性岩体以富集大离子不相容元素Rb、Th、U、Sr、Pb,亏损Ba、K为特点,高场强元素亏损Nb、Ti,富集Ta;稀士元素相对球粒陨石亏损强烈,但轻稀土元素相对富集.这些特点一致反映出含矿岩浆产生于受俯冲沉积物熔体交代的富集型岩石圈地幔源区.岩浆的生成深度较浅,为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相,源区部分熔融程度较低,大体在10%左右.岩石中集中出现一批24.79亿年的残留锆石年龄,标志着当时班公湖中特斯洋盆沉积物的物源区较为单一,主要来自太古代末-元古代初的古老基底,并且推测太古代与元古代之交(25亿年)有可能是藏西北的一个古陆壳快速生长期.     

柴达木西北缘大通沟南山基性-超基性岩地球化学特征及找矿前景分析

大通沟南山地区基性-超基性岩体位于柴达木地块西北缘,侵位于新元古代地层。岩体多呈北东向展布,脉状、透镜状产出,岩石类型主要为橄榄辉石岩、辉石角闪石岩、辉石橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩等,铜镍矿化主要赋存于橄榄辉石岩、辉石角闪石岩中。岩石表现出低硅、中镁、高钛、高钙等特征,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Th、U、Rb),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)。岩石学及岩石地球化学研究表明岩浆在演化过程中发生了一定程度的结晶分异和同化混染,显示出良好的铜镍矿成矿条件。岩石MgO含量、m/f值等指标显示岩体具有良好的铜镍矿含矿性。通过对岩体形成环境、岩石地球化学、物化探特征综合研究,表明大通沟南山地区基性-超基性岩具有良好的铜镍硫化物矿床形成条件和找矿前景。     

西藏班公湖地区含镍碳酸岩成因探讨

野外调查发现西藏班公湖地区分布着众多的碳酸岩体,它们呈长几十米至几百米的岩株或岩墙产出,与蛇绿岩带中的超基性岩密切共生。这些碳酸岩体在成分上可分为2种：一种以方解石为主,w(CaO) 在42.74%～45.78%之间,为钙质碳酸岩;另一种以菱镁矿和菱铁矿为主,w(MgO)和w(Fe2O3) (全铁)分别为23.83%～29.85%和7.75%～16.85％,为镁质碳酸岩。微量元素地球化学显示钙质碳酸岩的原始地幔标准化曲线（蛛网图）与华北地块北缘内蒙古大青山地区壳源岩浆碳酸岩的原始地幔标准化曲线高度吻合;Nd、Sr、Pb同位素表明这些钙质碳酸岩最终仍然来源于地幔,接近EMⅡ地幔端员,TDM集中在697.4～881.9 Ma之间,说明它们最初是在晚元古代从地幔中分离出来,经喷发、沉积、变质,于中生代经镁铁质岩浆侵入、受热重熔形成。镁质碳酸岩在地球化学上既不同于幔源岩浆碳酸岩,也不同于壳源岩浆碳酸岩,而是与共生的含镍超基性岩具有完全一致的稀土元素特征,Pb同位素也显示出它们有一致的物质来源,εNd-ISr图则显示下地壳组分在岩体中有重要作用,这些特征说明它们是富CO2的深部流体在中下地壳对超基性岩交代的结果。     

肯尼亚Buru区碳酸岩成因及稀土找矿意义研究

位于东非大裂谷的维多利亚湖周边(含肯尼亚Buru区)发现多处碳酸岩,富集稀土元素和其他微量元素,研究其成因及与稀土元素和其他微量元素关系具重要意义。Buru区碳酸岩原始地幔标准化分布曲线与幔源碳酸岩浆相似,显示本区碳酸岩是幔源成因。其杂岩体的性状和典型模式相似,但又有较大的不同,其侵入顺序为超基性岩(变玄武岩)→碱性岩(响岩)→碳酸岩。碳酸岩是在低温低压条件下形成的,为次火山岩相-浅成相。Buru区位于东非大裂谷东支与西支之间,拉张应力环境为幔源碳酸岩上侵创造了条件。碳酸岩是在岩浆晚期分异后形成的,经交代作用后稀土元素和其他微量元素进一步富集。稀土元素和其他微量元素易富集在火成方解石碳酸岩、白云岩等碳酸岩中,为稀土元素和其他微量元素矿床的寻找指明了方向。维多利亚湖周边碳酸岩具良好的找矿前景。     

白云鄂博主、东矿三个剖面地球化学特征及其研究意义

近年来关于白云鄂博Nb-REE-Fe矿床H8岩体火成水成归属的争论已渐息,而矿床成矿过程以及REE富集机制仍是学术界关注的热点。文章对白云鄂博矿床白云石碳酸岩体、霓长岩化蚀变带、尖山组板岩3个典型剖面开展系统的岩石地球化学工作,发现赋矿碳酸岩、霓长岩、铁矿石微量与稀土元素配分模式具有相似性,靠近H8岩体的尖山组板岩往往有着更高的稀土元素含量,以及与成矿碳酸岩相近的微量元素配分模式。区内各类岩石单元稀土元素分馏明显,全岩La_N/Nd_N比值的变化规律显示,H8岩体内部比边缘更富La,边缘比岩体内部更富Nd。通过岩（矿）石薄片BSE图像结合矿物电子探针分析显示,H8岩体内的稀土元素矿物（主要是独居石、氟碳铈矿等）可分为2组,一组相对富La,呈半自形-他形,星点状分布;另一组相对富Nd,呈他形细粒,脉状分布。两组矿物中不同元素的富集特征可能代表了结晶过程中流体环境的改变。上述实验结合地质勘查结果表明,白云鄂博矿床初始成矿物质的起源与H8碳酸岩一致,均来源于中元古代碳酸岩岩浆活动,而不同类型的稀土元素矿物对应了白云岩成岩阶段与萤石矿化阶段两个不同的稀土矿化阶段。     

户县大石沟超基性岩——碳酸岩杂岩体地质特征及成因认识

本文系统介绍了大石沟超基性岩—碳酸岩杂岩体的空间分布,岩石类型,蚀变交代作用、矿物成分、微量元素、岩石化学成分、碳酸岩的含矿性等特征,将角砾状超基性岩与金伯利岩作了对比,既有相同处,也有不同点,故可称为似金伯利岩,分析了碳酸岩的成因,是由与之伴生的偏碱性的铁质超基性岩受气成热液交代作用,遭受碳酸盐化的结果。     

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床——一个罕见的中元古代破火山机构成岩成矿实例

白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上最大的稀土矿床。稀土矿石产于整个白云石碳酸岩体和部分脉状碳酸岩中。对比世界上20余个火成碳酸岩地区的特征后发现,白云鄂博地区完全具备国外火成碳酸岩区的地质特征。在岩石、矿石组合上,本区也发育一套碳酸岩+超基性岩+碱性基性岩(含基性熔岩)+碱性岩+稀土矿石+铁矿石组合;在矿物组合上,以白云石为主,方解石次之,伴生一套碱性闪石、长石、霓石、磷灰石、萤石、磁铁矿、稀土矿物组合;在全岩化学成分、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr、Nd、Pb、C、O同位素上,这些岩石具有一定的亲缘关系,有着共同的来源;在岩体的形态与岩石组构上,它们以岩席、岩筒和脉岩的形式出现,并发育有强烈的熔离作用与流动构造;在区域构造上,发育隐伏穹窿构造、岩筒构造和巨型断裂汇聚构造。综合分析上述特征表明:白云鄂博地区具有中元古代破火山机构的痕迹,赋矿白云石碳酸岩体则是顺层侵入的火成碳酸岩体,东矿、主矿可能是一个火山颈构造控矿,而赋矿白云石碳酸岩体西南侧的苏木图矿床则是隐伏岩筒构造控矿。     

甘肃北山大山头-黑山一带基性-超基性岩成矿条件与找矿前景

甘肃北山大山头—黑山一带位于塔里木板块北缘北山裂谷带,区内与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍矿化较为普遍,含矿岩体多受庙庙井-西双鹰山及其次级断裂控制,成岩时代集中在358~397Ma,岩体的形成和演化与裂谷作用密切相关。区内与铜镍矿化有关的基性-超基性岩体规模较小,多期侵位且分异较好,具高Mg、低碱、低Ca和低Ti的特征,含矿岩相具有较高的Mg~#,稀土元素配分形式较为平坦,LREE略富集,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr、U)相对富集,高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Hf)相对亏损。矿化岩体发育强度不高,但规模较大的Cu、Ni成矿元素异常,并有套合较好的磁、电异常。通过对区内已知及新发现的几处铜镍矿化基性-超基性岩体地质特征、岩石学特征及岩石地球化学特征等进行研究,结合近年来的地质找矿实践,认为该地区与铁质基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍成矿条件较好,具有进一步寻找岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床的前景。     

陕西户县大石沟碳酸岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

户县大石沟碳酸岩,多年来一直被认为是超基性岩—碳酸岩杂岩体的一部分,属岩浆成因。在岩体地质及岩石学研究的基础上,通过微量元素、岩石化学、稀土元素及碳氧同位素分析,认为该岩石属构造—热液成因的交代蚀变碳酸盐岩。     

Unusual rocks and mineralisation in a new carbonatite complex at Kandaguba, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The paper presents the results from a reconnaissance investigation of carbonatites in a newly discovered alkaline complex in the Kola peninsula, Russia. The Kandaguba complex differs from other carbonatite plutons of the Kola alkaline province by (a) the absence of ultrabasic rocks, (b) widespread occurrence of nepheline-, cancrinite- and nepheline–cancrinite syenites and carbonatites and (c) presence of apatite–calcite ijolites and feldspar ijolites as separate intrusive phase. The Kandaguba carbonatites are notable for the predominance of late ferromagnesian varieties together with quartz and numerous accessory mineral species. The association of phosphates (monazite, gorseixite, goyazite, apatite), sulphides and tellurides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena, hessite), ilmenorutile, barite with quartz and ankerite is a remarkable feature of these carbonatites. The Kandaguba carbonatites are inferred to have been generated as the products of liquid immiscibility followed by differentiation of the carbonatite melt.     

Geochemistry and age of the complex of alkaline metasomatic rocks and carbonatites of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes massif, Kola Peninsula

This paper presents new geochemical data on the complex of alkaline metasomatic rocks and carbonatites, which hosts the rare-metal mineralization of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes massif. The contents of major and trace, including rare-earth elements were determined in the albitites, aegirinites, and carbonatites. Two types of the rare-metal ores are distinguished: niobium albitite and zirconium aegirinite ores. It was shown that the albitites and aegirinites have similar trace element distribution patterns, being most geochemically close to the foidolites. The carbonatites, albitites, and aegirinites were dated by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd methods at 1887 ± 58 Ma, which corresponds to the formation age of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes massif. The ultrabasic rocks, foidolites, alkaline metasomatic rocks, and carbonatites were formed successively within a relatively narrow range. The geological observations and geochemical data led us to conclude that the emplacement of the fluid-saturated carbonatite solutions-melts at the final stages of the massif formation against a background of fault tectonics caused a pervasive metasomatism of the ultrabasic and alkaline rock complexes and, as a result, the formation of the alkaline albitites and aegirinites. The carbonatites could be sources of rare-metals, while foidolites served as a geochemical barrier, and their metasomatic alteration led to the formation of Zr-Nb mineralization in the albitites and aegirinites.     

The fluid phase evolution during the formation of carbonatite of the Guli massif: Evidence from the isotope (C,N, Ar) data

The first data on variations of the isotope composition and element ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and argon in carbonatites of different generations and ultrabasic rocks of the Guli massif obtained by the method of step crushing are reported. It is shown that early carbonatite differs significantly from the later ones by the concentration of highly volatile components, as well as by the isotope compositions of carbon (CO₂), argon, and hydrogen (H₂O). The data obtained allow us to conclude that the mantle component predominated in the fluid at the early stages of formation of rocks of the Guli massif, whereas the late stages of carbonatite formation were characterized by an additional fluid source, which introduced atmospheric argon, and most likely a high portion of carbon dioxide with isotopically heavy carbon.     

Aspects of the geology, petrology and chemistry of some Angolan carbonatites

Using published data and the results of a new study, the main characteristics of seven Angolan carbonatite complexes are here presented. With the exception of the Lupongola complex which intrudes anorthosites, the remaining complexes are hosted by Precambrian silicic rocks. The complexes are of central or dike type and are well exposed. They represent some of the seven morpholithological types present in the province and have some intermediate lithochemical features between those of Brazilian and East African examples.Sovites at Lupongola are the richest in Sr and F, and also have the highest CaO/MgO and La/Y ratios of all sovites studied. Carbonatites from Bonga and Bailundo are the richest in P₂O₅, while those from Coola and Longonjo are the richest in BaO. Ferrocarbonatites from Bailundo and Virulundo have the highest REE contents. TiO₂ contents are usually low. Only Bonga carbonatites show well-defined variation between Ba and Mn contents and the index CaO/(CaO+Fe₂O₃+FeO+MnO+MgO).The CO₂-SiO₂-(Al₂O₃+Na₂O+K₂O) diagram distinguishes silicified carbonatites, feldspar-bearing carbonatites in which the main silicate mineral is K-feldspar, carbonatites and fenites. Potassic fenitization of country rocks is well developed at Bailundo, Bonga and Virulundo, and probably it also affected cogenetic nepheline syenites at Tchivira and Monte Verde.Fluorcarbonates of Ca and REE are encountered in all chemical varieties of carbonatites, and crystallized during late stages of rock formation. They have a strong influence both on total REE contents and on the slopes of chondrite-normalized patterns. Fluorapatite and pyrochlore are other important potential REE host minerals in the rocks studied. The REE patterns usually have discrete negative Ce anomalies, and sometimes show very discrete negative Eu anomalies. Apart from these anomalies, some rocks have very near-linear patterns, but most show inflections, which may occur between light and middle, and between middle and heavy REE. The origins of these variations are still uncertain.Other aspects of rock geochemistry show that, while some features could be explained by crystal fractionation differentiation processes, late-stage or secondary chemical modifications were widespread.     

Geochemical features of ilmenites from the alkaline complexes of the Ukrainian Shield: LA-ICP MS data

LA-ICP MS data are presented for ilmenites from different rocks of the alkaline complexes of the Ukrainian Shield (Chernigovka carbonatite, Oktyabr’skii, Malaya Tersa, and Southern Kal’chinskii gabbrosyenite massifs). Ilmenites from the early intrusive phases (alkaline pyroxenites, gabbroids, and ultramafic rocks) have the elevated contents of Cr, Co, Ni, and V, while ilmenites from later alkaline and nepheline syenites, monzonites, and carbonatites are significantly enriched in Nb and Ta, which is caused by change in the alkalinity of the mineral-forming medium. Zr shows the more intrinsic behavior: its content is higher in the ilmenites from basic and ultrabasic rocks than in those from the nepheline syenites and carbonatites. This is mainly caused by temperature conditions of the formation of differentiated alkaline complexes. The carbonatites contain magnesian ilmenite (up to 22 mol % MgTiO₃). Variations of Mg contents in ilmentes are correlated with Mg number of mafic minerals and depend also on the iron oxidation state (amount of magnetite) in the carbonatites. In the alkaline massifs of the Ukrainian Shield, ilmenites usually have the low contents of hematite end member (3–7 mol %). Ilmenite serves as a sensitive indicator of temperature, oxygen fugacity, and alkalinity of the mineral-forming medium during crystallization.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000125

<正>Carbonatites are commonly related to the accumulation of economically valuable substances such as REE.Cu,and P.The debate over the origin of carbonatites and their relationship to associated silicate rocks has been ongoing for about 45 years.Worldwide,the rocks characteristically display more geochemical enrichments in Ba,Sr and REE than sedimentary carbonate rocks.However,carbonatite's geochemical features are disputed because of secondary mineral effects.Rock-forming carbonates from carbonatites at Qinling.Panxi region,and Bayan Obo in China show REE distribution patterns ranging from LREE enrichment to flat patterns.They are characterized by a Sr content more than 10 times higher than that of secondary carbonates.The coarse- and fine-grained dolomites from Bayan Obo H8 dolomite marbles also show similar high Sr abundance,indicating that they are of igneous origin.Some carbonates in Chinese carbonatites show REE(especially HREE) contents and distribution patterns similar to those of the whole rocks.These intrusive carbonatites display lower platinum group elements and stronger fractionation between Pt and Ir relative to high-Si extrusive carbonatite.This indicates that most intrusive carbonatites may be carbonate cumulates.Maoniuping and Daluxiang in Panxi region are large REE deposits.Hydrothermal fluorite ore veins occur outside of the carbonatite bodies and are emplaced in wallrock syenite.The fiuorite in Maoniuping has Sr and Nd isotopes similar to carbonatite.The Daluxiang fiuorite shows Sr and REE compositions different from those in Maoniuping.The difference is reflected by both the carbonatites and rock-forming carbonates,indicating that REE mineralization is related to carbonatites.The cumulate processes of carbonate minerals make fractionated fluids rich in volatiles and LREE as a result of low partition coefficients for REE between carbonate and carbonatite melt and an increase from LREE to HREE.The carbonatite-derived fluid has interacted with wallrock to form REE ore veins.The amount of carbonatite dykes occurring near the Bayan Obo orebodies may support the same mineralization model,i.e.that fluids evolved from the carbonatite dykes reacted with H8 dolomite marble,and thus the different REE and isotope compositions of coarse- and fine-grained dolomite may be related to reaction processes.     

Characteristics of carbonatites from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula: A perspective from distribution,geology and geochemistry

The present study introduces the carbonatite in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula for the first time.Recent exploration and development of the phosphorus-bearing carbonate rocks in the area have accumulated new geological data which gave us an opportunity to study origin of the carbonate rocks.We conducted geological survey,geochemical analyses of trace elements and rare earth elements,and carbon and oxygen isotope analyses for the carbonatites from Ssangryong,Pungnyon,Yongyu and Puhung districts of the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.This research confirms that the phosphorus-bearing carbonate rocks are carbonatite originating from the mantle.The studied carbonatites are distributed at the junctions of ring and linear structures or around their margins and contain a greater amount of REEs,Y,and Sr than carbonate rocks.The carbonatites in Yongyu and Puhung area show evidence that they were formed from mantle plume generated at the lower mantle and display similar fractionation characteristics to carbonatites in Barrado Itapirapua in Brazil and Kalkfeld and Ondurakorume in Namibia.REE patterns of the carbonatites are typical of carbonatites and the carbon and oxygen isotope analyses demonstrate that the carbonatites were originated from mantle.The carbonatites from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula have a great potential for sources of REE,Y,PGE(platinum group elements),copper,and gold.     

Trace elements and REE geochemistry of Siriwasan carbonatite,Chhota Udaipur,Gujarat

The Siriwasan carbonatite-sill along with associated alkaline rocks and fenites is located about 10 km north of the well-known Amba Dongar carbonatite-alkaline rocks diatreme, in the Chhota Udaipur carbonatite-alkaline province. Carbonatite has intruded as a sill into the Bagh sandstone and overlying Deccan basalt. This resulted in the formation of carbonatite breccia with enclosed fragments of basement metamorphics, sandstone and fenites in the matrix of ankeritic carbonatite. The most significant are the plugs of sövite with varied mineralogy that include pyroxene, amphibole, apatite, pyrochlore, perovskite and sphene. REE in sövites is related to the content of pyrochlore, perovskite and apatite. The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of some sövite samples and an ankeritic carbonatite plot in the “mantle box” pointing to their mantle origin. However, there is also evidence for mixing of the erupting carbonatite magma with the overlying Bagh limestone. The carbonatites of Siriwasan and Amba Dongar have the same Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and radiometric age, suggesting the same magma source. On the basis of available chemical analyses this paper is aimed to give some details of the Siriwasan carbonatites. The carbonatite complex has good potential for an economic mineral deposit but this is the most neglected carbonatite of the Chhota Udaipur province.     

Proterozoic Gremyakha-Vyrmes Polyphase Massif, Kola Peninsula: An example of mixing basic and alkaline mantle melts

The paper presents newly obtained data on the geological structure, age, and composition of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes Massif, which consists of rocks of the ultrabasic, granitoid, and foidolite series. According to the results of the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd geochronologic research and the U-Pb dating of single zircon grains, the three rock series composing the massif were emplaced within a fairly narrow age interval of 1885 ± 20 Ma, a fact testifying to the spatiotemporal closeness of the normal ultrabasic and alkaline melts. The interaction of these magmas within the crust resulted in the complicated series of derivatives of the Gremyakha-Vyrmes Massif, whose rocks show evidence of the mixing of compositionally diverse mantle melts. Model simulations based on precise geochemical data indicate that the probable parental magmas of the ultrabasic series of this massif were ferropicritic melts, which were formed by endogenic activity in the Pechenga-Varzuga rift zone. According to the simulation data, the granitoids of the massif were produced by the fractional crystallization of melts genetically related to the gabbro-peridotites and by the accompanying assimilation of Archean crustal material with the addition of small portions of alkaline-ultrabasic melts. The isotopic geochemical characteristics of the foidolites notably differ from those of the other rocks of the massif: together with carbonatites, these rocks define a trend implying the predominance of a more depleted mantle source in their genesis. The similarities between the Sm-Nd isotopic characteristics of foidolites from the Gremyakha-Vyrmes Massif and the rocks of the Tiksheozero Massif suggest that the parental alkaline-ultrabasic melts of these rocks were derived from an autonomous mantle source and were only very weakly affected by the crust. The occurrence of ultrabasic foidolites and carbonatites in the Gremyakha-Vyrmes Massif indicates that domains of metasomatized mantle material were produced in the sublithospheric mantle beneath the northeastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield already at 1.88 Ga, and these domains were enriched in incompatible elements and able to produce alkaline and carbonatite melts. The involvement of these domains in plume-lithospheric processes at 0.4–0.36 Ga gave rise to the peralkaline melts that formed the Paleozoic Kola alkaline province.