多模式面波非线性反演

利用高频面波反演横波速度一直是浅地表地震工程研究的热点。为深入认识利用高频面波（瑞雷波和勒夫波）评价横波速度的能力,本文首先采取高阶交错网格有限差分法实现两层模型的瑞雷波和勒夫波数值模拟,并应用τ-p变换形成频散能量图。相比瑞雷波,不同模式的勒夫波频散能量很接近,这说明易于实现多模式勒夫波反演。然后利用线性映射实现广义模式识别这种非线性反演方法对含软弱夹层的四层模型的基模式、多模式瑞雷波和勒夫波的变厚度反演。若初始模型很拙劣,相比勒夫波,瑞雷波基模式反演不能重建地层中含有软弱夹层这一特征,瑞雷波多模式反演则可以重建这一特征;勒夫波基模式和多模式反演都可以重建这一特征。即使在地层的泊松比与估计值相差很大时,瑞雷波多模式反演仍能重建地层结构,但其频散曲线总是存在"模式接吻"现象,容易模式误判;而勒夫波反演则不用估计地层泊松比,也不存在"模式接吻"现象。一系列算例表明：高模式瑞雷波的加入会显著提高横波速度评价结果的精度;而高模式勒夫波的加入会令反演系统对半空间以上异常层的参数过于敏感,造成参数过度估计,但也会显著提升对半空间横波速度的评价能力。最后,应用本文方法实现了对实测勒夫波数据的分析。     

Rayleigh面波各阶模式频散曲线对横波速度和层厚的敏感性探讨

Rayleigh面波勘探的目的在于有效利用频散曲线反演地层厚度及横波速度,而不同模式的频散曲线对横波速度和层厚的敏感性不同。通过求取介质参数变化10%后与参数不变化时的二组频散曲线的差值,得到各阶模式的频率～相速度差曲线,分析了Rayleigh面波各模式频散曲线对横波速度、层厚的敏感性。试验结果表明,基阶模式对于浅层的横波速度和层厚比较敏感,敏感区域主要集中在较窄的频带范围内。而高阶模式对于相对较深层的横波速度和层厚比较敏感,且频率范围分布较大,敏感性强的频段分布比较分散。研究结果可以为Rayleigh面波多模式联合反演提供理论依据。     

日本学者在京报告短周期微动的研究现状

为引进微动的观测技术和处理解释方法,地矿部物化探局曾于1988年邀请日本学者冈田广教授来华讲学。那次讲学冈田教授主要讲解了由较长周期(同期大于1s小于10s)的微动资料计算基阶瑞雷波相速度频散曲线的两种方法以及由相速度频散曲线反演地下横波速度构造的方法,展示了该方法在油气地质构造调     

瞬态瑞雷波反演横波的SVD算法及其应用

利用奇异值分解算法对瑞雷波频散曲线进行反演,提高横波速度的反演精度,引入权重矩阵提高数据分辨率,采用自适应修改阻尼因子提高迭代效果并协调分辨率与解的关系.某高速公路软土路基实测资料试算结果表明,用该算法对瞬态瑞雷波频散曲线进行反演,不但具有稳定性好、精度高、分辨能力强的特点,而且能自动分层和反演地层参数,在高速公路软土路基探测等领域中具有广阔的应用前景.     

新的瑞雷波多模式频散曲线反演目标函数

反演瑞雷波频散曲线能有效地获取横波速度和地层厚度,传统的多模式瑞雷波频散曲线反演需要正确的模式判别.然而,当地层中含有低速软弱夹层或高速硬夹层等复杂结构时,瑞雷波可能会出现"模式接吻"和"模式跳跃"等现象,这些现象极易造成模式误判,进而导致错误的反演结果;同时,传统的频散曲线反演方法需要进行求根运算,进而导致现有的瑞雷波非线性反演速度慢,运算时间长.鉴于此,对传统的Haskell-Thomson频散曲线正演模拟算法进行了改进,提出了一种新颖有效的目标函数.该目标函数直接利用实测频散曲线与迭代更新模型频散函数表面形状进行最佳拟合,无需将多模式频散数据归于特定的模式,可有效避免多模式瑞雷波频散曲线反演模式误识别;同时,该目标函数不需要求根运算,进而大大加快了非线性反演速度.基于粒子群优化算法,利用实际工作中经常遇到的3种典型理论地质模型和某一高速公路路基实测资料进行了理论模型试算和实例分析,检验了本文提出的瑞雷波多模式频散曲线反演新方法的有效性和实用性.      

多道瞬态面波在复杂地形条件下岩层划分中的应用研究

在复杂地表条件下,利用瑞雷面波进行勘探时,需要考虑地形对瑞雷波场传播地影响。针对倾斜地表两层地质模型,通过设计不同展布方向的检波器排列进行瑞雷波信号采集,利用高精度交错网格有限差分法,讨论经过快速傅里叶变换后的地震记录F-V频率谱,通过对比信号频率谱与理论多阶频散曲线,分析在不同地形条件下瑞雷波传播能量的变化特征,并提取叠加频散曲线;运用遗传算法对采集到的地震记录进行基阶与高阶瑞雷波联合反演得到目的层厚与初始模型层厚进行误差对比;并对理论正演初始模型的频散曲线与各地质模型利用F-K法提取的频散曲线进行全局拟合误差计算。分析表明:倾斜地形进行多道瞬态瑞雷面波勘探,相对于下部激发、上部激发会产生高阶频散趋势,因此对下部激发的地震记录进行反演产生的厚度误差相对较小。     

基于多模式分离的S变换与小波变换提取面波频散曲线对比分析

为了对比分析小波变换和S变换在计算瑞雷波频散曲线时的精度,通过设计两层介质和六层介质模型,采用交错网格高阶有限差分方法对两个模型进行正演模拟,利用F-K法分离出时间—空间域不同模态的瑞雷波记录,再采用小波变换和S变换计算出不同模态的瑞雷波频散曲线,分别与理论值进行对比分析,最后利用两种方法对实际资料进行处理。结果表明:利用小波变换计算得到的频散曲线在低频段误差相对较大,S变换计算得到的频散曲线精度总体高于小波变换。     

规则层状弹性介质中基阶模态瑞利波频散曲线计算新方法

在层剪切波速随层深度递增的规则层状弹性介质中,基阶模态瑞利波在表面波场起主导作用,基阶模态频散曲线计算在表面波测试分析中非常重要。层状弹性介质中各阶模态瑞利波频散曲线计算常采用矩阵方法,由矩阵行列式根得到频散曲线,但行列式需用搜索方法求解。为了避免复杂计算,基于Aki和Richards给出的基阶模态频散曲线计算式,假设瑞利波相速度是层剪切波或瑞利波速与基阶瑞利波位移振型函数积分加权均方根。通过对规则层状介质中基阶瑞利波位移振型及土参数与第1层相同的均匀半无限体瑞利波位移振型比较,可知两者变化规律具有相关性,以层剪切波速度差异为参数对半无限体中瑞利波位移振型修正可估算分层介质中基阶瑞利波振型。分析结果表明,相较于矩阵方法,该方法算法简单,相较于半波法,精度较高。     

VTI介质瑞雷波频散曲线特征与对比分析

在近地表瑞雷波勘探中,介质的各向异性对瑞雷波传播有着明显的影响。为了研究横向各向同性(vertical transverse isotropy,简称VTI)介质各向异性参数对瑞雷波的影响,以各向异性弹性波理论为基础,利用应力镜像法为边界条件,实现了VTI介质中瑞雷波的正演数值模拟,并利用相移法提取瑞雷波频散曲线。将层状各向同性介质和VTI介质瑞雷波频散曲线作对比,研究结果表明:(1)瑞雷波各阶模式相速度随纵波变异系数δ的增大而减小,随纵波各向异性强度参数ε的增大而增大;(2)随着纵波各向异性强度参数ε的减小和纵波变异系数δ的增大,会引起瑞雷波各阶模式相速度减小和瑞雷波频散曲线各阶模式主要能量所在频带范围减小;(3)当纵波各向异性强度参数ε减小和纵波变异系数δ增大到一定程度后,在速度递增的层状介质中会引起瑞雷波出现"之"字形频散曲线,在含软弱夹层的层状介质中会出现各阶模式频散曲线混淆的现象。     

频率-贝塞尔变换方法在巢湖滩涂浅层勘探上的应用

目前常用的基于背景噪声的面波方法反演地下速度结构,存在频率范围较低,对浅部不够敏感,无法有效提取高阶面波频散曲线的缺点。研究表明,高阶面波包含丰富的地下介质结构信息,在反演时加入高阶提供更多的约束,可降低反演非唯一性,提高反演结果准确性。这里用频率-贝塞尔变换方法对从安徽巢湖滩涂采集到的背景噪声数据进行处理,并使用拟牛顿法进行反演。对比了只用基阶频散信息和基阶、1阶频散曲线联合反演两种情况,结果表明,在结合了1阶频散信息后,得到了更为准确的浅部速度结构,说明频率-贝塞尔变换方法在浅层勘探中的应用是行之有效的。     

Test of the upper mantle low velocity layer in Siberia with surface waves

The existence of the upper mantle low velocity layer (LVL) below 100 km depth in cratonic areas is tested with surface waves dispersion curves. Given the ambient noise we find that a pronounced LVL (80 km thick and 2% velocity reduction or 40 km thick and 5% velocity reduction) can be distinguished from a constant velocity model by comparison of the fundamental mode group velocities, whereas a thin LVL (less than 40 km thick) with small velocity contrast (less than 2%) cannot be resolved. The fundamental modes of Love and Rayleigh waves have similar properties and, in general, the phase velocity differences are smaller than the standard error. Phase velocity alone cannot discriminate between the models, and the group velocity is in general more sensitive to the velocity structure than the phase velocity. The higher modes at short periods could potentially determine a LVL but in reality it is difficult to obtain sufficiently accurate measurements. We invert the synthetic dispersion curves by the non-linear Hedgehog inversion method. A pronounced LVL (more than 40 km thick and with a strong velocity contrast of about 5%) is detectable by the non-linear inversion but for a thin LVL with a strong velocity contrast it is not possible to resolve both velocity and thickness. In the inversions all solutions include a LVL for models with a pronounced LVL, whereas the solution space includes models with and without a LVL for models with a zero or positive gradient velocity–depth structure.We invert also real data with travel path across the Siberian craton with the Hedgehog method. Almost all solutions include a LVL in the depth range of 80–150 km with a velocity contrast up to 2% to the surrounding intervals. Hence, the LVL appears to be a common feature of the Siberian upper mantle, although a constant velocity at the same depth range cannot be totally excluded. Despite low resolution at large depth, a pronounced asthenospheric LVL below a depth of about 225 km is a constant characteristic of the set of solutions.     

Effective Dispersion Curve and Pseudo Multimode Dispersion Curves for Rayleigh Wave

The hi-energy bands in the dispersion image are usually interpreted as the true dispersion phase velocities.However,the multiple dispersion modes of Rayleigh wave in layered media stack in space,producing the effective dispersion curve and the pseudo multimode dispersion curves in disper-sion image.The effective dispersion curve has the maximum energy with lower phase velocities than pseudo dispersion phase velocities,and thus is often misunderstood as the fundamental mode.Within the tolerable misfit,the ef...     

High-Frequency Rayleigh-Wave Method

High-frequency (≥2 Hz) Rayleigh-wave data acquired with a multichannei recording sys-tem have been utilized to determine shear (S)-wave velocities in near-surface geophysics since the early 1980s. This overview article discusses the main research results of high-frequency surface-wave tech-niques achieved by research groups at the Kansas Geological Survey and China University of Geosciences in the last 15 years. The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method is a nou-iuvasive acoustic approach to estimate near-surface S-wave velocity. The differences between MASW results and direct borehole measurements are approximately 15% or less and random. Studies show that simultaneous inversion with higher modes and the fundamental mode can increase model resolution and an investigation depth. The other important seismic property, quality factor (Q), can also be estimated with the MASW method by inverting attenuation coefficients of Rayleigh waves. An inverted model (S-wave velocity or Q) obtained using a damped least-squares method can be assessed by an optimal damping vector in a vicinity of the inverted model determined by an objective function, which is the trace of a weighted sum of model-resolution and model-covariance matrices. Current developments include modeling high-frequency Rayleigh-waves in near-surface media, which builds a foundation for shallow seismic or Rayleigh-wave inversion in the time-offset domain; imaging dispersive energy with high resolution in the frequency-velocity domain and possibly with data in an arbitrary acquisition geometry, which opens a door for 3D surface-wave techniques; and successfully separating surface-wave modes, which provides a valuable tool to perform S-wave velocity profiling with high-horizontal resolution.     

基于细化分层法探讨面波频散曲线反演参数的简化

常规频散曲线反演过程中需要不停地改变分层数、层厚度和层速度等参数,实现过程相对繁琐,而采用细化分层法对反演参数进行简化则避免了上述缺点。具体思路为：根据目的层探测深度（如20m）将地下介质分为若干个（20个）厚度为1m的薄层和1个均匀半空间层（共21层）,这样在反演中分层数和层厚度均为已知参量,反演过程只需修改速度参数即可,避免了改变分层数和层厚度等参数,显著简化了反演计算过程。正演计算和反演结果均表明：细化分层与实际分层计算出的频散曲线是等效的,细化分层反演结果的总体效果与真实模型非常接近,这说明细化分层方法用于频散曲线反演是切实可行且有效的;将地下介质划分为1m厚的薄层,反演后每层均可得到1个横波速度,能满足反演分辨率的要求;由于实际地下介质的速度是随深度渐变的,细化分层后比按频散曲线拐点分层（每分层的厚度可能是几米或几十米,同一分层内介质的横波速度相等）更接近实际情况。     

Shear-wave velocity structure of the south-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula from Rayleigh wave analysis

In this study, we present the lithospheric structure of the south-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula by means of a set of 2D images of shear velocity, for depths ranging from 0 to 50 km. This goal will be attained by means of the inversion of the Rayleigh wave dispersion. For it, the traces of 25 earthquakes occurred on the neighbouring of the study area, from 2001 to 2003, will be considered. These earthquakes have been registered by 11 broadband stations located on Iberia. All seismic events have been grouped in source zones to get an average dispersion curve for each source-station path. The dispersion curves have been measured for periods between 2 and 45 s, by combination of two digital filtering techniques: Multiple Filter Technique and Time Variable Filtering. The resulting set of source-station averaged dispersion curves has been inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to get S-wave velocity models for each source-station path. Later, these models have been interpolated using the method of kriging, to obtain a 2D mapping of the S-wave velocity structure for the south-eastern part of Iberia. The results presented in this paper show that the techniques used here are a powerful tool to investigate the crust and upper mantle structure, through the dispersion analysis and its inversion to obtain shear velocity distributions with depth. By means of this analysis, principal structural features of the south-eastern part of Iberia, such as the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity in the whole study area, or the location of the Moho discontinuity at 30 km of depth (with an average S-velocity of uppermost mantle of 4.7 km/s), have been revealed. Other important structural features revealed by this analysis have been that the uppermost of Iberian massif shows higher velocity values than the uppermost of the Alpine domain, indicating that the massif is old and tectonically stable. The average velocity of the crust in Betic cordillera is of 3.5 km/s, while in the Iberian massif is 3.7 km/s. All these features are in agreement with the geology and other previous geophysical studies.     

密集线性台阵地震背景噪声速度成像及其在湖南沃溪金钨锑矿勘探中的应用

多道面波分析技术在近地表勘探领域有着广泛应用,准确的提取频散曲线成为面波勘探成像的关键。文章介绍了一种新的地震背景噪声互相关面波频散成像方法——拓距相移法。该方法在传统相移法的基础上,利用阵内相移对小孔径范围的面波中高频信号进行提取,并利用阵外相移对大孔径范围的面波中低频信号进行提取,然后将两部分频散曲线融合从而得到更宽频带的面波频散曲线用于地下速度结构的反演。该方法在保证对近地表结构进行较高分辨率成像的同时,大大增加对深部结构的有效约束。2019年9月到10月期间,作者在湖南沃溪布设了8条密集测线,进行了1个月的地震背景噪声数据采集,并利用上述拓距相移法提取了0.1~2 s的瑞利面波宽频带相速度频散曲线。通过初步反演其中3条测线的背景噪声数据,获得了该矿区深度2.5 km以浅的地震横波速度结构。经与已知地质资料比对,160测线的地震横波速度反演结果与断层、岩性分界面及矿脉有着较好的对应关系,表明获得的沃溪矿区地震横波速度结构较好地反映了控矿构造、岩性分界以及矿体的分布位置等信息,为该区中—深部找矿提供了重要依据。该研究利用实际数据检验了拓距相移法的有效性,为今后深部找矿提供了一个有效的高精度成像方法。     

三峡库区上地壳横波速度结构

为了更好地了解三峡库区的稳定性, 利用三峡库区的流动宽频地震仪台阵于2011年4~5月期间观测的背景噪声数据, 采用互相关方法提取了瑞利面波的格林函数, 用多重滤波方法获得了瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线.利用走时层析成像方法获得了0.5~10.0 s周期的纯路径频散曲线, 进而反演获得了沿巴东-茅坪-土门方向的横波速度结构剖面, 揭示了三峡地区上地壳的速度变化情况.研究表明: (1)研究区地下速度结构与地质构造关系密切, 速度剖面上很好地反映了一个以黄陵背斜核部为中心的背斜构造; (2)九畹溪及其周边区域下方较快的速度变化可能与对应的区域断裂构造、地震活动性密切相关; (3)三斗坪地区上地壳表现为高速, 表明三峡坝区处于构造稳定区域.      

纵横波速度反演在气层识别中的应用

提出一种部分叠加资料的反演方法。部分叠加资料保留了原有的大量信息,在测井及构造层位的约束下,建立最符合地下实际情况的初始模型。通过非线性最优化理论,采用逐道外推技术,能同时反演出每一个点更准确的纵波和横波速度,进而可以求得纵横波速度比及泊松比,为储层预测和储集层内的流体识别提供丰富的弹性参数信息。