昆明滇池盆地新近纪象类化石

记述滇池盆地含煤层中首次发现的上新世剑齿象化石,包括脊棱齿象属的一个新种昆明脊棱齿象(Stegolophodon kunm ingensissp..nov.)、似元谋剑齿象(Stegodonaff.yuan-m ouensis)、玉溪剑齿象、师氏剑齿象等。这一剑齿象化石组合的发现,对研究新生代象类和滇池盆地的演化史,重新划分盆地煤系地层具有重要意义。     

云南元谋含古猿地层猪科一新属

记述产自云南元谋小河、雷老含古猿地层的猪科(Suidae)化石—新届新种——元谋臼齿猪(Molarochoerus yuanmouensis gen.et sp.nov)。以向前向外扩展的颧弓、后置的眼眶、P4和P4臼齿化、P4跟座与主尖等高、P3有大而前移的舌侧尖等特征区别于其它猪类化石。可能是猪亚科(Suinae)Propotamochoerini族的较进步类型，与Propotamochoerus有较近的亲缘关系。     

元谋古猿的生活环境与年代

元谋古猿化石主要发现于云南元谋县小河村地区的小河组中。通过对小河组的沉积特征、粘土矿物分析、古植物孢粉和哺乳动物群的研究及地貌和新构造运动研究,可以认为,在元谋古猿生活时期,元谋盆地已开始断陷;盆地中河流、湖泊发育;植物群落为稀树林－草原型;气候温干,降水量年变幅大,年平均温度１０℃左右。通过对小河组磁性地层研究,得出小河组年代约为距今３．８￣５．５Ｍａ,含元谋古猿化石层年代约为距今３．９￣５．２     

开远小龙潭新发现的哺乳类化石及其意义

近几年来,在开远市文化馆和小龙潭煤矿古生物化石保护小组的积极努力下,在小龙潭新发现不少哺乳类化石。在小龙潭组中,先后发现了河狸、似中国四棱齿象、河马、真貘、古貘(?)、鹿类等,加上已作过报道的开远腊玛古猿、西瓦古猿、小龙潭嵌齿象、巨颌嵌齿象、庆义轭齿象、喙嘴象、小河猪、利齿猪等,共计有14种之多。其中似中国四棱齿象、河马和貘是我国南方中新世地层中的首次发现,对于丰富典型的     

云南省巍山盆地和景东盆地新近纪犀类化石新材料

云南省新近纪地层出露广泛,化石丰富。本研究首次记述了产自巍山盆地的邓氏山西犀(新种)Shansirhinus dengi sp. nov.及景东盆地的元谋无鼻角犀Acerorhinus yuanmouensis和无角犀亚科未定种Aceratheriinae gen. et sp. indet.。S.dengi sp. nov.的鼻骨前端上翘,有小的粗糙角座面;鼻切迹深,位于P4后缘水平;头骨顶面在眼眶前方迅速缩窄;两侧顶嵴间距离宽,骨面隆突;上颊齿前附尖和前尖肋发达,前臼齿舌侧齿带连续。S.dengi sp. nov.代表了山西犀属Shansirhinus内一个更为特化的类型,区别于其他种的特征主要是鼻骨更短,前端位于P3中部水平;眼眶位置在M1后半部,与鼻切迹之间的距离更近;上前臼齿的釉质复杂化表现为前刺更长,基部分叉突向外脊;上臼齿M1～M3的原尖舌侧壁发育釉质沟纹。产于禄丰盆地曾经描述归入Shansirhinus cf.S.ringstroemi的材料与新材料形态相同,归入该新种。巍山盆地产化石的红棕色砂砾岩和泥岩的沉积时代应该与禄丰盆地产煤地层时代相近或更晚,推测为晚中新世7～...     

元谋人起源于龙川冰期探讨

云南元谋小河及竹棚村考古发现大批化石,牙齿1525枚.古猿臼齿M3＞ M2＞ M1,M3硕大.元谋化石进化,M2＞ M3＞ M1,有的M3退化小于M1.上中门齿成铲形结构,齿釉柱类型由3A型进化成3B型,与现代人相同.小河地层中有钙质胶结砾石,植物孢子花粉稀少,证明气候严寒,与老鸦塘同属龙川冰河时期.龙川组测年447万年～340万年.元谋人起源于距今440万年的小河村.     

西宁盆地嵌齿象化石地点考证及地层对比

西宁盆地的间型嵌齿象(Gomphotherium connexum)和维曼嵌齿象(Gomphotherium wimani)的种型群材料是中国最早的一批有出土地点记录的长鼻类化石。这些化石在西宁盆地新生代地层划分和对比中起到了基础性的作用,但长期以来,对二者种型群材料产出的精确地点和层位并不完全清楚。受此影响,对二者生物年代及演化阶段的研究,以及西宁盆地的地层对比存在很多争议。对西宁盆地间型嵌齿象和维曼嵌齿象种型群化石点(即正型地点)进行了多方考证,获取了化石地点的准确位置:吊沟和八盘山。通过地层对比,证明两种嵌齿象的正型地点出自同一层位——关家山组(原咸水河组下部)底部河道相的绿色砂砾岩层中,两者的时代相同。依据已有的古地磁结果,间型嵌齿象和维曼嵌齿象的正型地点的年代应为16~15 Ma。通过形态学分析进一步阐释两种嵌齿象的系统演化关系,认为二者仅仅代表不同的演化方向,而不是原始与进步的演化阶段。这一方面对中国古生物史的研究有重要意义,另一方面为探讨嵌齿象类群演化的问题提供了关键性的年代学数据,也对西宁盆地的大地构造和沉积环境演化等方面提供了重要的生物地层学证据。     

元谋盆地的新第三纪地层

元谋北部芝麻地段新发现的动物化石层位相当于小河组下部的湖相地层,据之将小河组分为上下两部分,并进一步探讨元谋盆地含古猿动物化石层的地质时代。     

元谋盆地晚新生代古地磁地层年代学及其古生物意义

本文总结了元谋盆地晚新生代磁性地层的成果，判别出三个有区域意义的短暂极性亚带；获得了龙川组－元谋组的沉积时限为距今３４０±１０－１３５±１０万年。通过古地磁生物学的研究，提出元谋一些象类的绝迹和云南马（ＥｑｕｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｏｌｂｅｒｔ）的出现与古地磁松山／高斯的极性转变有关。     

尖吻兽（Akidolestes）的齿列和头后骨骼

尖吻兽（Akidolestes）是新近在中国辽宁省下白垩统义县组地层发现的对齿兽动物,保存了非常完整的头后骨骼。其齿列特征表明它属于鼹兽超科（Spalacotheroidea）中的鼹兽科动物（Spalacotheriidae）,该科是以臼齿齿尖呈对称三角形排列、上下臼齿反转咬合为特征的单系类群,是现生兽类（有袋类和有胎盘类）的近亲,拥有许多兽类骨骼的原始特征。尖吻兽区别于张和兽科的特征是具有更宽大的下颌冠状突和臼齿齿尖呈更小的锐角排列。对尖吻兽的骨骼解剖学和比较形态特征的研究,表明尖吻兽演化模式是一种     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.