确定砂岩型铀矿矿化地段的铀、钍同位素证据

根据铀、钍同位素地球化学基本原理,对新疆伊梨盆地５１２矿床含矿砂岩的Ｕ、Ｔｈ含量及其＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ进行了测试,并在此基础上对含矿砂岩的氧化带、还原带和氧化还原过渡带特征进行了研究。研究表明,与氧化带、还原带相比,氧化－还原过渡带具有较高Ｕ含量和＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ比值,较低Ｔｈ／Ｕ比值;矿石样品中的＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３８Ｕ比值位于过渡带     

不采用同位素示踪剂测定地质样品中^234U,^238U,^230Th和^232Th比活…

本提出了不采用同位素示踪剂测定铀，钍同位素比活度的方法。用标准方法准确的测定地质样品中的铀，钍含量及＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ，＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ的活度比值，再应用铀，钍系的衰变特性，推导出计算样品中＾２３４Ｕ，＾２３８Ｕ，＾２３０Ｔｈ和＾２３２Ｔｈ经活度的方法，本方法计算所得之结果与＾２３２Ｕ示踪法对比。均在１σ范围内，符合很好。     

不采用同位素示踪剂测定地质样品中~（234）U，~（238）U，~（230）Th和~（232）Th比活度的方法研究

本文提出了不采用同位素示踪剂测定铀、钍同位素比活度的方法。用标准方法准确的测定地质样品中的铀、钍含量~［１］及~（２３４）Ｕ／~（２３８）Ｕ，~（２３０）Ｔｈ／~（２３２）Ｔｈ的活度比值~［２］，再应用铀、钍系的衰变特性，推导出计算样品中~（２３４）Ｕ，~（２３８）Ｕ，~（２３０）Ｔｈ和~（２３２）Ｔｈ比活度的方法。本方法计算所得之结果与~（２３２）Ｕ示踪法对比，均在１σ范围内，符合很好。     

能谱特征参数Th^—／U^—与Th／U^—之差异及古铀量计算公式的修正

本提出并论述了区域性钍铀比计算古铀量时所采用的正确表达式是Ｔｈ／ｕ，而不是目前人们常用的Ｔｈ／Ｕ＾－，并据此将古铀量计算公式ＧＵ＝Ｔｈ（Ｔｈ／Ｕ）修正为ＧＵ＝Ｔｈ（Ｔｈ＾－／Ｕ＾－）。     

花岗岩—伟晶岩接触带元素地球化学迁移：高放废物地质处置库安全评价…

我国苏州花岗岩－伟晶岩接触带岩石中，与高放废物内某些长寿命超铀锕系元素和裂变产物化学性质相似的微量元素，同位素迁移行为天然类比研究表明，伟晶岩脉中的、Ｌｉ，Ｓｒ，Ｂｅ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｂ，Ｅｒ，Ｙ和＆２３４Ｕ，＾２３８Ｕ在该岩脉形成后约１３０Ｍａ期间，在水－岩反应作用下，仅向花岗岩中迁移１０－３０ｃｍ，而Ｔｈ，Ｐｂ，＾２０６Ｐｂ，＾２０８Ｐｂ，＾８７Ｒｂ，＾８７Ｓｒ，＾８７６Ｓｒ则未发生明显迁移。这一研究     

应用中子活化分析技术测定铀和钍放射性同位素的α能谱内标法

开发了一种用＾２３８Ｕ和＾２３２Ｔｈ作为内标的α能谱测定铀和钍放射性同位新方法。应用中子活化分析技术精确地测定样品中的＾２３８Ｕ和２３２Ｔｈ。将其他部分样品全部溶解,采用阴离子交换法分离铀和钍,制备为α能谱测定的电镀薄（低强度）源。人已知的＾２３８Ｕ和＾２３２Ｔｈ质量浓度,求得它们的活度浓度,之后据α能谱,从Ｕ（＾２３Ｕ、＾２３５Ｕ、＾２３８Ｕ）和Ｔｈ（＾２２８Ｔｈ、＾２３０Ｔｈ、２３２Ｔｈ）放射     

高放废物地质处置库安全评价的地球化学天然类比研究

某铀矿床中水－岩反应的时间范围和强度，可通过对铀天然衰变系放射性不平衡的研究得到半定量化。该铀矿床在形成５１Ｍａ以来，由于水－岩反应较强，矿石中铀系核素并未发生远距离迁移。铀矿体及近矿岩石至今仍基于处于化学封闭状态。     

澳大利亚土壤中铀系不平衡及其对航空γ测量的影响

对采自全澳大利亚４４５个土壤样品中铀和镭的测量表明，土壤中铀的平均含量为２．０＊１０（－６），Ｕ／２２６Ｒａ的活度比为１．０９。虽然单个样品值的变化范围很宽，但总体上富铀土壤多于富镭土壤。Ｃｒｏｓｓ－Ｋａｍｂａｌｄａ地区（ＷＡ）南部，Ｅｙｒｅ半岛（ＳＡ）东南部和Ｃｏｂａｒ（ＮＳＷ）北部地区的样品，显示了区域（放射性）不平衡，偏２２６Ｒａ。以昆士兰东北部的两片石炭纪火山岩发育地带发现土壤富铀。活度比     

应用^234U和^238商位素评价铀选冶厂流出物对浅层地下水的污染——美国科罗

在科罗拉多Ｃａｎｏｎ城附近的铀选冶厂周围采集了４６个不同铀浓度的地下水样品，测定其＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ放射性活度比值（ＡＲ值）。结果表明采用铀同位素可以确定地下水中铀污染物的分布，也可指示影响铀浓度变化的混合作用和化学沉淀作用。采自选治厂及其下游地区高度至中度污染的地下水样品中溶解铀的浓度超过１００μｇ．Ｌ＾－１，典型的活度比在１．０～１．０６之间。其他从距选治厂较远的下游浅导 积含水层中采集的     

花岗岩－伟晶岩接触带元素地球化学迁移──高放废物地质处置库安全评价的天然类比研究

我国苏州花岗岩－伟晶岩接触带岩石中，与高放废物内某些长寿命超铀铜系元素和裂变产物化学性质相似的微量元素、同位素迁移行为天然类比研究表明，伟晶岩脉中的Ｕ、Ｌｉ、Ｓｒ、Ｂｅ、Ｍｏ、Ｎｂ、Ｅｒ、Ｙ和２３４Ｕ、２３８Ｕ在该岩脉形成后约１３０Ｍａ期间，在水－岩反应作用下，仅向花岗岩中迁移１０－３０ｃｍ，而Ｔｈ、Ｐｂ、２０６Ｐｂ、２０７Ｐｂ、２０８Ｐｂ、８７Ｒｂ、８７Ｓｒ、８６Ｓｒ则未发生明显迁移。这一研究结果为我国拟在花岗岩中处置高放废物提供了长期安全评价的依据。     

长白山天池火山晚更新世以来的喷发活动：

应用高精度铀系不平衡TIMS法测定了吉林长白山天池火山岩锥体中上部的11个熔岩、浮岩样品的年龄，并据此划分出晚更新世、全新世以来6个喷发活动期次，分别为：＞350ka、70ka、18－25ka、10ka、4－5ka和1－0．75ka。此外，还介绍了铀系不平衡法火山岩年代学的基本原理和试验流程，讨论了样品封闭等问题。     

砂岩铀矿成矿过程与氧化还原分带: 铀系不平衡证据

铀系不平衡技术被用来研究新疆伊犁盆地库捷尔太砂岩型铀矿床的氧化还原分带和成矿过程.取自该矿床的26个样品的铀、钍含量以及234 U/ 238U, 230 Th/ 234 U和230 Th/ 238U活度比值分别用ICP -MS和α能谱仪进行了测量.不同氧化还原带岩石的铀、钍含量和钍/铀比明显不同: 强氧化带岩石的U、Th含量和Th/U比分别为12.4 μg/g, 4.5 μg/g和0.48; 弱氧化带分别为20.4 μg/g, 5.0 μg/g和0.38; 过渡带(矿化带)分别为169.7μg/g, 4.7μg/g和0.07; 还原带(未蚀变带)分别为6.8μg/g, 3.7μg/g和0.87.其同位素特征亦有明显差异: 氧化带岩石234 U/ 238U大多大于1, 过渡带(矿化带)岩石部分大于或等于1, 部分小于1, 还原带(未蚀变带)岩石大多大于1; 氧化带岩石230 Th/ 234 U和230 Th/ 238U大多大于1, 过渡带(矿化带)岩石大多小于或等于1, 还原带(未蚀变带)岩石大多大于1.这可作为砂岩型铀矿床矿体定位的指示剂.铀系不平衡特征还示踪了该矿床的成矿作用过程.      

Uranium series disequilibria in the sedimentary uranium deposit at Yeelirrie,Western Australia

The weighted mean values of the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and the ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ratios in ore samples collected above the modern water table of the Yeelirrie uranium deposit in Western Australia are 1.38 ± 0.10 and 0.83 ± 0.28, respectively. The relatively larger variability in the latter ratio is evidence for the translocation of uranium subsequent to deposition. Daughter product separation is due to differences in the mobilities of the thorium and uranium species. Factors involved in interpreting the observed ratios, in terms of the dynamics of the accumulation of the deposit, are assessed in terms of an open system model. The observed disequilibria provide a quantitative basis for the evaluation of hypotheses developed from geological and other considerations.     

Uranium-series dating of pedogenic silica and carbonate, Crater Flat, Nevada

A ²³⁰Th-²³⁴U-²³⁸U dating study on pedogenic silica-carbonate clast rinds and matrix laminae from alluvium in Crater Flat, Nevada was conducted using small-sample thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analyses on a large suite of samples. Though the ²³²Th content of these soils is not particularly low (mostly 0.1-9 ppm), the high U content of the silica component (mostly 4-26 ppm) makes them particularly suitable for ²³⁰Th/U dating on single, 10 to 200 mg totally-digested samples using TIMS. We observed that (1) both micro- (within-rind) and macro-stratigraphic (mappable deposit) order of the ²³⁰Th/U ages were preserved in all cases; (2) back-calculated initial ²³⁴U/²³⁸U fall in a restricted range (typically 1.67±0.19), so that ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ages with errors of about 100 kyr (2σ) could be reliably determined for the oldest, 400 to 1000 ka rinds; and (3) though 13 of the samples were >350 ka, only three showed evidence for an open-system history, even though the sensitivity of such old samples to isotopic disruption is very high. An attempt to use leach-residue techniques to separate pedogenic from detrital U and Th failed, yielding corrupt ²³⁰Th/U ages. We conclude that ²³⁰Th/U ages determined from totally dissolved, multiple sub-mm size subsamples provide more reliable estimates of soil chronology than methods employing larger samples, chemical enhancement of ²³⁸U/²³²Th, or isochrons.     

文石-方解石石笋U/Th体系的封闭性判断及意义

湖南省龙山县莲花洞两根大型石笋LLl(文石-方解石型)和LL5(文石型)ICP-MS230Th结果表明,82个年龄数据并不完全符合石笋生长层序律.根据U/Th同位素比值、沉积和矿物学特征,分析了同位素体系开放度对建立石笋正确年代学模式的影响.莲花洞LLl石笋全新世以来234U/238U对230Th/238U的比值具有谐和性特征并且230Th年龄层序正常,说明文石矿物基本接近U/Th同位素封闭系统,实测年龄基本可靠.10～40 ka期间234U/238U与230Th/238U离散度较大和矿物具有溶蚀、风化现象,表明体系发生U加入/流失作用.LL5石笋60～80 ka期间封闭性较好,实测年龄可信.上述结果表明,同一洞穴中文石石笋U/Th同位素体系开放度与时间的关系并不是线性关系,沉积时水文和物理化学性质以及随后的保存状况是决定洞穴文石石笋同位素封闭性的关键因素.     

Pleistocene climatic change in Southern Australia and its effect on speleothem deposition in some Nullarbor caves

Activity ratios of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U, ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U, and ²³⁰Th/²³²Th have been determined for calcite, gypsum and halite speleothems from caves of the Nullarbor Plain, mostly in the area N and NW of Mundrabilla Station, for the purpose of U-series dating. All calcite speleothems contain adequate amounts of uranium for dating, but some show an excess of ²³⁰Th. Stratigraphic relationships indicate that there were at least three phases of calcium carbonate deposition in the Nullarbor caves. The calcite samples, with one possible exception, have ages in excess of ca. 400000 yrs BP. This suggests that no significant amounts of calcium carbonate deposition have taken place during the last 400ka. At present, active deposition of speleothems is restricted almost entirely to gypsum and halite. The only gypsum speleothem dated was found to have a finite age of ca. 185 ka. Six dates on a small halite speleothem containing insect and arachnid remains indicate that it formed rapidly during Holocene time.     

Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across aGranite-Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analoguefor Safe Disposal of High-Level Radwastes

Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water-rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near-field process of radwastes in a high-level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age at 214@3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U-Pb isochron age at 296@31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole-rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U-series nu-clides takes place within only 1-2 m in the contact zone, and water-rock interaction     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铀矿石样品中234U/238U、230Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素比值 

采用氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸混合酸密闭消解含铀矿石样品,用阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂和锶特效树脂逐级分离富集铀、钍和镭。使用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICPMS)测定分离纯化液中234U/238U2、30Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素。比值的测量精密度取决于比值的大小和对应核素浓度的大小。对质量浓度为10 ng/mL天然铀测量液,234U/238U的测量精密度优于1.2%;对230Th质量浓度为0.6ng/mL且230Th和232Th质量浓度接近的测量液,230Th/232Th的测量精密度为1.2%;对228Ra质量浓度为0.48 pg/mL且228Ra和226Ra质量浓度接近的测量液,228Ra/226Ra的测量精密度为4.0%。     

Chemical mobilizations in laterites: evidence from trace elements and U-U-Th disequilibria

Geochemical and mineralogical investigations, including measurements of major and trace elements, Sr isotope ratios, and ²³⁸U-²³⁴U-²³⁰Th activity ratios, were made on an old African laterite to reconstruct its formation steps and assess recent chemical mobilization. The present data support a scenario of discontinuous formation for the laterite, with different bedrock weathering conditions during the formation of each unit, rather than a scenario of continuous formation. Absolute accumulation of Fe, U, and lanthanides in the uppermost ferruginous unit suggests an autochthonous origin of this iron cap by leaching of an older overlying profile. Present chemical distributions of lanthanides, as well as of Rb, K, Ba, and Sr, within the profile cannot be linked to the mineralogical distribution of both relictual primary and authigenic secondary phases. Complementary lanthanide patterns indicate that these elements were primarily accumulated in the uppermost ferruginous unit before further remobilization and accumulation in the underlying horizons. These redistribution processes may be related to the chemical instability of the ferruginous cap. The ²³⁸U-²³⁴U-²³⁰Th disequilibria indicate that recent U mobilization occurs in the whole profile and that, as for lanthanides, there is a vertical redistribution of U from the uppermost ferruginous unit to the underlying horizons. Moreover, these data show that both U losses and gains exist at each level of the profile. A simple modeling of this double U mobilization process is proposed to interpret the ²³⁸U-²³⁴U-²³⁰Th data. Differences in the mobilization and fractionation intensities of the U input and removal processes can account for the two evolution trends, which distinguish the ferruginous unit from the underlying ones. Furthermore, on the basis of this modeling, the profile appears to be in a transient state because of recent changes in the U mobilization conditions, which could correspond to major Pleistocene climatic variations.