赵凹油田安棚区核三下段的沉积模式

在对赵凹油田安棚深层系核（核桃园组）三下段砂体的研究中，从岩性特征，结构和成分成熟,沉只构造及古生物特征等方面总经了该区沉积的相标志，结合研究区的沉积背景，笔者认为该区沉积环境为扇三角洲相，并进一步划分了亚相和同相，提出了研究区扇三角洲相的沉积模式，并对扇三角洲砂体的类型进行了研究。该区发育扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲两种亚相，近岸水道和远岸水道微相比较发育；距离物源较近，沉积物搬运距离短，沉积物粒度较粗，结构成熟度和成分成熟度较低，水动力较强，在砾岩和粗砂岩中发育有块状层理，平行层理和交错层理，砂体类型对储集层物性有明显的控制作用。     

滇西陇川盆地南林组储层砂体粒度分布特征及环境分析

对陇川盆地南林组78个样品的粒度资料进行Q型聚类分析,划分出九种曲线形态;对九种曲线形态进行成因分析及垂向组合研究,认为上第三系中新统南林组储层沉积环境为半深湖重力流沉积、扇三角洲水道和分流河道沉积、三角洲前缘河口坝和近滨岸线沉积;纵向上环境演化为半深湖→扇三角洲→河流三角洲前缘。河口坝和近滨岸线砂体受湖浪和湖流作用影响,物性较好,为最佳储集砂体。     

河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式

分析河口动力特征,进而揭示其控制下的三角洲前缘挟沙河流床沙载荷（推移质）搬运和沉积机制,是合理构建河控三角洲生长沉积模式的前提。运用流体力学的湍流理论从微观动力过程角度分析失去河床约束条件下依靠惯性作用流动的河水入湖过程中河、湖两类水体的相互作用机制及流动规律,结合水槽物理模拟及前人开展的数值模拟,并借鉴河流泥沙动力学理论成果,构建了受流体力学及河流泥沙动力学约束的河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式。结果表明:湍流的特点决定了两类水体界面处存在强烈的质量、动量、动能传递。河水入湖过程既不是圆形（轴对称）射流,也不是平面（二维）射流,而是矩形（三维）射流,流速沿程会以负指数快速衰减。河口是挟沙河流流速衰减的终点,其控制下的三角洲前缘是挟沙河流床沙载荷沉积的终点。三角洲平原砂体生长过程,是三角洲平原动力、沉积、地貌相互作用的过程,生长的动力和沉积模式可以概括为:河流末端水体流速沿程衰减→挟沙能力降低→泥沙沉积→河床抬高→堤岸决口→河流分叉→水体流速沿程衰减→挟沙能力降低→泥沙沉积。分流河道砂体构成三角洲平原的骨架砂体,地貌控制下河流的频繁摆动是三角洲平原砂体生长的重要机制。河控三角洲沉积的主体为平原环境,而非前缘环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区上三叠统延长组长63砂层组沉积微相特征及新认识

通过岩心的详细观察,结合测井、录井资料综合分析,在环县地区上三叠统延长组长6₃砂层组中,识别出了三角洲前缘、前三角洲和深湖3种亚相,和水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝、远砂坝、前三角洲泥、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积、液化流沉积、滑塌沉积和深湖泥10种微相。编绘了一系列沉积微相连井剖面图和长6₃砂层组的沉积微相平面展布图,表明研究区西部、北部及东北部发育三角洲前缘亚相,研究区中部和东南部发育深湖亚相。在深湖亚相中除了深湖泥外,发育大量的砂质碎屑流和浊流等重力流沉积。作者首次提出了源于浅水区的砂级沉积物是通过前三角洲上的一系列水道搬运至深湖区形成重力流沉积的。综合以上研究成果,建立起了该区的沉积模式。论文最后分析了研究区的油气潜力,指出水下分流河道和砂质碎屑流沉积两种微相的储集性能最好。由于本区砂体横向尖灭现象普遍,可形成一些规模较大的岩性圈闭,是岩性油气藏勘探的有利目标区。     

南海北部陆坡白云深水区深水沉积结构要素

在回顾深水沉积结构要素研究的基础上,结合白云深水区的勘探实践,对白云深水区深水沉积的结构要素进行了研究。将白云深水区深水沉积划分为4种结构要素,分别为水道、天然堤-溢岸沉积、席状砂和块体搬运沉积。水道是白云深水区深水沉积的主要组成部分,也是重要的储层;水道按成因可分为侵蚀型、侵蚀/加积型和加积型;水道充填沉积物的岩性变化较大,有砾岩、砂岩、泥岩以及几种岩性的混合。天然堤-溢岸沉积主要以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,平面上,天然堤-溢岸沉积与水道走向平行,横向上远离水道扩散,侧向连续性好但垂向连续性差。席状砂位于水道末端,具有朵叶状外形,分为层状和合并状2种类型：层状席状砂具有相对低的砂岩体积分数,泥岩和砂岩互层;而合并状席状砂岩体积分数高,砂层和砂层接触,夹有少量的泥。块体搬运沉积包括滑塌、滑块、块体流、碎屑流、坡身失稳复合体、块体搬运复合体等;块体搬运沉积常直接位于层序界面上,对下伏地层侵蚀明显,分布广泛,可作为良好的油气封盖层。     

东海盆地某凹陷P井区平湖组沉积微相及沉积模式

以东海陆架盆地某凹陷西部斜坡带P井区7口井的岩心详细观察与描述资料为基础,综合利用测井、分析化验数据及地震等资料,研究平湖组沉积微相及沉积模式.结果表明：P井区平湖组发育一套海陆过渡沉积体系,主要为潮汐影响的三角洲-潮坪相沉积,沉积亚相主要包括三角洲前缘、前三角洲和潮间带.进一步识别出了水下分流河道、河口沙坝、分流间湾、潮汐水道等7种沉积微相.同生断层对沉积微相平面分布影响明显.断距较小时,随着物源与断层走向夹角的增大,水下分流河道会出现改道等现象;断距较大时,水下分流河道沉积物仅在同生断层上盘低部位沉积,向盆地中心推进有限.在沉积体系分析的基础上,建立了研究区潮汐影响三角洲前缘的沉积模式.     

安塞油田塞160井区长6油层组沉积微相研究

为了确定安塞油田塞160井区长6油层组沉积微相展布特征,通过岩心观察、描述和实验分析,对研究区长6油层的沉积微相类型进行细化,对各小层沉积微相的平面展布进行研究.塞160井区长6为湖泊河控三角洲前缘亚相沉积,主要沉积微相为三角洲前缘水下分流河道、分流河口坝、水下分流间湾和前缘席状砂.研究区长6三角洲沉积体系代表了较完整的自旋回过程,长63沉积期,研究区的主体被向湖区方向推进的三角洲前缘水下分流河道占据;长62期,研究区主体仍为水下分流河道沉积,但延伸较长63近;长621期维持与长62沉积模式;长611期三角洲前缘亚相发育完整,分流相带相互叠置.     

波浪作用诱发的黄河口水下斜坡失稳破坏

随着近海工程的建设和海洋资源开发 ,对海洋工程地质条件研究日益受到重视。黄河是世界著名的多泥沙河流 ,1964— 1976年间由刁口流路输送到河口的泥沙每年高达10 6亿ｍ3左右。这样巨量的泥沙以极高的含沙量进入弱潮陆相河口 ,其中 90 %的泥沙都快速沉积在河口三角洲一带。其结果是 ,一方面 ,三角洲快速向海延伸生长 ,通常每年推进 1 5ｋｍ ;另一方面 ,高浓度泥沙快速沉积的结果是大量饱含孔隙水、欠固结的沉积物堆积在河口水下三角洲 ,这也造成了黄河频繁改道。快速堆积形成的黄河口水下斜坡 ,是我国油气资源开发的重要地区之一 ,同时也是…     

河口观測与研究

一、河口河流注入海洋,其汇合之处,是謂河口。在河流注入海洋的地方,經常有大量的泥沙沉积,在这种情况下就造成了多(氵义)河的河口,因为它們在平面圖上很象三角形,所以称为三角洲;如珠江河口。河流挾带的泥沙愈少三角洲的形状就愈不显著,强大的潮汐和海浪常破坏三角洲的形成,在这种情况下,河流往往     

深水重力流复合下切水道体系精细地质表征与建模——以西非尼日尔三角洲盆地OML130区块为例

尼日尔三角洲盆地新近系深水重力流沉积是西非深水区重要的勘探开发目标,OML130区块AKPO油田A油组主要发育复合水道体系,不同期水道垂向相互叠置,局部下切连通,开展水道储层的精细地质建模对后期开发至关重要。采用"宏观格架、砂组嵌入"两步走的框架搭建思路,再现了A油组七期水道垂向加积和侧向摆动迁移的特征。借助时移地震动态监测信息,拾取水驱区域,准确识别和表征出不同期水道间的下切连通区,形成了一套连通区定量识别的建模方法;通过对深水重力流沉积微相的多条件约束模拟,建立了可靠的沉积微相模型,为后期属性模拟奠定了坚实基础。后期生产动态的验证效果较好,证明这套建模方法具有较高的实用价值。     

辽河口海口沉积特征及潮滩动态预测

本文以翔实的调查资料较详细的叙述了辽河口浅海区的沉积特征,分别总结了潮滩、浅海、潮道及潮沟等单元体的沉积特征,并分析了各单元体的沉积过程,文章重点叙述了潮滩的动态变化,并根据210Pb测定沉积速率资料及河流输沙量观测资料,分别建立预测方程,估算了双台河口东、西两段潮滩的极限淤涨时间及潮滩淤涨高度预测,两种计算方法所获得的结果基本上一致。     

海南岛北部海域海砂资源潜力评价

海南岛北部浅海海砂资源丰富,以砂砾质沉积为主,集中于琼州海峡东口潮流沙脊区、河口三角洲和沿岸水下岸坡等海域。本文通过对海南岛北部海域的地形地貌、地层、底质类型等方面的调查,分东、西两个区域研究了海砂资源的分布、范围、规模和类型等地质特征,并估算了海砂资源量,结合沉积环境,评价了各区域海砂的资源潜力。研究区海砂分布广泛,但东、西区特征和规模具有较大差异,西区海砂以砂质砾和泥质砂为主,厚度5~10 m;东区海砂以砂、砾质砂和砂质砾为主,厚度10~50 m,规模远超西区。研究区共圈定出9处资源潜力区,资源量为91.4亿m³,其余区域为远景区,其资源量为71.5亿m³。根据地形地貌、水动力和沉积环境等因素,研究区海砂可分为潮流沙脊堆积体系、河口水下三角洲堆积体系、岬湾海岸水下岸坡堆积体系和侵蚀残留体系几种类型。其中位于琼州海峡东口浅滩区的潮流沙脊堆积体系海砂连续分布面积达328 km²,平均厚度超过25 m,资源量83.9亿m³,最具潜力。     

河海交互作用沉积与平原地貌发育*

河流是搬运陆源泥沙的主要动力,对相邻的海岸海洋沉积动力有巨大影响。中国河流汇入海洋中的泥沙曾占全球入海泥沙的10 ％ ,现代中国边缘海大陆架在晚更新世时曾是海岸平原,河-海交互作用是形成海岸平原与浅海输积泥沙的主要因素。本文选择5个不同类型的河流展示其不同的泥沙运动与河口沉积的特性以及对相邻陆架之影响,包括: 1)强潮型动力的鸭绿江河口湾,形成从陆向海与从海向陆的双向水流交汇沉积,海岸形成潮流脊体系。 2)季风波浪为主导动力的滦河口,以泥沙的横向运动为主,形成沙坝环绕的双重海岸,沉积粒径自海向陆减小; 沿岸浪流携运泥沙向河口两侧分布,使沙坝具有沙咀状的复合特点。 3)弱潮型、多沙的黄河口,径流于两侧堆积指状沙咀,沙咀下风侧形成粉砂粘土淤泥湾,沿岸流携运泥沙向渤海湾延伸为淤泥舌。 4)径流与沿岸流组合作用的沉积模式,以长江口为代表,泥沙沿岸向南输运为主导,向海岸与向内陆架构成颗粒变细的带状沉积,外陆架出露残留砂。 5)充填河口湾的三角洲,以珠江为代表,河流分汊与会潮点泥沙堆积,悬移质扩散至湾外,被沿岸流携带沿海岸向SW运移,外陆架为残留砂沉积。20世纪80年代以来,上述河流均受到人为活动的改造影响,河流自然过程与河海交互作用效应均发生改变。本文主要以滦河三角洲为例阐述河-海交互作用与平原的地貌特征。     

海南岛洋浦湾沉积作用研究

本文对海南岛洋浦湾海域的洋浦湾、新英湾、洋浦深槽及拦门沙浅滩的沉积环境和沉积特征做了描述、讨论，对河流、海岸侵蚀和珊瑚礁生物的３种沉积物来源及数量做了分析计算，得出其总量为９×１０⁴ｍ^３／ａ。根据钻孔柱状样的¹⁴Ｃ及²¹⁰Ｐｂ分析，得出８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来沉积速率为０．１～０．２ｃｍ／ａ，近百年来沉积速率为１～２ｃｍ／ａ。     

Sedimentation in a tropical, microtidal, wave-dominated coastal-plain estuary

The Mono estuary is an infilled, microtidal estuary located on the wave-dominated Bight of Benin coast which is subject to very strong eastward longshore drift. The estuarine fill comprises a thick unit of lagoonal mud deposited in a ‘central basin’between upland fluvial deposits and estuary-mouth wave-tide deposits. This lagoonal fill is capped by organic-rich tidal flat mud. In addition to tidal flat mud, the superficial facies overlying the ‘central basin’fill include remnants of spits resting on transgressive/washover sand, an estuary-mouth association of beach, shoreface, flood-tidal delta and tidal inlet deposits, and a thin sheet of fluvial sediments deposited over tidal flat mud. After an initial phase of spit intrusion over the infilled central basin east of the present Mono channel, the whole estuary mouth became bounded by a regressive barrier formed from sand supplied by the Volta Delta during the middle Holocene eustatic highstand. Barrier progradation ceased late in the Holocene following the establishment of an equilibrium plan-form shoreline alignment that allowed through-drift of Volta sand to sediment sinks further downdrift. Over the same period, accretion, from fluvially supplied sediments, of the estuarine plain close to the limit of spring high tides, or, over much of the lower valley, into a fluvial plain no longer subject to tidal flooding, induced marked meandering of the Mono and its tidal distributaries in response to confinement of much of the tidal prism to these channels. The process resulted in erosion of spit/washover and regressive barrier sand, and in reworking of the tidal flat and floodbasin deposits. The strong longshore drift, equilibrium shoreline alignment and the year-round persistence of a tidal inlet maintained by discharge from the Mono and from Lake Ahémé have resulted in a stationary barrier that is reworked by a mobile inlet. The Mono example shows that advanced estuarine infill may result in considerable facies reworking, obliteration of certain facies and marked spatial imbrication of fluvial, estuarine and wave-tide-deposited facies, and confirms patterns of sedimentary change described for microtidal estuaries on wave-influenced coasts. In addition, this study shows that local environmental factors such as sediment supply relative to limited accommodation space, and strong longshore drift, which may preclude accumulation of sediments in the vicinity of the estuary mouth, may lead to infilled equilibrium or near-equilibrium estuaries that will not necessarily evolve into deltas.     

黄河三角洲滨海区沉积物的分异特征与规律

根据2000年79月黄河三角洲滨海区表层沉积物的分析结果,运用F lem ing的三角图式对沉积环境进行划分,并在此基础上结合沉积物结构、地形和水动力条件,探讨了沉积物的分布规律及其作用机制。结果表明:研究区域可划分为废弃三角洲滨海区、现行河口区和莱州湾滨海区三个沉积环境。对于废弃三角洲沉积区,在早期废弃的湾湾沟海区风浪作用为主,沉积物普遍较粗,抗冲能力较强;废弃不久的飞雁滩海区在波流联合作用下,沉积物粒径由岸向海变细,大致在-5-6m水深处存在一明显的界限,该水深以浅砂含量较高;而该水深以深以粉砂和粘土为主,砂含量较低。现行河口区,由于沙嘴前方强潮流带的作用,沉积物粒径由岸向海表现为粗—细—粗的演变趋势。在莱州湾海区,由于潮流场的影响,以广利河河口为界,以北粒径较细,而以南则较粗。      

陕甘宁地区晚古生代沉积体系

陕甘宁地区位于华北地台西部,处于东西构造域的交接部位,是我国重要的含煤、油气区之一。受不同构造背景、海平面升降、沉积物供给等影响,其晚古生代沉积体系类型多样。通过对露头、岩心、测井响应及编图等分析研究,区分出了碳酸盐台地、障壁岛－湖潮坪、潮道－湖潮坪、河控三角洲、扇三角洲、河流、冲积扇、湖泊等沉积类型,阐明了各自的沉积特征。晚古生代沉积体系展布、充填演化与南北两侧的兴蒙海槽和秦祁海槽的构造活动密切相关：晚石炭世西缘拗拉槽重新复活,形成以潮道－湖潮坪沉积为主的海湾充填,充填受基底和盆缘断裂控制;早二叠世东西部海水汇合,本区统一于华北陆表海中,形成碳酸盐台地、障壁岛、浅水三角洲交互的含煤沉积;中二叠世至晚二叠世早期陆表海萎缩,本区演变为近海内陆坳陷充填,形成冲积扇、河流、三角洲、湖泊沉积;晚二叠世晚期陆表海消亡,本区转化为内陆坳陷,形成以湖泊沉积为主的河湖充填。砂储层发育取决于沉积环境,空间展布受控于古构造机制。     

福建安海湾表层沉积物粒度特征及其现代沉积过程分析

通过对福建安海湾表层沉积物的粒度分析和对比,应用系统聚类分析、粒径趋势模型和切应力计算公式,探讨了研究区粒度的分布特征、沉积环境分区、表层沉积物输运趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明,研究区包括6种表层沉积物类型,以黏土质粉砂和粉砂为主,沉积物大体呈现自海湾两侧潮滩向潮汐通道变粗的分布趋势.表层沉积物粒度的分布特征与水动力条件和物质来源密切相关,湾口附近及湾内深槽内,细颗粒的沉积物被再悬浮带走,粗颗粒的含量增大;在湾内潮滩上,悬浮物质因水动力作用逐渐减弱发生分选沉降,形成向岸变细的横向分异.海湾外泥沙随潮流不断地向海湾东侧岸滩运移,海湾周边陆源来沙由湾顶部往湾口方向下泄,两者是导致表层沉积物出现明显的顺时针方向汇聚趋势的原因之一;表层沉积物的输运趋势、悬浮泥沙的输运、潮滩植被与湾口沙嘴的遮蔽效应共同影响了研究区内浅滩地形的形成和变化.研究区可分为四类沉积环境区,以潮滩和潮汐通道环境为主,不同沉积区内的粒度参数、粒级频率和敏感粒级均有差异,动力条件差异和不同物源的影响程度是现代沉积环境格局的主要影响因素.     

Temporal and spatial evolution of the coastal profiles along the Yellow River Delta over last three decades

The subaerial delta of the Yellow River has undergone a notable reshaping process with drastic changes in erosion and accretion patterns both temporally and spatially. These morphological changes not only have significant impact on the long-term evolution of delta but also pose severe threat to the existing infrastructures adjacent to the eroding delta lobe. This paper presents a data-based study of waves, currents, sediments and subaqueous bedforms including the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the measured coastal profiles in order to understand qualitative and quantitative processes that are responsible for the observed changes. The results demonstrated that the Yellow River Delta has recently been dominated by recession process due to the reduced sediment supply from the Yellow River in the recent decades. A critical threshold of river sediment discharge was formulated and used to explain the observed morphodynamic processes. It was found that the coast of the Yellow River Delta could be broadly divided into three geomorphic zones: the area near abandoned delta, the estuarine area, and Laizhou Bay. At the nearshore zone of the abandoned delta, waves are the main agent for bed erosion and sediments suspension. The tidal current is effective in transporting suspended sediments and exerts the main control on the depths of the erosion–accretion balance zone on the coastal profiles. The area near the present estuary has seen rapid deposition with the progradation rate being governed by the relative intensity of fluvial and marine processes while the coasts in Laizhou Bay are stable and the particular characteristics of the tidal current field prevent the sediments supplied by the Yellow River from reaching this area.     

Sedimentation in a fluvially infilling, barrier-bound estuary on a wave-dominated, microtidal coast: the Ouémé River estuary, Benin, west Africa

The Ouémé River estuary is located on the seasonally humid tropical coast of Benin, west Africa. A striking feature of this microtidal estuary is the presence of a large sand barrier bounding a 120 km² circular central basin, Lake Nokoué, that is being infilled by heterogeneous fluvial deposits supplied by a relatively large catchment (50 000 km²). Borehole cores from the lower estuary show basal Pleistocene lowstand alluvial sediments overlain by Holocene transgressive–highstand lagoonal mud and by transgressive to probably early highstand tidal inlet and flood‐tidal delta sand deposited in association with non‐preserved transgressive sand barriers. The change in estuary‐mouth sedimentation from a transgressive barrier‐inlet system to a regressive highstand barrier reflects regional modifications in marine sand supply and in the cross‐barrier tidal flux associated with barrier‐inlet systems. As barrier formation west of the Ouémé River led to an increasingly rectilinear shoreline, the longshore drift cell matured, ensuring voluminous eastward transport of sand from the Volta Delta in Ghana, the major purveyor of sand, to the Ouémé embayment, 200 km east. Concomitantly, the number of tidal inlets, and the tidal flux associated with a hitherto interlinked lagoonal system on this coast, diminished. Complete sealing of Lake Nokoué has produced a large, permanently closed estuary, where tidal intrusion is assured through the interconnected coastal lagoon via an inlet located 60 km east. Since 1885, tides have entered the estuary directly through an artificial outlet cut across the sand barrier. Although precluding the seaward loss of fluvial sediments, permanent estuary‐mouth closure has especially deprived the highstand estuary of marine sand, a potentially important component in estuarine infill on wave‐dominated coasts. In spite of a significant fluvial sediment supply, estuarine infill has been moderate, because of the size of the central basin. Estuarine closure has resulted in two co‐existing highstand sediment suites, with limited admixture, the marine‐derived, estuary‐mouth barrier and upland‐derived back‐barrier sediments. This situation differs from that of mature barrier estuaries characterized by active fluvial‐marine sediment mixing and facies interfingering.