宝石级合成金刚石中的包裹体研究

金刚石的包裹体作为研究金刚石生成时的温度、压力、成矿流体的化学组分等性质的重要窗口,长久以来倍受人们的关注,在天然金刚石包裹体的研究上,前人已作了大量的工作［１］,而合成金刚石的包裹体的研究的却少有报道。最近,我们对俄罗斯合成金刚石的包裹体进行了研究,取得一定的进展。今年投入市场的俄罗斯合成无色宝石级金刚石一般为０－２０～０－７０ｃｔ。晶体常生成八面体｛１１１｝、立方体｛１００｝或立方体｛１００｝和八面体｛１１１｝的聚形和菱形十二面体｛１１０｝与八面体｛１１１｝的聚形。在双筒显微镜和扫描电镜下可…     

湘南多金属矿床方解石形态及表面微形貌的研究

对湘南多金属成矿区方解石的研究表明，产于钨矿床中的方解石以层状晶体发育为特征，晶体形态主要为｛０００１｝和｛０１２｝＋｛１０１０｝，晶体表面具有菱形生长阶梯；产于铅锌矿床中的方解石一般不出现层解石，晶体形态主要为｛２１３１｝，｛０１１２｝＋｛１０１０｝和｛０００１｝＋｛１０１０｝＋｛０１１２｝，晶体表面平行纹发育；远矿正常灰岩内方解石晶体形态主要为｛４０４１｝。     

原生白云石与交代白云石晶体的微结构对比研究

应用高分辨的透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）对原生白云石与交代白云石晶体微结构进行了对比研究。原生白云石晶体中微结构以位错、调制结构为主，调制结构规则，调制波长稳定，属生长调制；交代白云石晶体中的调制结构很不规则，波长变化大，有方解石残留。能谱分析显示两种白云石晶体中调制区与非调制区Ｃａ、Ｍｇ相对含量相差很大。两者微结构差异反映了成因上的不同     

鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系马四组麦粒状白云石的发现及其成因探讨

鄂尔多斯地区的奥陶系主要由石灰岩和白云岩组成,在研究区东南缘的奥陶系马四绷带 发育一种特殊类型的白云岩,它主要由麦粒状白云石组成,其分布仅限于鄂尔多斯盆地的东南部,面积约２万平方公里。该区的相邻层位中均有膏岩及含膏岩类沉积,麦粒状白云石的晶体为一处延伸的菱面体,晶体的ｃ轴与延伸方向垂直,这与硬石膏晶体的光性特征类似。麦粒状白云石的有序度为０．５２～０．６０,平均为０．５６,ＣａＣＯ３的摩尔含量是５     

米粒状白云石及其出溶成因

米粒状白云石产于奥陶系近岸碳酸盐岩序列的云斑(生屑)泥晶灰岩、砾屑灰岩和叠层石灰岩中,在虫孔和砾屑粒间最为富集,外形为伸长菱面体,薄片中呈米粒状.晶体无环带或雾心,但内部含大量呈规则分布的细小方解石“包体”,结晶C轴垂直于晶体延长方向.与背景方解石泥晶相比,Fe、Mn、Na和Ba含量较高,Sr含量较低.C轴的固定取向排除了石膏假晶的可能,也不是普通白云石化或交代钡白云石的结果,推测是沉淀镁方解石重结晶后在压力增加的条件下经出溶作用形成.     

祁雨沟金矿自然金的标型特征及其找矿意义

本文以２８００粒自然金的研究为基础，系统讨论了自然金的标型特征。研究指出：本矿床应具较大规模，矿区内除Ｊ＿２、Ｊ＿４角砾岩体外，其余几个角砾岩体也应有一定远景，｛１１１｝、｛１１１｝＋｛１００｝、｛１１０｝的出现可指示富矿地段，自然金晶体形态的空间分带规律可确定（岩）矿体的剥蚀深度及评价外围角砾岩体的含矿性及远景；自然金中Ｂｉ可做为找矿评价的指示元素。     

铁白云石矿物学特征及原生次生成因机制

长期以来,铁白云石的命名划分标准混乱,一直被当成高温及次生的产物.综述了国内外铁白云石的研究进展,详细探讨了铁白云石的矿物学特征,特别在其成因中加入了微生物因素,运用地质微生物学探讨原生铁白云石的成因机制.研究认为:（1）铁白云石命名划分依据应遵照国际矿物学会的原则,以铁是否替代白云石晶格中半数镁的位置为标准,分为白云石和铁白云石;（2）详述铁白云石矿物学及其晶体特征;（3）铁白云石成因分为原生沉淀及次生两种,微生物介导形成原生白云石的过程中,有助于铁进入到白云石晶格中,增加晶格中铁的含量.      

白云石成因模式的研究进展及其适用性探讨

在分析大量国内外文献资料的基础上,将现有的20余种白云石的成因划分为原生白云石和次生白云石化两类模式,根据镁钙比等指标又将次生白云石化模式进一步细分为高镁钙比、低镁钙比、正常镁钙比白云石化及其它白云石化4种模式类型,并对其中几种经典的白云石化模式的真实性和适用性进行了探讨。认为蒸发泵白云石化模式和回流渗透白云石化模式受到了普遍认可;混合水白云石化模式遭受到持续挑战;海水白云石化模式和埋藏白云石化模式得到了广泛关注;热液白云石化模式和微生物白云石化模式逐渐成为新的主流模式。     

柴达木盆地西部SG-1钻孔中白云石成因探讨

由于无机环境下不能沉淀白云石,该矿物的成因一直是学术争论的焦点。柴达木盆地西部钻孔SG-1（长938 m）中出现了大量白云石和铁白云石,白云石主要分布在钻孔下部500 m,而铁白云石主要分布在下部418 m。结合湖泊从淡水湖、咸水湖、盐湖至干盐湖的演化过程,文章分析了白云石和铁白云石的成因。白云石是盐类矿物的一种、且无机环境下不能沉淀,蒸发作用和微生物介导是白云石矿物形成的两个重要影响因素。蒸发作用为白云石的形成提供了足够浓度的Mg2+,微生物的介导作用帮助Mg2+克服动力学障碍进入碳酸钙晶格形成白云石。白云石是湖泊演化早期析出的一种碳酸盐类矿物,主要在咸水湖环境中沉淀,盐湖环境中主要沉淀硫酸盐类和氯化物矿物,在盐湖这种高盐度环境下能够生存的微生物非常少,白云石含量明显降低。铁白云石是白云石矿物的一种,是Fe2+替代白云石中的Mg2+形成的次生矿物。Fe2+有两种来源：粘土矿物转换过程中的释放和深部热液来源。Fe2+进入白云石的过程主要是在无机、高温环境下完成的,但不排除微生物的介导作用。     

青海湖底沉积物中球状白云石集合体的发现及其地质意义

青海湖为盐度低于海水的微咸水湖。为了探索白云石的成因,在青海湖二浪尖以北约15 km的湖底采集了长25 cm的沉积物柱状样品。对样品所做的X-衍射矿物物相定量分析表明其中含有2.2％的白云石。文献中也曾报道青海湖底沉积物中含有高达10％的白云石矿物。对这些含白云石矿物的湖底沉积物所进行的扫描电镜研究发现了其中呈球状、椭球状,大小1~2 μm的白云石集合体及其伴生的草莓状黄铁矿的存在。其特征与文献中报道的现代近海高盐度泻湖和萨勃哈中发现的微生物成因的白云石极为相似。这是内陆低盐度环境中此类白云石的首次发现,对于探讨不同盐度环境中白云石的形成机理,促进“白云石问题”的深入研究具有重要的理论意义。     

Shock induced planar deformation structures in quartz from the Ries crater,Germany

Crystalline rocks from breccias of the Ries basin, Germany, contain highly deformed quartz. Various planar deformation structures could be observed and classified into five different types: (1) Decorated planar elements, (2) Non-decorated planar elements, (3) Homogeneous lamellae, (4) Filled lamellae, (5) Planar fractures. All these structures are parallel to crystallographic planes: {10¯13}, {10¯12}, {10¯11}, {0001},{11¯21}, {11¯22}, {21¯31}, {51¯61}, {10¯10}. The most typical and most abundant planar structures are decorated and nondecorated planar elements parallel to {10¯13} and {10¯12}. Planar fractures are parallel to {0001} and {10¯11} and form at lower stress levels, probably earlier than the planar elements.Quartz containing planar elements, especially of the non-decorated type, has lower density, index of refraction and birefringence than normal quartz. This quartz is apparently a mixture of an amorphous phase and crystalline quartz, the amount of which can be calculated using average density or refractive index.Comparison of planar quartz structures found in tectonites and those produced artificially under static or dynamic high pressure conditions demonstrates that Ries quartz closely resembles deformed quartz recovered from shock wave experiments. The planar structures found in Ries quartz have been formed by shock wave actions with peak pressures in the 100–400 kbar range.Planar elements are explained to be traces of gliding processes during shock loading visible due to the fact that a high pressure phase (stishovite and/or a stishovite-like glass phase) has been produced along the glide planes. Upon pressure release most of the high pressure phase was transformed into an SiO₂-glass (diaplectic glass).In comparison with experimental data the amount of residual crystalline quartz as well as type and orientation of planar structures in the quartz grains are clues to estimate the peak pressures responsible for these deformations. Shock waves with peak pressures exceeding about 400 kbar completely transform quartz into diaplectic SiO₂-glass.     

塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚地区早古生代白云岩类型及微量元素地球化学特征

通过对柯平-巴楚早古生代碳酸盐岩露头样品的染色薄片鉴定、阴极发光研究和微量元素测定及分析,根据其结构成因特征把研究区白云岩分为8种类型:(1)微-粉晶白云石;(2)具原生灰岩残余结构白云石;(3)细晶直面自形-半自形漂浮基质白云石;(4)细晶直面半自形-自形白云石;(5)中-粗晶曲面他形白云石;(6)中晶直面自形-半自形白云石胶结物;(7)粗晶曲面鞍形白云石基质,和(8)粗晶曲面鞍形白云石胶结物。样品微量元素地球化学的总体特征是轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,不同样品的特征变化元素不同。鞍形白云石Eu正异常最高说明受到热液作用的影响。方解石的Ce/Ce*的值大于1,说明受到后期陆源碎屑影响比较大,而白云岩的Ce/Ce*的值都小于1,说明是幔源成因的。(La/Ce)N和(La/Yb)N比值亦进一步证明上述结论。鞍形白云石的Sr含量较低,Ba元素含量高,说明在成岩流体作用过程中Sr丢失,Ba富集说明是热液成因的鞍形白云岩。样品Sr/Ba比值均大于1,说明受到不同程度热液作用影响。U/Th比值也证明受到不同程度的热液改造。     

天然金刚石同生位错的同步辐射X射线貌相研究

利用同步辐射白光透射貌相术研究了辽南天然金刚石的晶体缺陷。采用作者提出的计算晶体缺陷空间取向的方法计算了金刚石中位错的取向。晶体中所有位错均起源于晶核，并且柏氏矢量都平行于[1^-01]。多数位错并非位于{111}面内。位错所在晶面属于[1^-01]晶带，并且多数与{211}或{110}面近于平行。位错线平直，部分有拐折。所有位错均为混合位错。位错走向与生长面近于垂直，多数与＜111＞夹角较小。所有位错均为同生位错，形成后未发生滑移。晶核在形成期曾受到较大应力作用造成较大的晶格畸变。晶体内部未出现生长带，反映晶体成长过程中环境未发生大的变化。形成晶体的碳质来源不均一，反映了中元古代华北陆台下地壳岩浆成分的不均一性。     

微生物成因白云石研究进展

"白云岩问题"一直是沉积地质学研究的热点和难点之一,白云岩在我国和世界范围内都是重要的油气储层。因此,深入认识白云岩成因对于碳酸岩油气勘探具有重要参考意义。白云岩成因有多种解释模式,如萨布哈蒸发模式、渗透回流模式、埋藏调节模式、混合水模式、潮汐泵模式等。近几十年来,随着低温白云石研究的不断深入,微生物白云石模式作为一种新的成因模式被提出并不断被完善。本文回顾了微生物成因白云石的研究进展,总结了低温白云石形成的3个动力学障碍(镁离子的高水合能、硫酸根的存在、碳酸根离子的低浓度和低活度),简要介绍了微生物成因白云石模式的建立、微生物成因白云石的生长过程及发育特征,系统分析了微生物在白云石形成过程中的调节作用,指出微生物(如硫酸盐还原菌、古甲烷菌)的存在可以改变溶液中的离子平衡,进而有利地克服白云石形成过程中的动力学障碍,并列举了低温微生物成因白云石的氧同位素指标在古温度恢复和过去气候变化研究中的应用,最后对微生物成因白云石相关研究方向(如多学科交叉、新技术应用等)加以展望。对微生物成因白云石模式的深入认识,将为正确解释"白云岩问题"提供新的途径,也将为石油学家关心的白云岩储层问题提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

湖相原生白云石的微生物成因机理探讨*

近年来,随着对微生物白云石模式研究的不断深入,为解释“白云石问题”提供了新思路。前人对微生物白云石成因研究侧重于微生物对未固结沉积物的改造,即有机准同生白云石化作用,这与实验室中以微生物为媒介形成的“有机原生白云石”在成因机理上存在差异。笔者将微生物白云石机理引入湖相原生白云石成因解释中,认为在湖水—沉积物交界处也会发生微生物成因的原生白云石沉淀,即有机原生白云石。湖水与沉积物交界处的微环境存在明显区别,总体可分为有氧和缺氧2种亚环境,不同亚环境中生活有不同的微生物群落。根据湖泊亚环境特性和微生物种类及其在白云石形成过程中所发挥的作用,可以区分出细菌有氧氧化模式、硫酸盐还原模式和产甲烷模式3种微生物白云石模式。不同模式对应于不同的湖泊环境: 细菌有氧氧化模式主要发生于有氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;硫酸盐还原模式主要发生于缺氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;产甲烷模式主要发生于缺氧、低Mg/Ca值的淡水/咸水湖环境。另外,还探讨了pH值变化、SO42-的存在和硫化物对镁水合物脱水的影响以及微生物白云石沉淀的环境因子。对微生物成因的原生白云石模式的深入认识,将为湖相白云石成因研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

A tem microstructural study of dolomite with curved faces (saddle dolomite)

Electron diffraction, analytical electron microscopy, and high voltage, high resolution electron microscopy have been used to investigate crystal defects in calcium-rich saddle dolomites having pronounced curvature of the faces. Results show that branching, ribbon-like defects in these so-called saddle dolomites are thin, coherent laths of calcitic material. The ribbons are profuse and explain the characteristic calcium excess found in most saddle dolomites. Because the lattice spacings of calcite are between 3.8% and 6.7% larger than the corresponding lattice spacings of dolomite, a calcitic ribbon causes local distortion of the host dolomite. The branching ribbons have a predominant {10¯14} orientation and are generally present in high density. They may represent the source of crystal distortion that ultimately manifests itself on the macroscopic scale. The calcitic ribbons form during growth from aqueous solution, although they have features in common with similar defects found in carbonatite carbonates. This fine-scale intergrowth microstructure may be a variant of even finer-scale modulated structures found in other sedimentary calcian dolomites.     

Unusual shape of pyrrhotite inclusions in scapolite of igneous rocks from the southernern Urals

The unique igneous rock (scapolite–diopside gabbro) from the Ilmeny Mountains in the southern Urals is described. Gabbro fills a segment of dike 1.3 m thick that cuts through calcite–dolomite carbonatite. Medium-grain pyroxenite with scapolite that occurs at selvages gradually passes to scapolite-bearing gabbro in the central part of the dike. Scapolite crystals display surfaces of concurrent growth, which are evidence of their magmatic origin. Scapolite (Me 63–70%) contains numerous pyrrhotite inclusions as platelets 0.001 mm thick oriented parallel to the cleavage plane {100}. The calculated pyrrhotite formula is consistent with its stoichiometry (Fe_1–xS). The morphology of the platelets (hexagonal sections) and their optical properties indicate a hexagonal symmetry of pyrrhotite. As follows from the insignificant difference between scapolite grains with and without pyrrhotite inclusions, scapolite and pyrrhotite should be regarded as products of synchronous magmatic melt crystallization.     

Tentative kinetic model for dolomite precipitation rate and its application to dolomite distribution

The dolomite problem has a long history and remains one of the most intensely studied and debated topics in geology. Major amounts of dolomite are not directly forming today from seawater. This observation has led many investigators to develop geochemical/hydrologic models for dolomite formation in diagenetic environments. A fundamental limitation of the current models for the growth of sedimentary dolomite is the dearth of kinetic information for this phase, in contrast to that available for calcite and aragonite.We present a simple kinetic model describing dolomite growth as a function of supersaturation using data from published high temperature synthesis experiments and our own experimental results. This model is similar in form to empirical models used to describe precipitation and dissolution rates of other carbonate minerals. Despite the considerable uncertainties and assumptions implicit in this approach, the model satisfies a basic expectation of classical precipitation theory, i.e., that the distance from equilibrium is a basic driving force for reaction rate. The calculated reaction order is high (~ 3), and the combined effect of high order and large activation energy produces a very strong dependence of the rate on temperature and the degree of supersaturation of aqueous solutions with respect to this phase.Using the calculated parameters, we applied the model to well-documented case studies of sabkha dolomite at Abu Dhabi (Persian Gulf), and organogenic dolomite from the Gulf of California. Growth rates calculated from the model agree with independent estimates of the age of these dolomites to well within an order of magnitude. A comparison of precipitation rates in seawater also shows the rate of dolomite precipitation to converge strongly with that of calcite with increasing temperature. If correct, this result implies that dolomite may respond to relatively modest warming of surface environments by substantial increases in accumulation rate, and suggests that the distribution of sedimentary dolomite in the rock record may be to some extent a temperature signal.     

Constraints on Cation Order in Calcium-rich Sedimentary Dolomite

Most sedimentary Ca-rich dolomite in pre-Holocenerocks is known to exhibit a fine-scale modulation inTEM images, reflecting a domain structure of which onecomponent is a low-symmetry variant of dolomite. Thevarious structural models proposed for thelow-symmetry component involve Ca–Mg order patternsthat are different from that in dolomite. Caution istherefore required for interpretation of X-raydiffraction data, which average over the entirestructure. The average structures of two Ca-richdolomites having a structural modulation are refinedusing single-crystal intensity data. The resultsindicate a poor fit using a dolomite model, which isconsistent with the findings from TEM and electrondiffraction indicating that one component of thedomain structure is different than dolomite. Resultsalso indicate that average model A and B cation siteshave mixed Ca–Mg occupancy, which provides someconstraints on possible models for the low-symmetrydomains.