沉桩引起的三维超静孔隙水压力计算及其应用

引入时间、深度参数分析在饱和软粘土中沉桩时引起的超静孔隙水压力,给出了考虑固结效应的超静孔隙水压力的三维解析解;分析了超静孔隙水压力的消散过程中桩周土发生曼德尔效应的时间和区域,提出了在群桩施工过程中土体中的超静孔隙水压力是消散与累加的综合过程,施工完毕后则变为单一的消散的计算模型,并给出计算公式。通过算例,分析了桩群不同桩距、不同入桩顺序对超静孔隙水压力的影响。     

水平荷载下桩的可靠性分析

由于桩及桩周土的材料性能参数的不确定性,桩的响应也是不确定的。在考虑桩的水平荷载、桩周土反力及桩的刚度等不确定因素情况下,采用一阶可靠度分析方法对水平受荷桩的最大弯矩及桩顶的最大位移进行了可靠性分析,进 而,考虑分布参数的不确定性,用点估计法预估桩的失效概率,对给定的p-y曲线进行桩的可靠性分析。研究表明,在失效概率相对较低的情况下,水平荷载下基桩的失效概率与随机变量的分布类型假定有较大关系,随机变量分布参量的不确定性只会对桩的失效概率产生较小的影响。     

基于荷载传递法的单桩非线性受力性状分析软件开发及其应用

基于荷载传递法的单桩非线性受力性状分析软件,可灵活选用不同的荷载传递函数如双曲线模型和软化模型等分析单位侧阻与桩土相对位移间的关系及桩端位移和桩端阻力间的关系,并将桩分成若干桩段以考虑地基土的成层性,且在分析单桩的非线性受力性状的过程中可考虑地下水的影响。该软件得出的单桩受力性状与实际情况吻合较好,提出的基于荷载传递法的单桩非线性受力性状的分析软件是合理可行的,在单桩非线性受力性状的分析上具有一定的实用价值。     

考虑桩周土竖向作用大直径楔形桩纵向振动特性

将桩土系统划分为数量足够多的微元段,相邻微元桩段接触面处的环形凸面与土的相互作用采用单个Voigt体模拟,求得Voigt体的弹簧和黏壶系数。结合相邻微元桩段接触面上的应力平衡条件和位移连续条件,得到修正的阻抗函数递推法,桩身采用Rayleigh杆考虑桩身的横向惯性效应。结合桩底的边界条件,运用拉普拉斯变换和修正的阻抗函数递推法求得了平面应变条件下成层土中考虑桩周土竖向作用时大直径楔形桩桩顶复阻抗的解析解。通过与已有解对比,研究了桩周土竖向作用对桩顶复刚度和桩顶在瞬态激振下的速度响应的影响,并在低频域内详细分析了桩周土的竖向作用与桩土系统参数对桩顶复刚度的影响的耦合作用。     

群桩荷载位移特性研究

将杆系结构有限单元法与荷载传递迭代法相耦合,形成一桩基沉降分析计算的混合法。采用近似解析解中Randolph and Wroth’Model与双曲线模型相结合,模拟桩身与桩周介质边界上剪切滑移的非线性。桩间相互作用在采用弹性理论Mindlin方程解答计算,并考虑了桩间“加筋与遮帘”作用。桩周土介质非均质性特征,采用指数函数模拟。分析了刚性承台下群桩桩数、桩长、桩间距和桩土模量比等群桩工作特性的影响。尤其是桩台基础沉降对群桩相互作用影响机制的研究,对桥梁拼接等对桩基础沉降要求严格的工程有重要的借鉴意义。     

考虑砂土地基预制桩侧向挤土影响的单桩承载力分析研究

预制桩的沉桩过程产生了对桩周土体的挤密作用,桩周土体的力学特性发生了相应的改变,这种改变会直接影响预制桩桩基础的承载力。利用有限元计算分析方法对砂性土地基预制桩沉桩过程进行了数值求解,得到了桩周土体的位移和应力变化规律;在应力路径控制的三轴试验中,模拟土体在受到预制桩沉桩影响的应力状态,试验研究了标准砂在再受荷载作用时的力学特性;在荷载传递法中,运用桩周土体性质的变化试验结果,进行了有限差分数值分析,得到了考虑和不考虑挤土作用的单桩P-S曲线。研究结果表明：预制桩的沉桩过程对桩周土中的径向和轴向应力都有明显的影响,对径向应力的影响大于对轴向应力的影响;挤土效应提高了桩周土的剪切模量值和强度,影响范围大致相当;考虑沉桩侧向挤土影响单桩承载特性有明显的提高,现行的预制桩设计偏于安全。     

夯实水泥土桩复合地基有效桩长与桩身强度关系试验研究

通过室内模型试验,实测得到水泥土材料的破坏形式、夯实水泥土桩复合地基桩土荷载分担比、桩土应力比、桩间土深层变形等承载及变形性状。给出了文中试验条件下,给定桩身强度的夯实水泥土桩复合地基的有效桩长或有效复合土层厚度,认为设计夯实水泥土桩复合地基时,应考虑桩身强度对承载力的影响桩体,设计应以桩身强度控制,使由桩身强度确定的单桩承载力大于（或等于）由桩周土和桩端土的抗力所提供的单桩承载力。     

考虑桩侧土软化的单桩性状计算分析

在分析单桩桩侧土工作性状的基础上,提出了一种考虑桩侧土软化效应的荷载传递函数,分析了模型曲线随其中2个参数a和 b的变化规律。将该传递函数应用于单桩性状的分析,与采用常规的双曲线型传递函数的计算结果进行对比分析对比结果表明,采用该模型计算出来的单桩承载力更合理和准确。     

考虑桩周剪切效应的单桩荷载传递机制分析

桩的存在使桩周土的竖向有效应力不等于上覆土自重应力与上部外加荷载的简单叠加,原因是桩-土相对刚度导致桩-土接触面上产生竖向剪切。通过平衡分析法,得到不同荷载形式下桩周土竖向有效应力、桩侧正（负）摩阻力、总侧摩阻力和轴力（下拽力）的计算方法,根据已开展的饱和黏土中单桩的负摩阻力试验,验证了公式的合理性,证明了考虑竖向剪切效应的必要性。通过计算分析可知：桩周土竖向均布荷载作用下,桩-土竖向剪切效应削弱了桩周土竖向有效应力、桩侧负摩阻力和桩身下拽力,剪切效应的控制参数?分别取-0.01、-0.02和-0.04时,靠近桩端的桩侧负摩阻力分别为? = 0时的91%、83%和71%,靠近桩端的桩身下拽力分别为? = 0时的93%、87%和76%。由于下拽力受截面几何参数影响,其折减程度略小于桩侧负摩阻力。因此,桩周土表面均布荷载作用时,忽略桩-土竖向剪切效应可能高估由下拽力引起的桩顶沉降。     

含扩径桩的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

为探讨扩径缺陷桩对竖向荷载作用下群桩基础工作性状的影响,建立了一个群桩基础数值分析模型。采用三维非线性有限元/无限元方法对正常桩基础及含有浅部或深部扩径缺陷桩的群桩基础进行了一系列对比分析。分析结果初步揭示了竖向荷载作用下含扩径缺陷桩的桩基础基本工作特性,得出了扩径缺陷对群桩各桩间轴力分布及承台弯矩分布影响的基本规律性。研究成果不仅有助于认识和合理判断扩径桩的工作机制,而且对评价有扩径缺陷的桩基承载性状、选择缺陷处理技术及桩与承台的结构设计都具有重要的实际意义     

开挖卸荷对既有群桩竖向承载性状的影响分析

既有建筑下增层开挖对已有桩基础的影响不同于基坑开挖对坑内桩基的影响。基于工程实例验证的有限元参数,用硬化土弹塑性模型模拟土体,用接触面单元模拟桩土相互作用,建立了桩筏基础-地基-增层开挖三维有限元模型,对增层开挖后群桩基础的竖向承载性状进行研究。分析了桩顶刚度、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻比以及土体回弹的变化规律,并研究了不同桩端土体刚度和增层开挖深度对这些参数的影响。结果表明,增层开挖后群桩中不同基桩表现出不同的承载性状,增大桩端土体刚度可明显提高单桩承载力和端阻比临界值;随着增层开挖深度的增加,侧阻和端阻的发挥程度也随之提高。研究结果有望为地下室增层开挖施工中的结构托换变形控制和补桩设计提供依据。     

Analysis of piled raft with nodular pile subjected to vertical load using a Winkler model approach

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for analysis of piled rafts with nodular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The vertical stiffness coefficient along a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement given by the Mindlin solution for elastic continuum analysis. The vertical stiffness coefficients for the bases of the raft and the nodular part in the nodular pile in a soil are expressed by the Muki solution for the 3‐D elastic analysis. The relationship between settlement and vertical load on the pile base is presented considering the Mindlin solution and the equivalent thickness in the equivalent elastic method. The interaction factor between the shaft of the nodular pile and the soil is expressed taking into account the Mindlin solution and the equivalent elastic modulus. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation of influence factors of the pile for each layer. The percentage of each load carried by both nodular pile and raft subjected to vertical load is represented through the vertical influence factors proposed here. Comparison of the results calculated by the present method for piled rafts with nodular piles in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the finite element method and a field test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integral equation method for analysis of piled rafts with dissimilar piles under vertical loading

In a piled raft, the length and arrangement of piles has a significant effect on the stresses and deflections of the raft. The use of piles with different dimensions and properties below a raft is an innovative concept and can optimize the design of a piled raft. In this study, an integral equation method with a fictitious pile model was adopted to analyze the piled raft foundation with dissimilar piles. The Fredholm integral equations of the second kind were obtained for this problem. The loads shared by piles and subsoil, the load transfer, and the settlement of the piled raft were obtained using numerical calculation. The results from the present method were compared with those in the literature. An optimization technique was introduced to design piled rafts with dissimilar piles. The stiffening effect of piles on the surrounding soil is also discussed as compared the conventional interaction factor approach.     

Axisymmetric finite element analysis of pile loading tests

In this paper a typical soil–structure interaction problem is considered, the case of a vertical pile installed in sand and submitted to an axial compression loading. Results from two full scale pile tests are analysed and the tests are reproduced by numerical simulations via finite elements method (FEM). The choice of the mechanical parameters for the soil and the sand–pile interface and the modelling approach are first described. A new numerical strategy is outlined to account for pile installation effects due to jacking and driving via FEM. The proposed approach is based on the application of existing empirical correlations available for the quantification of residual radial and shear stresses along the pile shaft as well as residual pressures around the pile base after the installation. This approach is proposed as an alternative to more complex methods based on the numerical modelling of the pile penetration problem. The role of the constitutive modelling of the interface is also discussed. Finally, comparative analyses of pile loading tests using FEM are provided and the comparisons between numerical and experimental results are presented and discussed.     

局部冲刷下群桩水平承载试验研究

基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。     

考虑基坑开挖影响的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

对土体采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,用接触面单元模拟桩-土相互作用,利用ABAQUS建立桩筏基础--地基--基坑开挖三维有限元分析模型。对基坑开挖影响下的群桩基础竖向承载性状进行了分析,讨论了桩顶反力分布、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及开挖引起的桩身水平位移及其弯矩的变化规律,并进行了考虑基坑开挖与不考虑基坑开挖的群桩基础竖向承载性状的对比分析。通过研究,取得了基坑开挖对高层建筑桩筏基础影响的基本认识,这些认识对于改进桩筏基础设计理论有一定的参考意义。     

A simplified approach for settlement analysis of single pile and pile groups considering interaction between identical piles in multilayered soils

A new and simple approach is presented to analyze the elastic–plastic behavior of a single pile in layered soils using two models. One model adopts a hyperbolic approach to describe the nonlinear relationship between the shaft shear stresses and the displacement surrounding the pile shaft, and the other model uses a bilinear hardening model to simulate the relationship between the settlement and the mobilized load at the pile end. Furthermore, the interaction between identical piles including the pile shaft and the base interaction in multilayered soils is analyzed. Comparisons of the load–settlement responses for two well-instrumented field tests in multilayered soils are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed simple method. This present paper enables a quick estimate of the settlement of a single pile and a pile group embedded in layered soils, resulting in savings in time and cost.     

软土中单桩桩侧承载力时效性理论解

以有效应力原理为基础,结合考虑应变软化、桩径和弹性区孔压分布等因素的桩周土固结解,推导出软土中单桩桩侧承载力时效性的理论解。与传统桩的承载力时效性简化分析方法不同,该理论解不仅考虑了多土层地基中各土层刚度指数的差异对固结过程的影响,还考虑了各土层因固结系数不同对孔压消散速率的影响。通过现场不同间歇期的单桩载荷试验测试结果验证了其合理性     

考虑沉桩效应的群桩非线性荷载-沉降解析

考虑沉桩效应对桩周土体力学特性的影响,采用指数函数型荷载传递曲线分别建立了静压桩的桩侧和桩端荷载传递模型。在此基础上,根据群桩加载过程中桩周土体的变形模式,基于荷载传递法描述桩-土界面的非线性行为,采用剪切位移法考虑群桩之间的相互作用,提出了考虑沉桩效应的群桩非线性荷载-沉降混合计算方法。通过开展离心模型试验对该计算方法解答进行了验证,研究了沉桩效应和桩-土界面非线性特征对群桩承载特性的影响。研究结果表明,沉桩效应对桩周土体起到挤密作用,使得桩周土体的强度和刚度增大,从而提高了群桩的承载特性。群桩加载过程中桩-土界面刚度随沉降变形而逐渐减小,使得群桩荷载-沉降曲线呈现出明显的非线性特征。     

An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.