吉林省磐石市姚财白灰厂石灰岩矿矿山环境治理设计

姚财白灰厂石灰岩矿于2007年闭坑停采。现留有两个采场,西侧采场紧靠公路,采场南北长130 m,东西宽55~75 m,占地面积约9 000 m2。南侧采场面临黄河水库,东西长270 m,南北宽30~70 m,占地约14 850m2。依据有关部门要求,对该石灰岩矿进行环境治理,将其重建成一个与当地自然环境相和谐的生态系统。     

云南省昭通市镇雄镇凤二级公路罗坎村堆积层滑坡

2014年6月,云南省昭通市镇雄县罗坎镇通往县城的镇(雄)凤(翥)二级公路罗坎村因持续降雨触发小型堆积层滑坡,滑体前缘堵塞镇凤公路达2月之久,并影响公路右侧的白水江河道。该滑坡体长约200m,宽约150m,平均厚度约2.5m,滑体方量约7.5×104m3,主滑方向330°,滑后斜坡坡度约     

文家沟抛射型高速滑坡全程运动机理研究

5·12汶川大地震期间,绵竹市清平乡文家沟发生了大型高速滑坡。本文在系统分析文家沟滑坡区的地质条件和滑体运动特征的基础上,提出了文家沟滑坡是受地震力和滑坡地面震动力共同作用的失稳启动模式,并将滑坡全程运动划分为启程震动抛射、飞行铲刮、撞击转向堆积和停积4个阶段。分析和计算表明:文家沟滑坡体在失稳启程阶段所受的地震力和滑坡地面震动力的合力方向大致为285°,这与滑体启程抛射的运动方向基本一致;同时,计算得出滑坡体在4个阶段的运动速度分别为115.64 m·s-1、69.38 m·s-1、41.6 m·s-1和20.8 m·s-1,对应的运动时间为11.8 s、8.6 s、24.0 s、48.1 s。据此得出,文家沟滑坡全程运动的持续时间约为92.5 s,这与当地幸存者估计的1分多钟的运动时间比较接近。研究表明,文家沟滑坡的启程抛射和高速飞行的运动特征,可以将滑体的高位势能充分转化成动能,是促使滑体高速运动的关键。     

大镜面滑坡的特征与形成机理

1984年4月,云浮硫铁矿南矿湖西固定邦大镜面发生了切层滑坡,5月初在原滑坡上再次产生滑坡。滑坡体总体积达3万多立方米,滑体俯冲到对面矿湖480台阶上,给矿山采剥带来了一定困难。 本文就该滑坡的特征,形成机理,稳定性以及防治措施作一简要论述。     

三峡水库区千将坪滑坡活动性质及运动特征

2003年7月13目三峡水库区秭93县千将坪村发生大规模滑坡。依据遥感解译航片显示的“7．13”滑坡前地貌形态、古滑坡遗迹调查及滑坡发育的地质环境条件分析，认为千将坪原为一整体呈簸箕形的古滑坡。实地调查表明该滑歧的范围在古滑坡的西侧堆积垅和东部沟“7”之间的部分，活动性质为千将坪古滑坡的大规模复活。“7．13”滑坡的东、西侧壁及后壁特征清楚。后壁加滑体斜长1050m，平均宽525m，滑坡总破坏投影面积约0．5km^2；堆积体总体形态与古滑坡相似。据不同的堆积特征，大致可分为4个部分：后缘、滑体后部、中前部及滑坡坝。由各要素特征及其上的地物状态分析，滑坡的中部、前部为深层推移武高速整体滑动，滑坡前缘以反翘姿态飞速冲向对岸，堵断青干河；滑坡的两测，滑体高速下滑时与东西侧壁问作高速剪切运动；滑坡堆积后部，受其下中前部滑体快速滑动而产生的强大牵引力影响，沿古滑面下滑并倾倒、崩落。通过现场调查及综合分析实际资料，认为三峡库区第一期蓄水是触发该滑坡的主要厚因，雨季强降水为辅助因素。另外，根据现场公路断开两点GPS测量估算出公路被切断后下滑了235．91m，估算该滑坡在主滑方向的滑距约为250m，滑坡总体积约为2400万m^3。总体而言，“7．13”千将坪滑坡活动释放能量比较充争，目前整体稳定。但滑体上局部调整活动暂时不会停止。边界以外的古滑体堆积受到严重干扰，会不断发生牵引及塌滑。     

三峡大树场镇堆积层滑坡暴雨失稳机理研究

2014年9月1日,奉节大树场镇发生了大型崩塌堆积层滑坡,体积约37.8×104m3。基于大量的现场地质调查和室内分析,文章阐述了滑坡特殊的地质地貌及地质结构特征,分别从地质和环境因素两个方面进行了滑坡成因分析,采用非稳态非饱和渗流方法研究滑动失稳变形过程,并基于地貌学与工程地质力学理论推断滑坡形成演化过程。得出如下结论:(1)大树场镇滑坡为极端降雨诱发的近水平地层区崩塌堆积层滑坡,具有多次滑动特征;(2)特殊的地形地貌条件是滑坡形成的内因;极端强降雨是滑坡发生的直接诱发因素;(3)降雨前期,降雨主要通过入渗滑体增加其自重,入渗量大而渗流量小,对滑体稳定性影响较小;之后持续强降雨致使基岩顶面处的孔隙水压力不断增大,为滑体提供动态浮托力,加之滑体内部形成的渗流场导致稳定性大幅度降低;堆积体结构分布受控于基岩接触面形态,滑体不同区域达到饱和状态时间存在明显差异性是多次滑动变形破坏的理论依据;(4)短时极端降雨触发堆积层局部饱和岩土体由蠕滑逐步形成小规模滑坡碎屑流;持续极端降雨导致基岩顶面富集大量地下水,使堆积层岩土体呈饱和-过饱和状态,形成大规模滑坡碎屑流。     

考虑径流影响的滑坡降雨入渗二维有限元模拟及应用

降雨是滑坡失稳的常见诱发因素之一,现有数值模拟方法由于不能考虑来自基岩边坡的径流对滑体渗流的补给而低估了真实的降雨入渗水量,导致在评价降雨对滑坡稳定性特别是深层滑动影响时存在一定不足。以Richards方程和有限元法为基础,忽略降雨对渗透性极低的滑床和滑带的影响,将滑坡渗流计算域缩小为滑体,以避免因滑体与滑床（滑带）渗透性差异巨大引起的数值计算困难;依据基岩边坡水平长度和滑体降雨入渗边界饱和情况,修正降雨入渗边界,实现了考虑径流补给的滑坡降雨入渗简化数值模拟。算例表明,该方法所得渗流场更加符合实际情况。以三峡库区某滑坡为例,模拟了2006年10月～2009年12月间滑坡在库水升降和降雨条件下的渗流场和安全系数的演化过程;计算结果表明,考虑径流补给时滑坡后部的渗流场饱和区域明显较大,稳定系数降低较多,与位移监测资料显示的佐证较为吻合;若不考虑径流补给,则降雨对滑坡稳定性影响不大。     

老鹰岩滑坡成因机制与运动特征研究

老鹰岩滑坡是汶川地震触发的大型岩质滑坡,滑坡纵长450 m,最大展宽430 m,体积约1 500×104m3。滑坡掩埋了一座中型水电站,造成20余人死亡,巨大的滑体堆积厚达100余米的滑坡坝,形成了汶川震区库容量仅次于唐家山的第二大堰塞湖。强震触发形成老鹰岩滑坡分为三个阶段,即:①后缘震动拉裂阶段。老鹰岩滑坡后缘为一突兀山脊,地形对地震动力放大效应明显,震动拉裂沿长大结构面形成了一个陡峭、粗糙,与重力作用下呈光滑、有一定弧形的后缘拉裂面迥异的边界。②摩擦阻力降低、滑体溃滑阶段。地震动力的持续作用,地震波不断在滑面处发生反射和折射,使得滑面处摩擦阻力迅速降低,进而岩体内"锁固段"剪断,滑体顺层面高速下滑。③滑体高速流动堆积阶段。规模巨大的滑体,冲入姜巴沟,并对沟两侧的山体产生强烈的铲刮,高速碎屑流受到黄洞子沟左侧山体强力阻挡后折返,并震动堆积形成堰塞湖。     

黄河上游尖扎县康杨镇寺门村特大型滑坡

正2018年4月3日,黄河上游青海省尖扎县康杨镇寺门村发生特大型黄土-泥岩滑坡,造成马康公路、输电线路、饮水管线等严重破坏,直接经济损失约800万元。该滑坡位于黄河南岸凹岸,受黄河侧蚀作用影响强烈。滑体后缘高程2 089 m,前缘高程2 028 m,前后缘相对高差61 m;堆积体长约300 m,宽约500 m,平均厚度约8 m,主滑方向100°;平面形态为规则的圈椅状,剖面形     

基于DEM模拟的破碎对黄土滑坡动力学特征影响研究

为研究滑体破碎对黄土滑坡动力学过程的影响,基于PFC^2D建立了一种考虑到黄土特殊结构的可破碎离散元滑坡模型,通过改变细观强度参数生成不同强度滑体,模拟不同破碎率下的滑坡发生过程,分析了破碎对滑坡速度、流动性和堆积特征等方面的影响,再现了党川8^#滑坡从启动到停止全过程。结果表明：(1)滑体峰值速度与破碎率呈负相关,具体表现为：滑体最大运动速度随破碎率的增大呈幂函数减小。(2)破碎对滑坡流动性的促进作用可能存在某阈值点,使得当破碎率小于该值时,有效摩擦系数随破碎率的增大不显著降低,反之则迅速减小。(3)随着破碎程度的增加,滑坡堆积厚度减小,水平分布范围越广,分选降低,孔隙的分布趋于均一化,且最大堆积厚度的位置多位于地形低洼处。(4)党川8^#滑坡从失稳到停止运动总历时28 s,局部最大速度约17 m·s^-1,最远滑动距离约195 m,破碎率达到19%。揭示了破碎对黄土滑坡动力学过程的影响,对黄土滑坡动力学研究具有一定参考价值。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.