陕西凤县地区九子沟铜矿的特征、成因及意义

九子沟铜矿是凤县-太白铅锌多金属矿集区近年来发现的新矿床。矿化类型主要表现为硅质岩型、硅化灰岩型和石英-方解石脉型。矿体主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状与围岩整合产出,且多被后期顺层或切层含矿石英-方解石脉交代,形成富矿体。综合地质特征和地球化学特征,认为该矿床成因类型为喷流沉积-改造型铜矿。九子沟等铜矿床（点）与区域上的铅锌矿床构成了热水喷流沉积矿床的元素分带模式。这一发现,指示今后该地区可在热水喷流沉积矿床元素分带模式的基础上,结合区带内背斜控矿的地质特征开展找矿工作。     

南秦岭柞山地区铜矿成矿类型、成矿规律及找矿预测

[摘 要]南秦岭柞山地区位于陕西省东南部,其西起柞水县,东到山阳县,面积约3000km²。其地处南秦岭海西-印支褶皱带东段,主体夹持于商丹缝合带与凤镇-山阳大断裂之间。作者总结了区域成矿地质背景,对热卤水喷流沉积型铜(银铅)矿、沉积-改造层控型铜矿、热液脉型铜(镍)矿、矽卡岩型铜(铁)矿、震裂岩型铜矿、斑岩型铜(钼、金)矿等6 种铜矿成矿类型的特征进行了探讨,在此基础上阐述了柞山地区铜矿的成矿规律,指出热水喷流型铜矿、斑岩型铜矿、沉积-改造层控型铜矿最具找矿潜力。目前已知的矿床(点)均受具导浆、导热、导流、导矿功能的区域性凤镇-山阳大断裂控制,并沿其两侧展布。未来一段时期,柞山地区铜矿找矿主攻类型为热水喷流型铜矿、斑岩型铜矿、沉积-改造层控型铜矿。找矿靶区首推柞水县银洞子矿床深部、山阳县池沟铜矿点、柞水县冷水沟铜矿点,次为柞水县张家坪铜矿点、山阳县色河铺铜矿点。通过进一步勘查有望取得铜矿找矿的重大突破。     

辽宁本溪盘岭地区铜、铅锌矿床成矿条件探讨

本溪盘岭地区铜、铅锌矿床类型主要有沉积－变质矿床、沉积－强烈改造矿床、沉积－变质（改造）－岩浆液叠加矿床、后成矿床4种类型。通过对矿床地质特征、沉积环境、沉积相、矿区构造等方面的研究，认为矿床（化）明显受沉积环境、地层的岩性、岩相的控制，并受构造岩浆活动的影响，成矿条件有4种：矿床原始沉积条件；成矿物质来源条件；后期改造富集条件；成矿的物理场和地球化学场条件。通过成矿条件分析，本区海湾浅海环境的氧化－还原的环境是铜、铅锌有利的沉淀场所，富含有机质的薄层互层带是矿物赋存有利空间。     

沉积喷流型矿化的岩石学证据——以大兴安岭南段黄岗和大井矿床为例

沉积喷流型矿床往往有各种喷流岩（热水沉积岩）的共生，正确识别这些喷流岩经常能为认识矿床的成因提供关键证据。大兴安岭南段是我国北方著名的锡－多金属成矿区，燕山期火山－侵入岩广泛出露，因此认为区内矿床大都是与燕山期岩浆活动有关的热液矿床。但是，区内近90％的矿床却产在二叠纪地层中，显示了与二叠纪沉积地层的密切联系。本文以其中的黄岗铁－锡矿床和大井锡－多金属矿床为例，对与矿石密切共生的热水沉积岩开展了系统的地质学、岩相学、矿物学和组构学研究，并结合必要的地球化学数据，证明大兴安岭南段在二叠纪沉积盆地演化过程中可能普经有重要的水下热液沉积喷流成矿作用发生，尽管历来被人们所忽视，但其重要性可能并不亚于燕山期的岩浆热液成矿作用。黄岗矿床的层状矽卡岩与二叠纪海底火山活动关系密切，是一种很具特色的喷流岩；而被误认为是燕山期流纹斑岩的大井矿床菱铁织云硅质岩可能是一种产在陆相断陷盆地、与锡铜铅锌银多金属矿化有关的新类型热水沉积岩。显然，与热水沉积喷流矿床紧密共生的热水沉积岩是认识该类矿床至为重要的岩石学证据之一。     

新疆柴窝堡铜矿带铜沟－庙儿沟铜矿田成矿地质特征

通过柴窝堡铜矿带区域沉积环境、构造环境及岩浆活动分析，认为矿带具备铜矿成矿地质条件．具体阐述了铜沟─庙儿沟铜矿田的成矿地质地球化学特征和矿化富集规律，认为铜沟─庙儿沟铜矿区的矿床属沉积─热液叠加改造型层控矿床．     

河南高粱店乡铁铜矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

河南信阳高梁店乡铁铜矿矿区位于华北地台南缘陆壳增生带——东秦岭加里东构造岩浆带的东端,主体由二郎坪群火山、沉积、构造杂岩带构成.矿体主要呈透镜状产出于二郎坪群大栗树组第二岩性段斜长角闪(片)岩中,具有明显的层控特征,铁矿石中常见似层状黄铜矿,似层状矽卡岩化和硅化为近矿围岩的主要蚀变类型.根据矿床地质-地球化学特征,结合矿石的矿物共生组合、硫同位素组成及流体包裹体成分及特征,认为该矿床的形成与古生代二郎坪群的海相火山喷发沉积密切相关,早期的海底火山喷发形成了大量的玄武岩质熔岩(富含铁、铜),在火山喷发旋回的间歇期,形成了喷流沉积型的铁矿层和碳酸盐岩层;晚期受加里东末期-海西早期区域变质作用的影响,造成矿区基性火山岩变质形成层状矽卡岩,同时叠加了热液成因的浸染状、脉状铜铁矿化.故该矿床属于火山-沉积变质改造型含铜磁铁矿床.     

陕西铜矿床类型及找矿方向

通过对陕西铜矿成果和国土资源大调查工作中新发现铜矿的研究总结，划分出8类铜矿成因类型，其中重要的类型为海相火山气液型、接触交代型、受变质型;划分出与铜矿有关的成矿系列有9个.其中主要与铜矿床（点）有关的成矿系列为、与元古代中-酸性岩有关的铁铜矿床成矿系列，加里东-印支期与中性-酸性花岗岩类有关的铁铜金钨萤石矿床成矿系列，与海相中基性火山岩有关的铜锌矿床成矿系列，前寒武系变质火山岩中的铜锌黄铁矿床成矿系列，海底喷流沉积-热液改造铅锌铜矿床成矿系列;划分出与铜成矿有关的Ⅲ级成矿区（带）有5条，有关的Ⅳ级成矿区（带）有9条，主要铜找矿区（带）（相当于Ⅴ级）有14条，其中铜重点找矿区（带）有：勉县七里沟-宁强巩家河铁铜成矿带，铜峪-西骆峪铜锌成矿带，蟒岭-牧护关燕山期铁铜钼钨铅锌萤石成矿带、小河口-园子街铁铜金成矿区。     

陕西铅锌矿类型及其找矿方向

通过对陕西以往和新发现铅锌矿资源成果的分析、总结，将陕西铅锌矿床成因类型划为四级，其中一级划为内生矿床、外生矿床、变质矿床及叠生矿床；二级划为层控矿床、区域变质矿床、沉积矿床、火山成因矿床、热液矿床、接触交代（矽卡岩）矿床及伟晶岩矿床，其中区内最重要的铅锌矿床成因类型为层控矿床，次为区域变质矿床；与主要铅锌矿床有关的成矿系列初步划分为4个矿床成矿系列组合，6个成矿系列类型，9个成矿系列，其中主要与铅锌矿床有关的成矿系列为海底热液喷流-沉积铅锌矿床成矿系列、与热水渗滤作用有关的铅锌矿床成矿系列、海底喷流沉积-热液改造铅锌铜矿床成矿系列；与铅锌成矿有关的Ⅲ级成矿区（带）有5条，有关的Ⅳ级成矿区（带）有7条，主要铅锌成矿区（带）有12条，其中铅锌重点成矿区（带）有7条，即铅硐山-黄柏源铅锌铜成矿带、银硐子-桐木沟银铅锌铜重晶石成矿带、东川-小川铅锌铜成矿带、锡铜沟-板岩镇铅锌金汞锑成矿带、赵湾-黄石板铅锌金成矿带、阳平关-朱家坝古生代铅锌钴磷海泡石成矿区和勉县茶店子-宁强青木川金银铅锌铜硫成矿带。     

河南秋树湾铜钼矿区及外围地球化学异常特征及找矿方向

秋树湾铜钼矿床是北秦岭造山带东段最大的斑岩（爆破角砾岩）型铜钼矿床.文章通过对矿区及外围地球化学异常元素组合、分布、组分分带等特征的分析,探讨了地球化学异常与矿化的关系.认为矿区的南部有较大的找钼铜矿潜力;在寻找钼铜矿时,应注意钼铜矿外围银铅矿的评价.     

甘肃桦树沟(铁)铜矿床的成因机制

矿床地质地球化学特征研究结果表明，随着古陆边缘弧－槽－盆体系的发生与发展，元古代基底火山（沉积）岩系经深循环水（海水）－热系统的作用，成矿物质被浸出和搬运，并经海底喷溢作用沉淀于海盆洼地中形成桦树沟矿床含铜建造，后期变质作用使成矿物质活化、转移和富集。桦树沟矿床为喷气（流）沉积－变质改造型（铁）铜矿床。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。