中扬子地块宜昌斜坡白垩系陆内挤压盆地的断-坳结构

宜昌斜坡残留的白垩系盆地是认识中扬子地块白垩纪构造演化的一个窗口.基于对白垩系露头的构造-沉积特征的观察,并结合二维地震剖面的构造-地层解释,厘定了宜昌斜坡白垩系盆地的构造属性和沉积充填特征,构建了白垩系陆内挤压盆地的挤压断-坳结构.宜昌斜坡白垩系盆地是由天阳坪逆冲断裂带控制的陆内挤压盆地.下白垩统盆地为同造山期的挤压断陷,充填有扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系;上白垩统盆地为后造山期的挤压坳陷,充填了冲积扇-辫状河-风成-浅水含膏湖泊沉积体系.宜昌斜坡和湘鄂西弧形带的上白垩统盆地属于陆内挤压盆地的挤压坳陷,揭示中扬子地块由挤压向伸展构造体制转换的起始时间是新生代.      

白垩纪松辽盆地:从火山裂谷到陆内拗陷的动力学环境

基于科探井等新成果,从全球构造-盆地分类和松辽盆地成因类型综述入手,通过区域构造背景和盆地构造-充填特征分析,研究松辽盆地类型、构造演化和地球动力学。松辽盆地位于蒙古—华北板块东北部边缘带,其北部通过蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合带与西伯利亚板块相连,东部通过锡霍特—阿林构造带与太平洋板块相连。其形成演化受这两个活动陆缘带的影响。营城组和嫩江组顶部的2个区域性不整合面把松辽盆地分成3个构造层:断陷层(火石岭组—营城组)、拗陷层(登娄库组—嫩江组)和反转层(四方台组—依安组)。前者属火山裂谷盆地,后两者为陆内拗陷盆地。断陷期150~110 Ma,在北部与东部两个活动陆缘带共同作用下,板块重组导致区域性伸展和大规模裂陷,形成同裂谷期火山-沉积序列。后裂谷期110~79.1 Ma沉积,是火山期后热沉降与区域走滑拉分沉降叠加的结果,其沉降速率高沉积厚度大,因此形成大规模烃源岩沉积。挤压反转期79.1~40 Ma,表现为沉积沉降中心向西北迁移和盆地逐渐萎缩消亡,是白垩纪中期至中始新世太平洋板块向欧亚大陆边缘近于正向俯冲、区域挤压的结果。     

松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷构造特征及演化

伏龙泉断陷是松辽盆地一级构造单元东南部隆起之上的二级构造单元,构造特征比较复杂。地震剖面解释表明,伏龙泉断陷自白垩纪以来主要经历了4个构造演化阶段:在火石岭组营城组下部沉积时期为近EW向伸展作用阶段,形成以大型犁式正断层为控陷断层的近NS向箕状半地堑和滚动背斜;在营城组上部泉头组中段沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使早期控陷正断层发生反转作用而转化为逆断层,靠近控陷断层的西部边界由于断层上盘的逆冲而隆升,在凹陷中部形成NS向断层传播褶皱,在控陷断层下盘形成双重构造;在泉头组上段嫩江组沉积时期为近NS向离散型走滑作用阶段,形成具有倾向滑移分量的走滑断层组合和负花状构造;在四方台组新生界下部沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使在早期控陷断层再次表现为上盘逆冲的特征,在断层上盘形成一大型反转背斜。松辽盆地伸展、挤压、走滑应力场的变化可能与太平洋板块的俯冲角度、方向和速率的变化有关。     

开鲁盆地陆家堡凹陷绍根地区早白垩世裂陷期后沉积构造演化与铀矿化特征

作为中国北方主要产煤铀盆地之一,松辽盆地西南缘开鲁盆地一直是铀矿找矿工作的重点区域。基于开鲁盆地陆西凹陷绍根地区煤田勘探过程中发现的大量伽马异常信息,对该区展开煤田资料的铀矿二次开发,并钻探发现了铀矿化显示。在此背景下,对绍根地区早白垩世裂陷期晚期至今沉积地层展开地层精细对比划分、沉积环境和构造演化分析、铀成矿类型和赋矿规律探讨。综合分析认为:1）绍根地区自早白垩世阜新期以来发育阜新组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组和泰康组,泉头-青山口组、明水组缺失。2）绍根地区阜新期为断陷期末期深湖-湖沼相沉积,发育多层煤;之后受燕山运动影响,阜新期末发生构造反转,泉头-姚家期早期处于构造隆升的欠补偿时期,阜新组顶部遭受剥蚀,泉头-姚家早期未接受沉积;姚家晚期-嫩江期为热沉降坳陷阶段,发育冲积扇相和滨浅湖-半深湖相沉积;四方台期为挤压反转期,地层快速隆升,发育冲洪积扇沉积。3）嫩江组和四方台组为绍根地区主要赋矿层,其中嫩江组发育泥岩型铀矿体,四方台组发育砂岩型铀矿体。4）泥岩型铀矿体顺层呈中心向下凹的薄板状发育,为典型的同生沉积成岩成矿;砂岩型铀矿体呈板状,主要赋存于四方台组底部红褐色与灰绿色交界部位的灰绿色砂砾岩中,其成矿类型可能为潜水氧化型。上述成果认识与钱家店等邻区有较大差异,对绍根地区下一步的铀矿找矿工作具有较好的指导意义。     

海拉尔盆地及盆缘露头区典型构造样式及变形序列

通过野外系统地质调查和实测地质剖面研究,在海拉尔盆地内部及其周边地区识别出盆地基底大型伸展变形带、盆地伸展构造和盆地挤压构造3类构造样式。其中:盆地基底大型伸展变形带包括额尔古纳韧性剪切带和嵯岗构造片麻岩带;盆地伸展构造样式以海拉尔市北部日军要塞堑垒、断阶构造、追踪张性断层和灵泉露天煤矿大型正断层为代表;盆地挤压构造样式以头站旅店逆冲断层、灵泉露天煤矿断褶带、伊敏露天煤矿顶厚褶皱和大型同沉积褶皱为代表。在构造样式形成时代研究的基础上,结合前人地震剖面解释成果,认为海拉尔盆地由老至新至少经历了6期重要的构造变形事件,即晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期盆地基底大规模伸展、下白垩统铜钵庙组沉积期强烈断陷、下白垩统南屯组沉积后挤压反转、大磨拐河组二段—伊敏组沉积期伸展拗陷、伊敏组沉积之后至上白垩统青元岗组沉积之前强烈挤压、青元岗组沉积期同沉积挤压。6期变形事件由老至新组成了海拉尔盆地较为完整的变形序列。     

松南地区构造-地层层序与盆地演化

松南地区地跨兴蒙-吉黑褶皱带、华北板块及其北缘增生带等大地构造单元,主要发育一系列晚中生代小规模断陷沉积盆地,这些断陷盆地具有“多阶段演化和后期强烈改造”特征,目前已在彰武、昌图、茫汉等断陷发现了油气田。如何认识这些强烈改造断陷的含油气潜力、持续拓展油气发现是目前油气勘探研究的重点,剖析其构造-地层层序,解析盆地演化历史,是深入认识地区的油气地质条件、开展油气资源预测的重要基础。本文基于研究区最新的探井和地震资料,并结合周缘1:250 000区域地质填图成果,建立研究区内的地层系统;依据区域不整合面的发育特征,划分构造-地层层序与盆地演化阶段,探讨盆地形成历史。研究认为,松南地区的沉积盆地主要是在环太平洋构造体制的控制下发育的;发育下白垩统义县组底部、下白垩统泉头组底部、上白垩统四方台组底部等3个区域性不整合面,据此划分出基底构造层、断陷构造层、坳陷构造层、盆地反转构造层等四套构造-地层层序;相应地,松南地区经历了基底形成期、早白垩世断陷期、早白垩世末-晚白垩世坳陷期、晚白垩世末盆地反转期等四个盆地演化阶段;松南地区构造演化控制了区内含油气系统的发育与油气分布规律,下白垩统断陷构造层是目前勘探的主要目的层,油气地质条件优越,具有较好的油气勘探前景。     

松辽盆地北部中、新生代构造运动特征及对砂岩型铀矿的控制作用

松辽盆地北部历经燕山、喜山两期重要的构造运动.燕山期构造运动较为强烈,是松辽盆地北部一些含油气构造形成的重要时期,同时也是砂岩型铀矿成矿的主要时期.喜山期构造运动在松辽盆地内部表现相对较弱,但对铀矿的形成仍然具有控制、调整改造作用.研究认为松辽盆地北部找矿层位主要为下白垩统泉头组、上白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组,其次...     

构造反转期层序划分和可容纳空间的变化机制——以松辽盆地北部晚白垩世构造反转期为例

按照盆地构造演化级别,依据不整合面和地层叠加方式的旋回变化,同时结合地震、测井等基础资料,建立了松辽盆地北部上白垩统四方台组和明水组的层序地层格架,将四方台组和明水组划分为1个二级层序、3个三级层序、6个四级层序.根据松辽盆地的构造演化特征,讨论了构造反转背景下可容纳空间的变化机制和特征,认为在构造反转背景下影响可容纳空间的主要因素有以下3种:①受挤压所导致的扭曲变形引起盆地基底局部的下沉和缓慢的沉降;②沉积物的重力差异压实导致盆地均衡失调引起基底的差异沉降;③挤压作用引起沉积物供应效率的变化.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部古构造指示的构造-沉积过程及砂岩型铀成矿意义

鄂尔多斯盆地自晚中生代以来长期处于多个板块汇聚的中心,在多期构造作用下,引起了盆地内部地层的变形和叠加。因此,通过恢复鄂尔多斯盆地西南部下白垩统不同地质历史时期的古构造特征,可以更好地理解该地区的构造-沉积与铀成矿过程。文章利用钻孔分层数据和地震剖面解释成果,采用了单一岩性逐步回剥的算法进行地层去压实校正,参考了前人的剥蚀量数据,从而恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地早白垩世末的古构造特征。早白垩世末的古构造图显示,在该时期下白垩统中并不存在现今的天环坳陷结构,华池环河组的顶面古构造特征与下部层位相比发生了显著变化。这些现象表明,华池环河组和罗汉洞组之间存在明显的二级层序界面,其转变的动力背景可能源自六盘山裂谷盆地的初始裂陷和相应的岩浆侵位作用。天环坳陷结构的初步形成可追溯到晚侏罗世末的挤压改造,在中新世晚期再次经历了叠加改造并最终定型。研究区的古构造条件及其演化过程指示了该区域存在“渗出”铀成矿作用。     

藏东昌都盆地沉积构造演化及油气远景分析

根据沉积充填与沉积演化分析,昌都盆地中生代为一个叠合型盆地,晚三叠世为一个陆内断陷盆地,经历了断陷期-坳陷期-萎缩期,侏罗纪为一个受东、西两侧造山带挤压而形成的山间坳陷盆地。喜山期,昌都盆地经历了强烈的改造。昌都盆地存在3套烃源岩,即阿堵拉组和夺盖拉组潟湖相泥岩和沼泽相含煤岩系、中侏罗统东大桥组深湖相泥岩和灰岩; 4套储集岩,即甲丕拉组河流相碎屑岩、阿都拉和夺盖拉组滨岸相和三角洲相碎屑岩、波里拉组颗粒灰岩和白云岩。有利油气构造均形成于侏罗纪末,与三叠系的生油阶段基本吻合,可形成较好的油气成藏,其中昌都-察雅香堆为最有利油气远景区。     

松辽盆地白垩纪地层时代划分

松辽盆地经多年来地质生产和科研活动,已经建立了一套完整的地层层序,由下往上为：沙河子组、营城组、登娄库组、泉头组、青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组、明水组等９组２７个岩性段。白垩系的上限在明水组和依安组之间,相当于马斯特里赫特阶的顶界,同位素年龄为６６Ｍａ。白垩系的下限在沙河子组和火石岭组之间,相当于贝利亚斯阶的底界,同位素年龄为１４４Ｍａ。松辽盆地白垩系属陆相地层,三分性明显,自然划分为下、中、上三统,这种划分方案正被更多的地质工作者所接受。     

High-precision geochronology of the Early Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation and its stratigraphic implications for Songliao Basin,China

The Songliao Basin in Northeast Asia is the largest and longest-lived rift basin and preserves a near-continuous continental succession of the most of the Cretaceous period, providing great material to investigate the adaption of the terrestrial systems to the Cretaceous greenhouse climate and tectonic events. However, the paucity of precise and accurate radioisotopic ages from the Early Cretaceous strata of the Songliao Basin has greatly held back the temporal and causal correlation of the continental records to the global Early Cretaceous records. Three tuff layers intercalated in the Yingcheng Formation have been intercepted by the SK-2 borehole, which offer excellent materials for radioisotopic dating and calibration of the chronostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous sequence of Songliao Basin. Moreover, the Yingcheng Formation recorded the largest and the last of the two major volcanic events in Songliao Basin, which also represents a turning point in the basin evolution history of Songliao from syn-rift stage to post-rift stage. Here we report high-precision U–Pb zircon geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS technique on three tuff samples from the Yingcheng Formation of the SK-2 borehole in the Songliao Basin to construct a greatly improved, absolute age framework for the Yingcheng Formation and provide crucial age constraints for the Songliao Lower Cretaceous Strata. The new CA-ID-TIMS geochronology constrained the Yingcheng Formation at 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma to ca. 113 Ma, correlating to the Albian Stage. Combined with the previous published Songliao geochronology, the Quantou Formation is constrained to between 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma and 91.923 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma; the Denglouku Formation is constrained to between 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma and 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma; the age of the Shahezi Formation is estimated at ca. 113 Ma to ca. 118 Ma, which could extend to ca. 125 Ma in some locations in Songliao Basin. The major unconformity between the Yingcheng Formation and the Denglouku Formation, which represents the transition of the basin from syn-rift to post-rift is thus confined to between 102.571 + 0.320/?2.346 Ma and 96.442 + 0.475/?0.086 Ma. This is roughly contemporaneous with the change in the direction of the paleo-Pacific plate motion from west-southwest to north or northwest in mid-Cretaceous, suggesting their possible connections.     

松辽盆地北部隐伏二叠系和侏罗系的初步研究

据50余口钻井揭露,松辽盆地北部隐伏的二叠系自下而上称杜尔伯特组(磨拉石)、一心组(残留海盆)、林甸组(火山弧)和四站组(大湖盆),是海西期阿尔泰型(增生弧型)造山带发育的记录,构造线为北东东向。侏罗系(主体为中侏罗统)大庆群由下部碎屑岩和上部蚀变火山岩组成,是古缝合线活化控制发育的燕山期陆内造山作用的磨拉石建造,构造线仍为北东东向,故侏罗系自内蒙东延入黑龙江省中-西部。晚侏罗世时松辽地区的磨拉石盆地闭合,中-酸性岩浆侵入活动仍十分活跃。据新的同位素年龄、化石和构造线方向等证据将火石岭组、沙河子组和营城组归为早白垩世早期,是北东向构造控制发育的松辽盆地断陷阶段的记录。文章列述了典型钻孔所见二叠系和侏罗系的岩石序列和地层分布,分析了其沉积—构造背景和演化,提出松辽盆地的基底是海西期增生弧型造山带,盆地早期的断陷伸展和火山作用是燕山造山带坍塌的地表反映。在此基础上讨论了早白垩世北东向新生构造在区域构造演化中的意义,探讨了前白垩系的油气远景。     

Sedimentary Characteristics of the Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin

The rupture of the lithosphere in Late Jurassic brought about the eruption of basaltic magma in the Songliao Basin. The evolution of the basin in Cretaceous progressed through six stages: pre-rift doming, extensional fracturing, fault subsidence, fault downwarping, downwarping and shringkage, resulting in the deposition of terrstrial facies nearly 10,000 m thick. There are different depositional sequences in these stages: the depositional period of the Early Cretaceous Shahezi and Yincheng Formations is the development stage of the down-faulted basin, forming a volcanic rock-alluvial fan-fan delta-lacustrine (intercalated with episodic turbidites)-swamp facies sequences; the period of the Early Cretaceous Dengluku Formation is the transformation stage of fault subsidence into fault downwarping of the basin, forming a sequence mainly of alluvial plain-lacustrine facies; the depositional period of the Early Cretaceous Quantou Formation-Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation is the downwarping stage of the basin, forming an alluvial plain-delta-lacustrine facies sequence; the period of the Late Cretaceous Sifangtai Formation-Mingshui Formation is the shringkage stage of the basin, forming again a sequence mainly of alluvial plain-alluvial fan and small relict lacustrine facies. These vertical depositional sequences fully display the sedimentary characteristics of a failed continental rift basin. Many facts indicate that the two large-scale lake invasions, synchronous with the global rise of sea level, which took place in the downwarping stage of the basin development, led to the connection between the lake and sea.     

松辽盆地东缘中生代断裂构造特征、形成期次及其储层意义

松辽盆地东缘中生代断裂构造十分发育。在对松辽盆地东缘营城组详细野外地质调查基础上,较系统刻画了断裂的性质、产状和时空分布规律,将研究区中生代断裂活动划分出海西晚期[CD1]印支期、营城期、营城末期和晚白垩世晚期4期。依据营城组火山口的分布规律首次识别出营城期隐伏断裂,该断裂控制了营城组火山岩的形成和分布。在研究区发现了营城期南北向断裂,为与徐家围子地区庆深气田营城组中的南北向断裂对比提供了重要依据。营城期本区处于近东西向伸展断陷和挤压逆冲相互交替的构造应力场中,营城末期受佳木斯-伊通和四平-哈尔滨两条左旋走滑断裂的强烈影响,形成北东-南西向的构造应力场,控制了北东向基性岩脉的侵入和大量北东向、北西向走滑断层的形成。认为研究区与徐家围子地区营城期及营城末期断裂具有明显的可比性,为庆深气田火山岩储层分布规律预测奠定了构造基础。     

松辽盆地北部姚家组底部不整合面的发育特征及形成机制初探

松辽盆地北部姚家组底部的不整合面（T_1-1界面）为区域性不整合面,这一不整合面标志的隆升事件不仅控制了地层分布和层序划分,而且把盆地的坳陷阶段分为湖侵特征各不相同的两个亚阶段.姚一段的剥蚀区主要见于松辽盆地的东部和北部,反映造成这一隆升的挤压应力场来自其东南,与东亚大陆边缘移置地体的拼贴有关.松辽盆地是一个与燕山造山作用耦合发育的内陆盆地,坳陷（裂后热沉降）阶段的盆地发育受制于两个造山作用：西侧大兴安岭的热隆升和其东的东亚大陆边缘的地体拼贴引起的斜向汇聚-剪切造山作用.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷沙河子组顶界面特征研究——基于松辽盆地大陆科学钻探松科2井

为精确划分松辽盆地沙河子组层序地层,限定断陷期沙河子组与营城组地层时代,进而研究断陷期盆地的演化,笔者利用松辽盆地大陆科学钻探松科2井获取的下白垩统地层岩芯资料,从岩芯尺度对沙河子组与营城组界面进行揭示,结合过松科2井地震剖面解释、松科2井及邻井测井响应特征分析和岩芯精细描述,总结出沙河子组顶界面在不同尺度的具体特征:(1)在地震剖面尺度,其表现为明显上超的特征;(2)在测井曲线上,界面附近表现为由下到上自然伽马曲线变化幅度增大,双侧向电阻率曲线由低值变为中高值的特征;(3)岩芯尺度上,表现为细粒沉积的砂泥岩突变为砾岩或火山岩。     

Syn-rift to post-rift tectonic transition and drainage reorganization in continental rifting basins: Detrital zircon analysis from the Songliao Basin,NE China

Tectonic transition from a syn-rift stage to subsequent post-rift stage is an important mechanism in the evolution of extensional basins. The sedimentary infill records the crustal response to this process. We have obtained new detrital zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf signatures from the Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic successions encompassing the commonly accepted syn- to post-rift transition boundary, the T4 unconformity, in the Songliao Basin, NE China. These constrain the Songliao Basin’s evolution from its center to distal margins, providing insights into the sediment provenance and dispersal pattern over the tectonic transition. Analysis of zircons from the syn-rift (the Shahezi and Yingcheng formations) and immediate post-rift (the Lower and Middle Denglouku Formation) stages reveals Phanerozoic age populations with positive ?_Hf(t) values, which were derived from the proximal juvenile mantle-derived melt origin bedrocks of the Songliao Block. In contrast, the overlying samples from the Upper Denglouku Formation deposited in the subsequent post-rift stage contain exotic and ancient zircon populations with ages of 2.5 Ga & 1.8 Ga and complex hafnium signatures, characteristic of a mixed origin. These are interpreted to be transported from distant cratonic terranes via larger drainage networks. It is obvious that the sediment dispersal pattern switched from being a local and hydrologically closed “intraregional” pattern to a “transcontinental” pattern during the transition. The time lag between the development of the T4 unconformity and the drainage reorganization also ensures a distinguishable ～3 Myr (106103 Ma, Late Albian) transition period of regional extent. During this transition stage, syn-rift faulting was replaced by post-rift thermal subsidence, exhibiting a uniform sag configuration. Our new findings are important for understanding other continental rift basins during syn- to post-rift transition, which often demonstrates a complex interaction between the linkage and integration of sub-basins, and the reorganization of fluvial drainages and catchment systems.     

松辽盆地东缘营城盆地层序地层划分与地层对比

营城盆地位于松辽盆地东缘,其地层可与松辽盆地地层对比。营城盆地层序（三级）地层应与松辽盆地Ⅰ-VI和IX、X层序（火石岭组、沙河子组、营城组、登娄库组和泉头组）地层相对应,营城盆地地层应该划分为侏罗系上统火石岭组（J3h）;白垩系下统沙河子组（k1sh）、营城组（k1y）、泉头组（k1q）;第四系（Q）。主要可采工业煤层产在沙河子组。