平安县洪水泉乡地下水分布规律及水文特征研究

以青海省平安县洪水泉乡地下水勘查为例,对该区域地下水赋存条件及分布规律、含水岩组划分及富水性、地下水补给、径流与排泄条件、地下水水化学特征进行研究,将区内地下水类型划分为第四系松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶隙水、基岩裂隙水和冻结层水五大类,富水性分级与区域地下水一致。根据区内水文地质条件,离基岩山区近的村庄可以采用引泉方式解决供水,而远离基岩山区的低山丘陵村庄人畜饮水集中供水水源可采用大口井廊道取水工程来解决。通过合理开发利用地下水来解决当地供水需求。     

新疆东天山中段金铜成矿系统研究

依据海岸带的定义,选择陆地和海域的7个特征因子,对中国大陆海岸带26个区段进行Q型聚类分析,定量划分海岸带的类型、研究它们的分布特征。对7个特征因子作R型聚类分析和因子分析,确定影响海岸带发育的主要营力和各种营力之间的关系。数据分析显示,陆地地质作用是控制海岸带形成、发育和演化的主要营力,海洋营力只起改造作用。海岸带陆地地表水流特征既决定海岸的地形地貌和岩性,也控制了海域部分的水下地形地貌和底质岩石成分。从海岸带环境水文地质学角度,中国大陆海岸带可划分为松散岩类和基岩类海岸带两大类型和较粗颗粒底质、细颗粒底质、水动力条件与岩性复杂类等3个松散类海岸带亚类;砾砂粗粒底质、砂砾石台地、水下岸坡或台地等3个基岩类海岸带亚类。     

三亚市原生环境水文地质问题与防治对策

根据研究区的环境地质综合调查工作,查明了三亚市存在的原生环境水文地质问题有地下水酸化与地下水咸化。区内pH值介于5.5～6.5的弱酸性水主要分布于河流冲积层孔隙水及花岗岩风化裂隙水。地下水酸化主要受表层土壤酸化、含水介质上部覆盖层和碳酸的水解等影响。地下咸水区范围分布面积约为21.76 km~2,地下水类型属松散-半固结岩类孔隙承压水,地下水矿化度为1.289～5.368 g/L,属于微咸水-咸水。3条高密度电法测线测量成果揭示咸淡水界面深入陆地50 m以上和钻孔揭示地下咸水水头压力普遍在4 m标高以上,认为地下水咸化与现代海水入侵无关。同时,咸水区内的钠氯系数(γNa~+/γCl~-)介于0.4～0.78,平均值为0.58,推测该咸水属于古封存型咸水。最后探讨了上述环境地质问题的防治措施,为三亚市地下水资源保护与开发利用提供地学支撑。     

山东莒县地区地下水动态特征及找水模型

山东莒县地区地下水类型分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水和基岩裂隙水4类含水岩组;根据区内长期水质监测孔资料,介绍了地下水水化学特征。采集12件水样进行2H、18O稳定同位素及3H同位素测龄,结果表明浅层地下水受现代大气降水的补给,更新替代速度快。随着区内峤山水库停止放水,引发了水位下降和泉水枯竭的环境地质问题。为合理开发利用本区地下水资源,提出四种找水模型,为找水打井,提供帮助。     

珠江三角洲地区酸性地下水分布特征及其影响因素研究

珠江三角洲地区酸性地下水(pH6.5)分布范围占全区面积的3/4,区域地下水酸化较普遍,已成为最大的区域地下水环境和生态问题之一。本研究通过珠江三角洲地区地下水pH值及地下水常规无机成分,对地下水酸化的空间分布规律与影响因素进行分析,结果发现:pH6.5的偏酸性地下水主要分布于东、北、西的低山、丘陵地区,主要土地利用类型为果林用地及农田用地,主要含水介质类型为基岩裂隙水,同时分布有松散岩类孔隙水、还有碳酸盐岩类裂隙溶洞水;pH≥6.5的地下水主要集中在三角洲中心平原区,主要土地利用类型为城市用地,地下水类型为松散岩孔隙水。     

某城区及周边应急水源地地下水分布特征与分析

梅州位于广东省东北,地处山区,寻找应急水源地思路和方法不同于平原地区、沿海地区,地下水类型中松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水供水意义不大,岩溶面积虽不大,但水量较丰富,富水性中等～丰富,比基岩裂隙水更有集中供水的意义。根据梅州城区及周边应急水源地地下水分布与特点,圈定了6处地下水应急供水水源地,具有埋藏较浅、富水性中等～丰富、补给水源充足、水质较好的特点。利用丰富的岩溶水和废弃矿井作为应急水源地,是梅州山区一大特色,为今后应急水源地的开发利用提供了借鉴作用。     

有咸水区深层淡水可持续利用研究

天津市东丽区第四系Ⅱ组深层淡水在长期较强开采状态下未发生水位持续下降及大面积深层淡水成化污染,十余年来地层沉降基本消失.该地多年来中更新统淡水及上更新统、全新统咸水水位具有同步不等幅的动态,证明它们之间联系密切,地层中渗透系数小于10-3m/d的历次海侵沉积层及压实的粘土层具有半透膜特性,咸水越流补给第Ⅱ承压含水组的是淡水.适量加大Ⅱ组淡水开采强度,使其产生越流系统,稳定后不会再加大地面沉降.最终使全新统地下水下入渗水位降低,夺取潜水蒸发的水量.在有咸水分布区,地表入渗水是尚没有引起足够重视的可持续利用地下淡水的补给来源.     

鲁中南基岩地区水文地质特征及地下水环境地质问题分析

基于在鲁中南低山丘陵基岩地区开展的1∶5万水文地质调查工作,通过水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、地球物理勘探、抽水试验、水质分析等技术方法,分析该区水文地质特征。研究结果表明：区内地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水以及基岩裂隙水4类,并总结了其含水岩组富水性;分析了地下水补给、径流、排泄条件及其演化以及环境水文地质问题。圈定了有集中供水意义的第四系孔隙水富水地段3处,总结了地层阻水型蓄水构造和断层储水构造2种基岩蓄水构造类型。区内地下水质量以Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类为主,超过Ⅲ类水标准的组分主要是硝酸盐、总硬度、铁,其次为氟化物等。利用总结的区内找水模型,共施工具有供水意义的水文地质钻孔10眼,总涌水量7017.84 m³/d,可解决近10万人生活和5900多亩农田灌溉用水问题。对于寻找新的供水目标含水层及找水定井工作具有指导意义。     

泉州地下水地球化学特征与演变规律

地下水咸化是海岸带主要的生态环境问题,研究滨海区地下水的成因与演变对于水资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。以泉州市规划区为研究区,根据测定的枯水期和丰水期各74个地下水样品的化学组分和地下水位,分析了地下水水质特征及演变规律。结果显示:泉州市地下水呈酸性-中性,pH范围为4.6～7.2。强酸性地下水主要赋存在高度城镇化区,由化工厂及矿山开采区排放的酸性污水所致,伴随着Mn含量升高。地下水丰水期TDS范围为87～1 003 mg/L,由低山高丘区向滨海平原TDS逐渐增大。除松散岩类孔隙水存在微咸水外,残积层孔隙水及基岩裂隙水均为淡水,未受到海水影响。地下水位动态较弱,枯水期平均水位降低0.23 m。地下水阴离子以HCO_3~-、Cl~-为主,阳离子以Na~+、Ca~(2+)为主,受硅酸盐岩风化和阳离子交替吸附控制,蒸发浓缩作用不明显,还受到海洋水补给及碳酸盐岩的溶解沉淀影响。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水矿化度和主要离子浓度的分布规律

文章在对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地1124件地下水化学样品进行分析的基础上,总结出了研究区浅、中、深三个不同循环深度地下水中矿化度和主要离子浓度的分布规律。总体上,白垩系盆地地下水具有盆地北区矿化度和主要离子浓度较低、淡水发育,盆地南区矿化度和主要离子浓度较高、微咸水和咸水发育的分布特点。盆地北区地下淡水主要分布在地表分水岭两侧的浅、中层地下水中和安边—东胜梁—四十里梁地表分水岭以东的无定河—乌兰木伦河地下水系统中。盆地南区除罗汉洞含水岩组地下水以淡水为主外,环河和洛河含水岩组中主要分布大面积的微咸水和咸水。     

基岩岛屿地下水数值模拟发展研究现状

基岩岛屿占我国岛屿的90%以上,且岛屿上的淡水资源十分珍贵。目前,岛屿上的供水(船运、雨水收集、海水淡化等)存在成本高、设备易坏等缺点。因此,岛屿的地下水资源无疑是优质、可靠、稳定的供水源。为了更好地开发基岩岛屿地下水资源,认为针对基岩岛屿地下水模拟,从地下水理论、地下水模拟的国内外研究现状和模拟模型等方面进行了综述。总结认为: 基岩岛屿的地下水多以“淡水蘑菇体”的形式储存,有别于沙质岛屿; 模拟模型应概化为横向各项同性的达西流或非达西流,或二者的耦合模型,并归纳了相应的地下水流运动方程; 基岩岛屿地下水模拟模型应分为孔隙型、裂隙型和孔隙-裂隙型3种类型; 在岛屿边界设定上,基岩海岸应设为隔水边界,沙质海岸应设为定水头边界。综述研究认为: 基岩岛屿地下水模拟模型应尽可能精细、完整、精准地刻画基岩岛屿的地质地貌,设置完整的岛屿补径排项; 模拟时,应准确对应基岩岛屿的地下水类型,选准模拟方法与模拟软件; 模型验证工作也是十分重要,需多次与岛屿水量均衡,且与实测水量和水位作对照,不断地修善模型。以上综述成果为我国今后开展基岩岛屿地下水数据模拟提供了理论依据。     

基岩岛屿地下水数值模拟发展研究现状

基岩岛屿占我国岛屿的90%以上,且岛屿上的淡水资源十分珍贵。目前,岛屿上的供水(船运、雨水收集、海水淡化等)存在成本高、设备易坏等缺点。因此,岛屿的地下水资源无疑是优质、可靠、稳定的供水源。为了更好地开发基岩岛屿地下水资源,认为针对基岩岛屿地下水模拟,从地下水理论、地下水模拟的国内外研究现状和模拟模型等方面进行了综述。总结认为: 基岩岛屿的地下水多以“淡水蘑菇体”的形式储存,有别于沙质岛屿; 模拟模型应概化为横向各项同性的达西流或非达西流,或二者的耦合模型,并归纳了相应的地下水流运动方程; 基岩岛屿地下水模拟模型应分为孔隙型、裂隙型和孔隙-裂隙型3种类型; 在岛屿边界设定上,基岩海岸应设为隔水边界,沙质海岸应设为定水头边界。综述研究认为: 基岩岛屿地下水模拟模型应尽可能精细、完整、精准地刻画基岩岛屿的地质地貌,设置完整的岛屿补径排项; 模拟时,应准确对应基岩岛屿的地下水类型,选准模拟方法与模拟软件; 模型验证工作也是十分重要,需多次与岛屿水量均衡,且与实测水量和水位作对照,不断地修善模型。以上综述成果为我国今后开展基岩岛屿地下水数据模拟提供了理论依据。     

Mass balance simulation and principal components analysis applied to groundwater resources: Essaouira basin (Morocco)

The water resources of the Essaouira coastal basin (west of Marrakesh) are characteristic of a semi-arid climate and are severely impacted by the climate in terms of quantity and quality. Considering the importance of the Essaouira aquifer in the groundwater supply of a vast region (nearly 1,200 km²), a research study was conducted in order to better understand groundwater evolution in this aquifer system. It is a coastal aquifer located on the Atlantic coastline, southern Morocco, and salinization problems have been reported. Covering the Palaeozoic bedrock, the sedimentary series range from the Triassic to the Quaternary. Besides the possibility of seawater intrusion problems, the geological structures delineate a syncline bordered by the Tidzi diapir (of Triassic age) outcropping to the east and south. This is a recharge area for the aquifer, whereas the main groundwater flow direction is from SE to NW towards the Atlantic Ocean. In spite of the occurrence of calcareous and dolomitic levels, all waters in the Essaouira basin are of the Na–Cl-type. Based on a range of experimental methodologies, combined with PCA and geochemical modelling, it was possible to identify the mineralization processes occurring in the groundwater system, and the importance of the water–rock interaction in the water chemistry. Scenarios were tested using a simple mass balance model through the PHREEQC programme. The reaction path was assumed to be such that waters observed at shallow depths evolved to more mineralized waters. An important contribution of water–rock interaction in groundwater mineralization was found, corroborating the influence of preferential recharge from the Tidzi diapir in the water’s signature. Anthropogenic contamination was also identified and could lead to serious problems with groundwater degradation in the near future, in a country with scarce water resources.     

吉林省龙井市石井金银矿矿区水文地质条件评价

吉林省龙井市石井金银矿位于长白山系老爷岭南麓的丘陵地貌中,区内地下水的形成、分布、埋藏条件严格受地质构造、岩性、地貌等条件控制,地下水的补给来源为大气降水。矿区含水层主要类型为：第四系砂砾石孔隙潜水含水层、基岩风化构造裂隙水含水层、构造裂隙脉状水含水层（带）;三种地下类型水富水性都较小,对矿床影响不大,该矿区水文地质条件属简单类型。     

Evolution of coastal sandy aquifer system in Kalpitiya peninsula,Sri Lanka: sedimentological and geochemical approach

The study on the evolution of groundwater sources has arisen because of growing concern about deterioration of groundwater resources due to overexploitation. The chemical nature of a coastal aquifer depends on the initial composition of aquifer media, internal geochemical processes and external chemical inputs. Therefore, geochemical characteristics of an aquifer can be used as indicative components on elaborating the origin of aquifer media and its evolutionary processes. This study was aimed at understanding the evolution of Quaternary coastal aquifers of the Kalpitya area, Sri Lanka, by studying groundwater quality and aquifer media. The textural, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of aquifer media and chemical nature of groundwater of the area imply that the aquifer media may not have been derived from marine processes and paleo coastal formations of the western coast but are indicative of a fluvial origin due to past strong fluvial processes. Fluviatile sand depositions had taken place initially and with the gradual sea level rise, deposits were transported, sorted and then re-deposited to form barrier islands parallel to the coast. These have evolved to the present state during the Quaternary period. Intermittent climatic changes caused several changes in the depositional pattern of the aquifer material and the chemical nature of the aquifer. Present day groundwater geochemistry indicates an evolution of a fresh water aquifer with relics of ionic constituents showing paleo geochemical processes that were active during the evolution. In addition, anthropogenic activities have also significantly altered the geochemical nature of groundwater in the present aquifer system.     

Groundwater flow modelling within a coastal alluvial plain setting using a high-resolution hydrofacies approach; Bells Creek plain, Australia

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proved to be an extremely useful geophysical tool, in conjunction with direct geological data, to develop a realistic, macroscopic, subjective-based conceptual model of aquifer architecture within a shallow coastal alluvial plain. Subsequent finite-difference groundwater modelling has not only enabled determination of the dominant groundwater flow paths for the plain, but has also quantified the effects of within-facies and between-facies sedimentary heterogeneity on those flow paths. The interconnection of narrow, unconfined alluvial channels and a broad, semi-confined alluvial delta is ensuring that most fresh groundwater that enters the plain in the form of precipitation or recharge from lateral bedrock hills, is discharged into the eastern coastal wetlands via that alluvial delta aquifer.     

江苏南通地下水补给源、水化学特征及形成机理

在地下水的大规模开采条件下,江苏沿海一带,特别是南通许多地区的地下水一度出现咸化趋势,对区域水资源及环境产生了极大的影响,已成为制约生态环境建设和经济社会发展的重要因素.为查明地下水的补给来源、水化学特征和矿化度增高的机理,对南通地区深浅层地下水开展了野外调查取样.通过对各种水化学参数的讨论分析,系统地研究了该区地下水...     

Groundwater occurrence on Jeju Island, Korea

Jeju Island is a volcanic island composed predominantly of permeable basalts. The island is poor in surface water but abundant in groundwater. No actual perennial streams exist and the water resources on the island are dependent almost entirely on groundwater. The groundwater bodies on the island are classified into three general categories: high level, basal and parabasal groundwaters. The parabasal groundwater is further subdivided into lower and upper parabasal groundwaters due to the position of the Seogwipo Formation, which is made up of sedimentary rocks with a low permeability. The distribution of each groundwater type was evaluated through analyses of the spatial distribution of the Seogwipo Formation and the hydraulic gradient of the groundwater. Basal groundwater emerges extensively along the coast of the eastern sector, less commonly along the coast of the western sector. Parabasal groundwater occurs extensively over most of the island except for the southern sector, where it occurs only locally in the coastal area. This paper presents a summary of several studies on the occurrence and features of groundwater resources on Jeju Island, the largest island in Korea.     

Determination of the distance of the fresh water–salt water interface extending into coastal confined aquifers

In a coastal zone an understanding of the distance of the fresh water–salt water interface and its extension inland is important for prevention of sea water intrusion. In this article estimating methods are described for calculating the distance of a fresh water–salt water interface in a coastal confined aquifer based on the submarine fresh groundwater discharge. This groundwater discharge is controlled not only by the aquifer properties and hydraulic head difference, but also by the position of the fresh water–salt water interface in the coastal zone. A homogeneous and isotropic coastal confined aquifer is considered and fresh groundwater flow in the confined aquifer is thought to be at a steady state. Two observation wells at different distances in a profile perpendicular to the coastline are required in calculation of the distance of the interface toe in the coastal zone. Four coastal confined aquifers with horizontal and sloping confining beds and with varying thickness are also considered. Reasonable results are obtained when examples are used to illustrate the application of the methods. The methods require hydraulic head data at the two wells and thickness of the confined aquifers, but the hydraulic conductivity and fresh groundwater flow rate of the confined aquifers are not needed.