松潘造山带马尔康强过铝质花岗岩的成因及其构造意义

松潘造山带广泛出露印支期后碰撞型花岗岩类, 其中包括埃达克质花岗岩类、A型花岗岩和I型花岗岩, 但目前人们对该区印支期强过铝质花岗岩尚未有深入的研究.松潘造山带马尔康花岗岩属于强过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.10~1.20), 其岩石类型主要为中粒二云母花岗岩和中细粒二云母花岗岩.利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法, 获得中粒二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为208±2Ma, 中细粒二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为200±2Ma.马尔康强过铝质花岗岩K₂O/Na₂O=1.13~1.75, 富Rb、Th和U, 贫Sr、Ba、Co和Ni等元素; 稀土元素组成上显示存在强到中等的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.15~0.65);全岩初始87Sr/86Sr比值(ISr) 为0.70712~0.71137, εNd (t) =-10.36~-8.43, 锆石εHf (t) =-11.8~-1.1.地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成一致表明, 它们的岩浆来自于地壳物质的部分熔融, 其中中粒二云母花岗岩的源岩类型主要为地壳中的泥质岩类, 而中细粒二云母花岗岩的源岩主要为地壳中的杂砂岩类.结合松潘带的地质背景、区域构造-岩浆事件及其岩浆岩的组合分析, 印支期岩石圈拆沉作用可以用来解释马尔康强过铝质花岗岩的形成机制.在松潘带, 印支期岩石圈拆沉作用导致软流圈物质上涌, 这不仅促使了加厚下地壳物质发生部分熔融, 如松潘带印支期埃达克质和I型花岗岩浆的形成, 而且还诱发了中地壳物质的部分熔融, 如马尔康强过铝质花岗岩的形成.这表明松潘带印支期岩石圈拆沉作用已使地壳不同层次发生部分熔融作用.      

新疆阿拉套山东部后碰撞岩浆活动的时代、地球化学性质及其对陆壳垂向增长的意义

新疆阿拉套山南坡分布有大量花岗质岩浆岩,其中东部博乐地区的花岗质岩浆岩可以分为北部花岗岩、南部花岗岩、晚期岩脉和流纹岩四类。激光探针单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素定年分析确定,北部岩体、南部岩体的侵位时代分别为 298．4±5．7Ma、292．4±4．9Ma,流纹岩喷出时代为270．7±6．5Ma,而岩脉的全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为285±13Ma(MSWD =0．52)。这四类花岗质岩石总体的地球化学性质相似,都属于准铝质到过铝质的后碰撞高钾钙碱性花岗岩,均以高的正εNd(T)值为特征。地球化学特征显示,这四类花岗质岩石具有同源岩浆分异演化的特点。从早到晚,前三类花岗岩中Ba、Sr、 P、Eu和Ti亏损程度增加,(La/Yb)n比值下降到接近1,岩浆温度逐渐降低,而εNd(T)值呈升高趋势。最晚形成的流纹岩中 Ba、Sr、P、Eu和Ti亏损程度减小,(La／Yb)n比值升高,岩浆温度再次升高,而εNd(T)值降低,ISr值升高,可能代表另一期岩浆活动的开始。这些花岗质岩石均具有高的εNd(T)值(2．10-5．18)和较年轻的Nd同位素模式年龄(TDM2=0．60-0．87 Ga), 显示该区花岗质岩石地幔物质组分含量较高。地幔物质的加入导致博乐地区大陆地壳的垂向增长．这与新疆北部300Ma 左右地壳垂向增长的过程是一致的。     

西准噶尔北部晚古生代两期侵入岩的地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素特征及其地质意义

西准噶尔北部发育构造环境截然不同的晚古生代两期侵入岩体,它们的空间分布与地球化学特征存在明显差异。早石炭世侵入岩包括辉石闪长岩、二长闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,仅分布于晚古生代扎尔玛-萨吾尔岩浆弧内,可能与额尔齐斯-斋桑洋的南向俯冲有关。它们的A/CNK和A/NK比值变化范围分别为0.86～1.03和1.24～1.86,属于偏铝质-弱过铝质岩石。Al2O3、CaO、Na2O含量较高,Na2O/K2O比值普遍大于1.2;LREE、HREE分馏明显,(La/Lu)N=4.50～26.03,无明显的Eu异常;富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba)、Pb和Sr,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti,具有I型花岗岩的特征。早石炭世侵入岩的Sr同位素初始比值(ISr)为0.70408～0.70912,εNd(t)值为+6.09～+7.25,单阶段Nd模式年龄(tDM1)为527～593Ma。元素和同位素地球化学特征表明早石炭世岩体(不包括阿布都拉二长花岗岩)可能是受交代的亏损地幔部分熔融并发生岩浆混合之后再经过结晶分异形成的,而阿布都拉二长花岗岩可能来源于洋壳的部分熔融。晚石炭世-中二叠世侵入岩以钾长花岗岩为主,遍布西准噶尔北部及相邻的各个构造单元,是后碰撞岩浆活动的产物。它们的A/CNK和A/NK比值变化范围分别为0.92～0.99和1.03～1.27,属于偏铝质岩石。Al2O3、MgO、CaO的含量很低,全碱含量很高(8.6%～9.7%),Na2O/K2O比值为0.9～1.1;REE总量很高(平均值为196×10-6),LREE、HREE分镏程度较弱,(La/Lu)N=3.32～5.36,Eu负异常明显;强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,中度亏损Nb和Ta,具有A型花岗岩的特征。εNd(t)值为+5.26～+7.26,单阶段Nd模式年龄(tDM1)为502～655Ma。元素和同位素地球化学特征表明晚石炭世-中二叠世A型花岗岩体可能是由被流体交代的亏损地幔熔融生成的玄武质岩浆在上升过程中(可能发生岩浆混合)发生高度结晶分异之后的产物,是后碰撞环境下的板片断离导致软流圈物质上涌的结果。     

藏南拉轨岗日变质核杂岩核部花岗质片麻岩的地球化学特征及构造意义

拉轨岗日变质核杂岩花岗质片麻岩高SiO2、K2O,低Fe2O3、MgO、MnO,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.07～1.19,含白云母、石榴子石等过铝质矿物,属高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石.稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集,轻、重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,贫高场强元素Sr、Nb,Hf和Ba亏损,具有壳源S型花岗岩的特征.87Sr/86Sr初始比值ISr变化于0.709～0.7306,εNd(t)值较低,为-7.13 ～-8.97,且εNd(t)和ISr无明显相关关系,εSr(t)值较高,为80.65 ～379.(206Pb/204Pb)t=18.1062 ～18.8085,(207Pb/24Pb)t=15.6713 ～ 15.7901,(208Pb/204Pb)t=37.529 ～ 38.1815,表现出地壳特征的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征.岩浆源区可能是以粘土岩主,砂质岩占次要地位的沉积岩,经部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆上升侵位形成.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄为514Ma,是泛非造山事件在北喜马拉雅拉轨岗日一带的地质记录.岩石形成于由碰撞造山的挤压环境向后碰撞造山的伸展环境转化阶段,说明泛非碰撞造山事件在拉雅拉轨岗日一带可能结束,进入后碰撞造山的构造演化阶段.岩浆底侵可能使拉轨岗日变质核杂岩在该阶段已经初步隆起,对变质核杂岩的形成起了重要作用.     

甘肃北山柳园地区花岗岩类的年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

北山柳园地区分布大量的花岗岩类岩石,岩石类型有花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和斑状花岗岩。锆石SHRIMP U—Pb 定年分析结果为:花岗闪长岩的侵位年代为423±8Ma 辉铜山以东(HT-)钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的侵位分别为436±9Ma 和397±7Ma。该区花岗质岩石都具有大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,K、Ni、Ta、P 和 Ti 负异常的特征,属于准铝质到过铝质的高 K 花岗岩。花岗闪长岩无 Sr 和 Eu负异常的特征,ε_(Nd)(t)=-2.5～-0.8,其岩浆源于岩石圈地幔或是软流圈与岩石圈地幔相混合的岩浆熔融,并受到了含有火山弧组分的年轻地壳的混染。钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩具有 Sr 和 Eu 负异常的特征,ε_(Nd)(t)值分别为 1.4、-4.0～-2.0和-2.7～-0.3。HT-钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于由于岩石圈地幔岩浆作用而导致上覆年轻地壳物质的部分熔融;花牛山附近(HN-)钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于软流圈地幔部分熔融,可能受到了部分年轻地壳物质的混染;二长花岗岩岩浆主要源于年轻地壳的部分熔融。柳园地区4类花岗岩类岩石都是后碰撞构造背景下的岩浆产物,岩浆形成可能与俯冲板片断离有关。     

王仙岭岩体地质地球化学特征及其对湘东南印支晚期构造环境的制约

王仙岭岩体位于湘东南,形成于晚三叠世,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成。岩石高硅、高钾、富碱,SiO2含量为70.99%～75.93%;K2O含量平均为4.32%;Na2O K2O为5.10%～8.67%;K2O/Na2O平均为2.09。A/CNK比值为1.07～2.44,KN/A比值为0.37～0.86,属高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类。REE含量低,平均为90.19μg/g;δEu值0.23～0.38;(La/Yb)N值为6.17～14.1;具Ba、Nb、Sr和Ti负异常。ISr值为0.72074,εSr(t)值为30,εNd(t)值为-12.0,t2DM为1.97Ga。源岩成分的A/MF-C/MF图解判别显示为碎屑岩。结合区域岩石圈结构,上述特征表明花岗岩源岩应为中地壳结晶片岩、片麻岩。根据多种氧化物与微量元素构造环境判别图解,结合地质特征、构造演化背景等,认为包括王仙岭岩体在内的湘东南印支期花岗岩形成于陆内同造山阶段的后碰撞构造环境。印支期花岗岩的具体形成机制为:在峰期变形之后挤压应力相对松弛,深部压力降低,因地壳增厚而升温的中地壳岩石因熔点降低而得以熔融,并在相对开放的环境下侵位成岩。     

蒙古国东南部巴音苏赫图晚古生代—早中生代二长花岗岩地球化学特征及其对构造环境的约束

巴音苏赫图二长花岗岩位于西伯利亚板块东南缘陆缘增生带与二连—贺根山板块对接带北缘之间。该岩体由石炭纪及三叠—侏罗纪两期花岗岩组成,均以高硅、富Al2O3、K2O、Na2O,贫MgO、CaO为特征。微量元素表现为富集LILE、亏损HFSE。弱富集LREE,Eu负异常明显。岩石学和地球化学综合研究表明:两期花岗岩早期为高钾钙碱性、准铝质-过铝质花岗岩碰撞期I型花岗岩,晚期花岗岩具有A型花岗岩特点。Sr-Nd同位素研究表明:石炭纪二长花岗岩(87Sr/86Sr)i比值较低(0.700 62～0.704 82),εNd(t)为正值(0.9～1.5),岩浆来自于增生的岛弧或年轻的幔源物质,在岩浆上升过程中遭受了少量地壳物质的混染;晚三叠世—早侏罗世花岗岩(87Sr/86Sr)i比值较高(0.709 96～0.710 19),εNd(t)较低,为-0.3～0.3,该期次花岗岩与晚石炭世花岗岩同源,受地壳混染程度相对较高。应用LA-ICP-MS法测得石炭纪花岗岩U-Pb年龄为(296±3.5)Ma,结合区域构造演化特点及所测三叠纪花岗岩的地球化学特征认为,在晚石炭世,南蒙古额尔德尼查干地区已进入碰撞期构造环境,在三叠—侏罗纪仍有同碰撞花岗岩侵入,晚石炭世以后的碰撞期持续时间较长。     

诸广山南体桃金洞花岗岩成因和铀成矿潜力探讨

文中对位于湘赣粤三省交界处的诸广山南体桃金洞花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学的研究,并将其与诸广山南体东部其他印支期非产铀和产铀花岗岩进行了对比。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为204±2.1 Ma,为印支晚期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学组成呈过铝质,硅和碱含量偏高(Si O_2=69.7%~75.0%,K_2O+Na_2O=7.74%~9.08%),富铁、贫镁,属于碱钙性/钙碱性-过铝质-铁质花岗岩。稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=226~272×10~(-6)),LREE富集(LREE/HREE=6.27~11.4,(La/Yb)_N=4.01~15.0),Eu亏损较明显(δEu=0.15~0.42),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu,属于典型的低Ba、Sr花岗岩;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值较高(0.71922~0.72040),εNd(t)值较低(-10.0~-10.2),两阶段Nd模式年龄为1.80~1.82 Ga。上述特征表明,桃金洞花岗岩属于典型的壳源型花岗岩,是在地壳伸展-减薄构造背景下,由古元古代地壳岩石演变而成的变质杂砂岩组分岩石经中低程度部分熔融形成。对比研究显示,诸广山南体印支期产铀花岗岩蚀变作用强,FeO~T/(Fe O~T+MgO)比值变化较大,CaO含量低,主要为碱钙性花岗岩,Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu亏损更强烈,ε_(Nd)(t)值更低和Nd模式年龄更古老。非产铀花岗岩源岩以砂质岩为主,U含量相对较低。桃金洞花岗岩未经后期明显热液蚀变作用,不具有产铀花岗岩蚀变强烈的特点,地球化学特征相似于诸广山南体印支期非产铀花岗岩,铀成矿潜力可能不大。     

广东省22个燕山期花岗岩的源区特征及成因：元素及Nd-Sr同位素研究

根据主要元素组成,将所研究的22个广东省燕山期花岗岩分为强过铝花岗岩和弱过铝花岗岩两类,后者又区分出分异和未分异两种。它们总体具有较为相似的微量元素和稀土元素组成,即都是以大离子元素明显富集、Ba,Sr,Nb,Ta,P与 Ti 呈负异常、Eu 亏损为特征,但分异弱过铝花岗岩(包括禾洞、大埔、荷泗、白浆岩体)的 Ba、Ti 呈负异常和 Eu 亏损更为明显。强过铝和弱过铝花岗岩的 Nd 同位素组成区别明显:象头山等6个强过铝花岗岩体具有低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-13.4～-10.0,平均为-12.1)和较老的 Nd 模式年龄(1.76～2.08Ga,平均为1.96Ga),是由成熟度较高的陆壳部分熔融形成;在弱过铝花岗岩中,石背岩体以及禾洞和大埔两个分异岩体具有高的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-3.6～-4.9,平均为-4.4)和年轻的 Nd 模式年龄(1.23 ～1.34Ga,平均为1.3Ga),反映其源区存在一定数量的地幔物质;佛冈等其余12个弱过铝花岗岩体(包括荷泗、白浆2个分异花岗岩)的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-12.3～-8.1,平均为-9.7)和 Nd 模式年龄(1.56～1.94Ga,平均为1.74Ga)都介于上述两类花岗岩之间,但相对较接近于强过铝花岗岩,主要是由成熟度不同程度地低于强过铝花岗岩源区的陆壳变质岩部分熔融形成。广东省燕山期花岗岩主要是在伸展构造及玄武岩底侵条件下,由以沉积变质岩为主的中下陆壳部分熔融形成。     

华南印支期花岗岩类的岩石特征、成因类型及其构造动力学背景探讨

华南地区印支期花岗岩按照成因类型可分两类,第一类属强过铝质S型花岗岩,富含过铝质矿物,富SiO2、Al2O3和P2O5,高A/CNK值,微量元素原始地幔标准化分布型式图中富集Rb、U、Ta、Zr、Hf,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式图中具显著的负Eu异常,稀土元素总量偏低(ΣREE<80×10-6);第二类属准铝质I型花岗岩,含角闪石等镁铁质矿物,富SiO2、Na2O。总体来说,这两类花岗岩具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.710490～0.742118)和低εNd(t)值(-14.42～-4.1),Nd模式年龄(2.09～1.63Ga)指示印支期花岗岩为典型的壳源型花岗岩。CaO/(MgO+FeOT)-Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT)(摩尔比)图解表明这些花岗岩主要来源于变质杂砂岩和变质泥岩的部分熔融,夹杂了少量变质玄武岩和变质英云闪长岩。华南印支期花岗岩形成于挤压加厚的地壳发生局部伸展-减薄时期,推断印支期发生了多期次的岩石圈挤压和拉张,花岗岩侵位于大规模岩石圈挤压后局部减压-伸展的构造环境中。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.