台风暴雨型土质滑坡演化过程研究

台风暴雨型滑坡是我国东南丘陵山地主要的滑坡类型，揭示其失稳演化规律对东南丘陵山地台风暴雨型土质滑坡监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。本文以福建泉州德化石山滑坡为研究对象，结合现场地质勘察资料，建立滑坡物理与数值模型对其变形演化过程进行模拟，探究边坡失稳涉及的渗流和变形位移等规律。研究结果表明:(1)初期雨水以垂直入渗坡体为主，且入渗速率较大；后期入渗速率随坡体饱和度增加而减小。有前期小降雨的情况下，坡脚位置更易出现积水饱和现象；(2)雨水入渗是导致坡体稳定性下降的主要原因:在暴雨工况中E3(模拟全程降雨为暴雨雨强100 mm·d-1)中，稳定系数保持下降，从1.197降至1.125；在双峰暴雨工况E4(前期30 mm·d-1小雨强降雨，后期100 mm·d-1暴雨雨强降雨)中，小雨强降雨过程中稳定系数基本保持不变，从1.197降至1.188，当暴雨一开始，稳定系数骤降至1.060；(3)台风暴雨型滑坡位移演化过程具有阶段性特征:压缩沉降微变形阶段，该阶段位移曲线变化平缓，基本不发生位移；匀速变形阶段，该阶段位移匀速增长，位移速率不变；加速变形阶段，加速变形直至失稳阶段，破坏迅速，具有突发性，曲线呈非线性；(4)当前期发生小雨强降雨(降雨强度≤30 mm·d-1)，后期突发大暴雨雨强降雨(降雨强度≥100 mm·d-1)情况下滑坡的发生具有突变性，在试验中暴雨初期位移骤增20 mm，而后快速发展到90 mm左右。     

降雨作用及坡脚开挖激发路堑滑坡的灾变效应

山地丘陵地区,暴雨是一种灾害性天气,其持续性强降雨可诱发山体滑坡。对于因高等级公路建设而实施坡脚开挖的斜坡条件,其在连续性强降雨作用下的暂态渗流场及暂态安全稳定性的变化情况是值得探讨的问题。基于浙南山区某路堑斜坡实际工况,针对已经实施坡脚开挖的条件,采用数值模拟和极限平衡计算,研究斜坡在不同强降雨雨型作用下的饱和-非饱和暂态渗流场,并对其安全稳定性变化规律进行流固耦合分析。研究表明:在坡脚开挖的激发作用下,坡体达到失稳破坏的时间大大缩短;坡体暂态渗流场和强降雨雨型密切相关,强降雨持时越长,强降雨量越大,暂态渗流场向坡体表面扩散的趋势越明显,则滑体饱水面积比越大,基质吸力越小,坡体稳定系数的下降幅度也越大;坡体稳定系数的变化趋势与暂态渗流场的扩展变化情况密切相关,暂态渗流场越向坡体表面扩展则坡体稳定系数越低,可见在坡脚开挖和强降雨激发的综合作用下,斜坡极易失稳破坏。此规律性成果可为相应滑坡整治提供参考依据。     

台风暴雨型滑坡滞后效应分析

我国东南沿海地区台风登陆频繁,伴生暴雨诱发的台风型滑坡造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。已有研究在单峰型、多峰型台风暴雨的斜坡水文响应过程及稳定性分析方面取得了一定成果,但缺乏对台风暴雨型滑坡滞后效应的研究和机理分析。为此,以台风“利奇马”在浙江青田县的登陆为例,基于对台风型滑坡发生数量与降雨量的统计,构建16组不同结构组合的斜坡模型,模拟在台风登陆过程中不同降雨工况条件下斜坡的渗流—稳定性变化。结果表明,台风“利奇马”离陆后青田县内仍有26.4%的滑坡发生,存在一定滞后;不同结构组合斜坡稳定性在离陆后最低,相较于台风登陆前稳定性系数降低了13.82%;在台风登陆暴雨作用下,青田县斜坡稳定性结构影响参数中坡度最为敏感;讨论认为在台风不同登陆阶段的降雨会导致边坡的入渗特征差异,从而形成滞后效应。研究结论对于该区域的台风型滑坡早期识别具有一定指导意义。     

乔灌木对台风暴雨型滑坡稳定性影响

在降雨工况下,乔灌木通过其根系对边坡体的加筋锚固和茎叶减少坡体被雨水冲刷,对边坡稳定性产生了积极作用。然而台风暴雨季节,台风又通过植被的摇曳使地表开裂,强化了降雨入渗效果,进一步使土体的基质吸力、黏聚力下降,使边坡的稳定性降低。为了探索台风暴雨季节乔灌木对边坡起到正向作用还是反向作用,文章通过室内模型试验和数值模拟进行量化分析,比较有无台风作用和不同强度台风作用对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着台风从无到有、由弱变强的过程中,边坡体内孔隙水压力和含水率发生突变的时间不断提前;同时施加台风暴雨耦合作用的滑坡相对于单纯降雨作用的滑坡,其滑坡破坏的面积与体积更大,且台风等级越强,坡体的破坏的面积体积区域越大。通过Geostudio数值模拟软件进行验证,比较模拟边坡的稳定性发现：在无台风作用下初始稳定性系数最大且下降速度最慢,台风作用次之,强台风作用下最差。     

暴雨型滑坡降水入渗机理分析

暴雨能诱发大量的滑坡发生,在不同地区存在不同的临界降雨值,每当雨强大于该值时,滑坡就会大面积发生,这已经被多起滑坡事件证实。一般地,入渗理论认为,当雨强大于一定值时,入渗率是常量,过强的降水会转化为地表径流,这与雨强越大滑坡越易发生、群发性越强的观察结果不一致。在斜坡体上存在大量的裂隙,它们对降水入渗有着很大的贡献,应用有限单元法分别模拟了有裂隙和无裂隙时斜坡体内瞬态渗流场的变化,并用Bishop法对不同埋深滑动面的稳定性做了计算分析。模拟结果表明：考虑裂隙时的计算结果与宏观观察结果更一致,在评价降雨入渗对斜坡稳定性的影响时,一定要充分考虑裂隙的存在,只有雨强大于一个临界值时才会有充足的降水通过裂隙渗入到斜坡深部,裂隙的影响才显著地表现出来。     

台风暴雨条件下滑坡稳定性影响因素分析

以实验数据为依据,通过数值模拟对台风暴雨条件下滑坡体稳定性的主要影响因素进行模拟研究。台风暴雨条件下滑坡体的主要影响因素为特殊降雨雨型：(1) 在相同雨强程度下,台风暴雨的单峰型降雨水文响应速度、稳定性破坏速度及程度均大于普通均匀型降雨,单峰型降雨导致边坡短时间内达到失稳状态,呈“即雨即滑”情况;(2) 强台风多峰型降雨下,经过第一个峰值强降雨后浅层土质边坡已处于不稳定状态,当第二个强峰值降雨来临时,坡体的稳定性较单峰型降低更为迅速。这些为福建省台风暴雨这一特殊降雨类型条件下滑坡的发生机理探索及预警预报提供了新的思路和科学依据。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的两种雨型模型试验

黄土边坡变形失稳机理研究对于黄土滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义。黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡作为黄土滑坡类型之一,研究人员已对其失稳基本过程与形成机理有较为清晰的认识。但对于其在不同降雨类型下,特别是强降雨条件下的变形破坏过程则有待进一步探讨。因此,本文对黄土-泥岩接触面边坡开展室内降雨模型试验,研究其在强降雨条件下斜坡变形破坏模式。试验设计连续强降雨和间断强降雨两种降雨条件,对比分析两种降雨条件下边坡雨水入渗规律及变形破坏模式。结果表明:在两种典型降雨模式下,雨水入渗速率由边坡前缘至后缘逐渐降低;在坡体表层,随着降雨由间断至连续过渡,入渗速率逐渐增加;在坡体深部,入渗速率受边坡结构影响;间断降雨下边坡呈现滑移-拉裂失稳;在连续降雨条件坡体则表现为蠕滑-拉裂破坏。     

基于诱发机理的降雨型滑坡预警研究——以花岗岩风化壳二元结构斜坡为例

降雨型滑坡是我国主要的滑坡灾害类型,具有区域群集发生的特点,滑坡预警研究是防灾减灾的重要途径。传统的区域降雨型滑坡预报模型多采用统计结果建立降雨参数模型,对降雨诱发机理和斜坡失稳的力学机制考虑不足,预报可靠性和精度有限。本文以花岗岩风化壳地区某典型二元结构斜坡为原型,以实际勘查数据为基础,提取该斜坡结构特征,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析研究降雨入渗过程和斜坡失稳机制,建立典型斜坡的预警判据。1花岗岩风化壳地区典型二元结构斜坡为类土质斜坡,覆盖土层较厚,剖面上可分为两层,上层为坡积黏性土,土质松散,透水性强,下层为残积黏性土,土质相对致密,透水性较差。2采用不同降雨工况模拟分析降雨入渗过程。以50mm·d-1雨强为例,降雨持时30h以内时,降雨入渗主要集中在上层的坡积黏性土,斜坡前缘优先饱和,滑带开始出现积水现象;降雨持时40～50h时,斜坡表面降水持续入渗,在坡体后缘拉裂缝处,雨水沿着裂缝快速入渗坡体形成静水压力,增加坡体重量,增大下滑力,坡脚渗透路径短,最先饱和破坏,造成斜坡失稳。3监测斜坡不同部位（坡脚、中部、后缘）的孔隙水压力情况,随降雨入渗,斜坡土体孔隙水压力持续增大,由负趋近于零到大于零,斜坡土体由非饱和状态向饱和状态过渡,坡脚最先饱和,中部持续入渗,后缘土体饱和后,裂缝扩大致使大量雨水进入,使本已大量积水的滑带变形错动,斜坡失稳。4模拟分析得到斜坡失稳的不同降雨条件:中雨雨强（10mm·d-1）,历时约13d;大雨雨强（25mm·d-1）,历时约5d;暴雨雨强（50mm·d-1）,历时约2.2d;特大暴雨雨强（100mm·d-1）,历时约1.1d。在暴雨雨强时,降雨对该类斜坡的滞后作用约为5h。最后,建立了该类斜坡的临界降雨判据（I-D曲线）。     

考虑非饱和土基质吸力的丁家坡滑坡变形机制及稳定性评价

丁家坡滑坡位于云阳县黄石镇中湾村,对拟建的云阳—开州（云开）高速公路安全具有潜在的威胁。为了查明丁家坡滑坡特征,开展了野外工程地质测绘、钻探与试验测试,采用Geo-studio完全耦合计算模式分析了不同降雨工况下滑坡渗流场、应力场、位移场的变化,考察了基质吸力在滑坡稳定性评价中的作用,并计算了不同降雨历时、降雨强度下滑坡的稳定性系数。结果表明:（1）丁家坡滑坡的斜坡地形、松散的岩性、潜在的临空面等因素决定了滑坡的形成与发育,坡体渗透性较好,降雨作用激励滑坡的变形,目前该滑坡处于蠕滑阶段;（2）降雨入渗后,坡体孔隙水压力增加,基质吸力减小,有效应力和抗剪强度降低,在土-岩界面形成剪应力集中,产生应变和位移,滑坡变形破坏;（3）高强度短历时的降雨使坡体浅层迅速饱和,易形成浅层滑,低强度长历时的降雨使坡体浸润较深,易造成深部滑动,其潜在滑动面主要为土-岩界面;（4）在非饱和状态下土体基质吸力对滑坡的稳定性具有重要影响;（5）目前滑坡处于基本稳定状态,一旦发生降雨,滑坡稳定性将降低,降雨历时越久、降雨强度越大,滑坡越易失稳。相对于滑坡Ⅱ区,滑坡Ⅰ区对云开高速公路安全的影响更大,应该重点对滑坡Ⅰ区进行防护治理。该研究可为工程设计、施工及滑坡的预警预报提供依据。     

台风暴雨条件下滑坡地下水渗流特征及成因机制

台风暴雨常引发大量的滑坡灾害,造成生命财产损失,因而研究台风暴雨条件下滑坡地下水渗流特征及成因机制对滑坡的防治、预警预报具有重要意义.以浙江省中林村滑坡为例,采用有限元数值方法,模拟了台风暴雨的两种常见工况（工况1:等强度降雨;工况2:渐变强度降雨）下滑坡地下水的暂态渗流场及稳定性.结果表明:两种工况条件下,滑坡地下水渗流特征基本相同,地下水位响应迅速,地下水位位于强风化和中风化接触面附近,且在坡脚形成溢流;但是工况1较工况2地下水水位上升速度快、幅度大;滑坡稳定系数与地下水水位及降雨强度等密切相关,在高强度降雨条件下,随地下水水位上升稳定系数快速下降,水位稳定以后,稳定系数下降速度减缓;中林村滑坡为典型的滑塌-拉裂-蠕滑缓动型变形破坏模式,台风暴雨引起斜坡岩土体地下水水位上升,基质吸力降低和孔隙水压力增加是其发生变形破坏的主要原因.本文所得结论能够为东南沿海地区台风暴雨诱发滑坡的预测预报与防治提供理论支持.      

植被对台风暴雨型滑坡发育的促进作用

植被在世界各地被广泛用于防止滑坡,但在我国东南沿海的台风季节,植被覆盖较好的地区受台风暴雨诱发常有大量滑坡发生。为了研究台风暴雨条件下植被对滑坡发育的促进作用,通过风洞物理模拟实验研究了风荷载和植被摇曳对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明: 台风通过植被对边坡施加的荷载不容忽视,在超强台风条件下(风速≥17 m/s),风荷载可使潜在滑坡体的下滑力增加10%以上; 由于台风的风荷载,植被会通过根部对土壤施加强大的扭矩,导致土壤出现裂缝,这些裂缝为雨水渗透提供了快速通道,土壤的渗透系数会增加10倍以上。因此在东南沿海地区的台风季节,应注意植被、特别是高大乔木对滑坡稳定性的不利影响。     

降雨条件下黄土边坡现场试验研究

黄土边坡的变形破坏多发生于降雨期间,由此也造成了大量的损失。为减小降雨诱发黄土滑坡的影响,开展降雨型滑坡现场实验研究,具有现实意义。本文选取泾阳一天然黄土边坡为研究对象,利用自行设计的模拟降雨系统,设计并进行了3组不同雨强下的大型黄土边坡人工模拟降雨试验,旨在研究不同雨强条件下天然黄土边坡的入渗规律及变形破坏模式。通过对边坡内埋设的土壤水分传感仪、土压力盒和张力计管的读数变化及试验现象进行分析,进而得出降雨条件下大型黄土边坡现场试验的变形破坏规律,总结出该类边坡的水分入渗规律和变形破坏模式。试验结果表明,边坡入渗呈现一定的规律:降雨条件下,坡肩入渗深度和速率最大,坡脚次之,坡面最小;同时,降雨强度越大,雨水入渗速率越快,入渗时间越长,边坡相同位置处体积含水率和土压力增大幅度越大,基质吸力减小的幅度越大。降雨条件下天然黄土边坡的变形破坏模式为:坡肩侵蚀及侵蚀扩展→坡面裂隙形成扩展→坡肩裂隙形成扩展→局部滑塌;若继续降雨,则坡肩局部裂隙逐渐贯通进而形成滑面,最终导致滑坡发生。     

Study of shaking table test of seismic subsidence loess landslides induced by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall

Light rain or moderate rain is the most common meteorological event in the rainy season in the loess area of China, so the probability of landslide hazards induced by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall under the condition of light rain or moderate rain is relatively higher than that under heavy rain. To study the dynamic response characteristics and instability mechanism of loess slopes by the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall under the conditions of moderate rain and light rain, a low-angle slope model test of a large-scale shaking table after 10 mm of rainfall was carried out. By gradually increasing the dynamic loading, the evolution of the macroscopic deformation and the instability failure mode of the slope model are observed; the temporal and spatial trends of the amplification effect, acceleration spectrum, pore pressure and soil pressure are analyzed; and the failure mechanism of the slope is determined. The results showed that the amplification effect increased along the slope surface upward, and a strong amplification effect appeared at the front of the top of the slope. Because of the stronger dynamic stress action on the upper part of the slope, the immersed soil in the upper part of the slope experienced seismic subsidence deformation, the saturation in the seismic subsidence soil increased, and the water content temporarily increased locally. With the further increase in the loading intensity, a large number of tension cracks were generated in the seismic subsidence area, and water infiltrated down along the cracks and the wetting range expanded under dynamic action. The range of seismic subsidence and cracks further extended to the deep part of the slope. Under the reciprocating action of the subsequent ground motion, the swing amplitude of the soil mass in the seismic subsidence area, which is divided by a large number of cracks in the upper part of the slope, increased further, resulting in the further reduction in the residual strength of the seismic subsidence soil mass located at the crack tip due to the pull and shear action. Finally, under the combined action of gravity and dynamic force, the upper soil mass in the seismic subsidence area dragged the lower soil mass in the seismic subsidence area downward because the sliding force is greater than the residual strength of the soil mass, which induced a seismic subsidence-type loess landslide. Under the coupling effect of earthquakes and rainfall, the instability mode and mechanism of this landslide are significantly different from those of liquefaction-type landslides.

     

Geotechnical Facets of Active Sediments and its Bearing on Natural Hazards and Mitigation Measures: An Approach on Sediments of the Nubra Valley (Ladakh), Trans-Himalaya,India

Slope stability has been identified as a major obstacle to construction in the rapidly developing countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these countries, slope failure has been identified as one of the most commonly occurring natural disasters, leading to financial losses and deaths. Slope failure is often related to prolonged rainfall events where rainfall infiltration increases pore water pressure, reducing soil strength. This failure mechanism will accelerate with the existence of cracks, which are usually caused by differential settling, drying and shrinking of soil, and associated construction activities, among other causes. The existence of cracks on slopes usually provides an easy pathway for rainfall infiltration into soil, allowing rain to infiltrate to deeper layers than in the absence of cracks. The moisture content in deep layers is therefore higher in cracked slopes than in slopes without cracks. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of cracks on slope stability when subjected to rainfall. The influence of crack location, depth, size, and direction on pore water pressure distribution and slope stability was studied by imposing different rainfall intensities. Analysis of seepage and stability were conducted using the GEO STUDIO 2007 softwares SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Results suggested that pore water pressure and slope stability were influenced by the existence of cracks. Analysis showed that slope factors of safety decreased sharply when cracks were located adjacent to the slope crest, as compared to when cracks were located in the middle of the slope. Furthermore, slope factors of safety decreased with increasing crack depth. Pore water pressure and slope factors of safety decreased further when slopes were subjected to small rainfall intensities for long periods, as compared to when slopes were subjected to high rainfall intensities for short periods. The present study shows that study of cracks should be an integral part of the slope stability analysis.     

Rainfall infiltration: infinite slope model for landslides triggering by rainstorm

Shallow slope failure due to heavy rainfall during rainstorm and typhoon is common in mountain areas. Among the models used for analyzing the slope stability, the rainwater infiltration model integrated with slope stability model can be an effective way to evaluate the stability of slopes during rainstorm. This paper will propose an integrated Green–Ampt infiltration model and infinite slope stability model for the analysis of shallow type slope failure. To verify the suitability of the proposed model, seven landslide cases occurred in Italy and Hong Kong are adopted in this paper. The results indicate that the proposed model can be used to distinguish failed and not-yet failed slopes. In addition, the proposed model can be used as the first approximation for estimating the occurrence time of a rainfall-induced shallow landslide and its depth of sliding.     

金沙江深切河谷百胜滑坡演化过程及成因机制

受青藏高原地质构造作用和末次冰期暖湿气候的影响,金沙江深切成谷,高山峡谷区发育大量的大型滑坡,在降雨和河（库）水升降等作用下复活。为了分析降雨型深切河谷的斜坡稳定性机制,以百胜滑坡为例,采用地面调查和地质力学分析方法,对滑坡的演化过程、形成机制、地质力学模型进行研究。研究表明,滑坡形成及复活演化过程可分为原始斜坡、岩体卸荷劣化、挤压塑性流变、降雨诱发失稳、滑体解体压密蠕滑、局部复活等6个阶段。在深切河谷的形成过程中,斜坡岩体在卸荷拉裂、后期水弱化和泥化等多种耦合作用下由稳态逐步演化至失稳。计算结果表明,天然工况下稳定性系数为1.12,处于基本稳定状态;暴雨及库水位涨落工况下稳定性系数为0.98,失稳破坏。     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

南京市浦口区某山前缓坡滑坡复活机制再分析

南京猪头山滑坡属于典型的覆盖层滑坡，2003年5月边坡发生缓慢变形失稳，没有对周围造成很大的危害，故未引起足够重视，2016年6~7月间受强降雨的影响再次发生大规模的滑动。研究发现，该滑体的地层具有特殊地质结构，在强降雨条件下会产生暂时性承压水，在其承压水的渗透力及浮托力作用下，其稳定性将会大大下降，因此该滑坡的再滑动与降雨密切相关。本文运用数值模拟方法分析了滑坡变形过程与降雨时长及降雨强度之间的关系，结果表明猪头山山前缓坡的稳定性随降雨时长和降雨强度增大逐渐降低，且具有一定的突变性，其滑坡面的位置位于坡体填土层的下部，较好地揭示了猪头山降雨型滑坡形成的机理以及滑坡再滑动机制。这一研究为所在地区的降雨性滑坡预报和治理提供了科学依据。