冀东表层土壤中镉的环境地球化学基线

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以冀东地区13 472 km2为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素镉的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响。通过对3 287个样品的镉含量的统计分析,结果表明,冀东地区表层土壤中镉的基线值为0.073 mg/kg,镉元素含量大于0.230 mg/kg的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响。地质累积指数分析结果显示,冀东地区49.0%的表层土壤未受镉污染,47.6%的表层土壤在无污染与中度污染之间,2.1%受中度污染,1.2%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,只有1%受强污染。污染程度指数分析则显示,冀东地区94.5%的表层土壤未受到镉污染,98.8%的表层土壤污染程度小于2,总污染程度小于0,即总体未受到污染。     

广东揭阳土壤镉含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了1 330个表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150~200 cm)样品,通过 GIS 空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法对研究区土壤镉含量的富集特征、空间分布、结构特征以及影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明,研究区表层土壤镉含量的均值为0.09 mg/kg,高于该区土壤背景值,但低于GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的标准值。通过富集因子法研究表明,研究区表层土壤镉主要为轻微污染和中度污染。从结构特征来看,研究区表层土壤镉含量呈中等空间相关性。揭阳市表层土壤镉含量高值区主要分布在人类活动密集的东部和南部地区。土地利用类型、成土母质和土壤类型是影响表层土壤镉含量的重要因素,在不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤镉含量最高;不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤镉含量显著高于其他母质;不同土壤类型中,水稻土的镉含量相对较高。     

凹凸棒石-双交联水凝胶微球钝化修复镉污染土壤研究

为研究凹凸棒石-双交联水凝胶微球(SA/PVA/ATP)对镉污染土壤钝化修复的效果,将SA/PVA/ATP添加到镉浓度为3.72 mg/kg的土壤中进行淹水培育,采用模拟酸雨、二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)混合提取剂(DTPA提取剂)提取土壤有效态镉;采用欧共体标准局顺序提取方法(BCR)提取土壤中不同形态镉;讨论了SA/PVA/ATP添加量、土壤有效态镉和各形态镉的相关性;计算了钝化容量、修复效率和重金属风险评价指数,探究了SA/PVA/ATP对土壤镉的钝化机理。结果显示,随着SA/PVA/ATP的增加,DTPA提取剂和酸雨提取的有效态镉含量分别从1.72 mg/kg和0.024 mg/kg下降到0.66 mg/kg和0.004 4 mg/kg;土壤中的弱酸可提取态镉和可还原态镉含量分别从1.40 mg/kg和0.81 mg/kg下降到1.01 mg/kg和0.41 mg/kg,而可氧化态镉和残渣态镉含量分别从0.86 mg/kg和0.63 mg/kg增加到0.95 mg/kg和1.27 mg/kg。材料添加量与土壤中有效态镉、弱酸提取态镉和可还原态镉含量呈极显著负...     

珠江三角洲崖门镇地区水稻田土壤-植物系统中硒元素分布特征及迁移规律研究

硒在自然环境中的分布及迁移规律一直是研究热点。多目标区域地球化学调查成果表明,珠三角地区土壤硒含量较为丰富,适宜富硒特色农产品种植,但土壤-植物系统中硒的迁移转化规律尚不清楚。本文以典型富硒区—江门市崖门镇为例,系统采集了岩石、风化土、稻田土壤、浅层地下水、灌溉水及水稻样品,应用原子荧光光谱法进行硒含量测试,探讨土壤-植物系统中硒元素分布特征及迁移规律。结果表明:崖门镇花岗岩、花岗岩风化土、稻田表层土壤、剖面土壤、浅层地下水、灌溉水、大米硒含量平均值分别为0.0208mg/kg、0.2325mg/kg、0.5060mg/kg、0.83mg/kg、0.0003mg/L、0.0004mg/L、0.058mg/kg,表层土壤硒含量与珠江三角洲土壤地球化学背景值(0.51mg/kg)相当,大米硒含量达到富硒稻谷标准。土壤-植物系统中硒元素迁移规律为:土壤剖面硒元素向下部迁移,沿径流方向硒向下游迁移。土壤硒较易向水稻根部迁移,较难从根部向水稻地上部分迁移。本研究获得的土壤-植物系统硒元素分布与迁移规律可为该地区富硒资源开发利用提供科学依据。     

东北水稻产区土壤-作物系统锌元素生态地球化学特征

以东北主要水稻产区为研究区,以土壤-作物系统锌元素地球化学为研究对象,进行了系统的野外调查和土壤、水稻样品的采集、测试及统计分析。研究结果表明,东北水稻产区土壤表层锌含量介于11.01~94.95 mg/kg之间,平均值为43.97 mg/kg,锌含量总体处于缺乏状态;籽实锌含量介于14.27~36.92 mg/kg之间,平均值为24.70 mg/kg,样品中97.56%的籽实锌含量满足人体需要从谷物摄取到的量,品质优良;水稻籽实锌生物富集系数从高到低依次为草原风沙土、草甸土、盐渍水稻土、黑土、淹育水稻土、水稻土、暗棕壤、草甸白浆土;水稻籽实中锌元素的富集与土壤表层硼、锗、铋、镉、铅、锂、铍等元素含量呈现不同程度的显著负相关。     

川东北地区水稻镉积累与生态健康风险评价

【研究目的】重金属镉主要通过“土壤-植物”系统进入食物链进而影响人体健康,开展农作物镉积累研究对保障人类健康安全具有重要意义。【研究方法】系统采集了四川省东北部南充市、巴中市、广安市等地的土壤及水稻样品,采用ICP-MS方法检测了土壤和水稻中的镉含量,并运用CART决策树和相关系数法进行了数据分析。【研究结果】结果显示,川东北地区表层土壤镉含量相对较低,为0.071~0.92 mg/kg,平均0.254 mg/kg,几乎所有（99.9%）样品镉含量都低于标准限值;水稻（糙米）镉含量差异性较大,为0.002~0.803 mg/kg,平均0.076 mg/kg,超标率达14.0%;水稻镉超标区成人每日通过稻谷摄入的镉达90.4 μg/d,已超过允许摄入量标准60 μg/d。【结论】土壤镉不超标而农作物镉超标的现象可能与土壤的低pH、低CaO、高SiO₂等特点有关,这一认识对于指导区域内粮食安全生产具有重要指导意义。创新点：土壤和水稻综合调查发现土壤镉不超标但农作物超标的现象,CART和相关系数法分析了其原因。     

广西三江县土壤硒含量分布特征及其影响因素研究

以广西三江县土壤为研究对象,采集了表层土壤样2 751件和土壤垂向剖面样180件,测定了土壤中硒的含量。利用多元统计分析、地统计学法、GIS空间分析技术和Pearson相关性分析法研究了土壤硒的含量特征和影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤硒平均含量为0.63 mg/kg,变化范围为0.10~14.41 mg/kg。研究区土壤硒资源丰富,足硒和富硒土壤面积为95.87%。土壤硒含量的分布主要受到地质背景的控制,不同成土母岩形成的表层土壤硒含量存在较大差异,寒武系以黑色岩系为母质的土壤硒含量最高,平均含量达2.58 mg/kg,变化范围为0.31~14.41 mg/kg。不同土壤类型中,黄壤硒含量最高,平均含量达0.75 mg/kg,变化范围为0.24~2.07 mg/kg,水稻土硒含量最低,平均含量为0.51 mg/kg;不同土地利用类型土壤硒含量差异较大,除水田为基本自然状态以外,其余地类均呈现富集。研究区表层土壤硒含量总体上受控于深层土壤硒含量,成土过程中表层土壤硒含量发生了次生富集。同时土壤pH、Corg、P、S、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃含量和CIA等对土壤硒含量的分布也有一定的影响。     

北京市平原区土壤中硒的含量和分布

通过对北京平原土壤硒含量调查和研究,发现北京平原分布有高硒土壤,其特征为沿平原区西部山前断续出现,在北京市区零星分布。表层土壤硒含量为0.04～5.26 mg/kg,平均值为0.20 mg/kg,深层土壤硒含量为0.043～0.22mg/kg,平均值为0.081 mg/kg,总体趋势是硒在表层土壤富集;各类岩石中以炭质页岩中含硒量最高,北京西部富硒炭质页岩的风化可能为平原区土壤硒的来源。相关性分析表明,土壤中Se与有机质呈正相关性,有机质对表层土壤Se具有强烈的吸附与固定作用。     

浙江常山县表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

通过浙江西部常山县表层土壤的调查研究,首次查明了土壤锗含量特征:研究区内表层土壤锗含量0.87~5.59 mg/kg,平均值为1.59 mg/kg,略低于中国土壤锗的平均含量1.70 mg/kg。不同成土母质的表层土壤锗含量平均值略有差异,变化范围为1.50~1.73 mg/kg,以花岗岩类风化物最大,石英砂岩类风化物最低,其他母质区土壤锗含量较接近。不同土壤类型锗含量变化范围为1.45~1.62 mg/kg,以黄壤中锗含量最高,潮土最低,其他类型土壤锗含量为1.51~1.61 mg/kg。泥质含量较高的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩的锗含量较高,可达1.75~1.95 mg/kg;白云岩、灰岩的锗含量低,仅为0.12~0.20 mg/kg。常山县大面积分布的砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩等岩石锗含量较高,是土壤锗含量相对较高的主要原因。     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

Assessment of As and Cd contamination in topsoils of Northern Ghorveh (Western Iran): role of parent material, land use and soil properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of land use, parent materials (rock types) and soil properties on total arsenic and cadmium concentrations in the agricultural soils. A total of 87 surface (0–20 cm) soil samples were collected from four types of land use: irrigated farming, rangeland, dry farming and orchard. The average concentrations of the analyzed elements in topsoil were 84.426 mg As/kg and 3.289 mg Cd/kg. In addition, the pH, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil grain sizes and CaCO₃ were measured for each sample. The results indicated that land use had no significant effect on As and Cd concentrations. Our findings indicated that the Cd concentrations were influenced by bedrock composition, but for As there were no significant differences between various soil parent materials (bedrocks). Soil pollution was assessed on the basis of pollution index (PI), comprehensive pollution index (P _n ) and geoaccumulation index (I _geo). Calculated indices showed high-pollution levels for As and low- to moderate-pollution levels for Cd.     

The high contents of lead in soils of northern Kosovo

A soil-based geochemical survey was carried out in an area of about 350 km² in northern Kosovo around the Zve?an Pb-Zn smelter. The concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, Th, U, Zn were determined in 452 topsoil and 82 subsoil samples. High contents of Pb, Cd, As, Sb, Zn and Cu were found in topsoil over a vast area including the Ibar and Sitnica river valleys. The highest concentrations were usually measured close to the Zve?an smelter. In some zones, the lead contents in surface soils exceeded 5000 mg/kg. Arsenic and antimony levels were usually more than 200 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, while cadmium contents were in the range 5-20 mg/kg. South of the Zve?an area, lead, antimony and cadmium pollution was strong in the densely populated urban area of Kosovska Mitrovica and along the agricultural alluvial plain of the Sitnica River. Depending on the chemical element, the pollution extended 15-22 km north and south of the Zve?an smelter. There was a progressive decrease of heavy element concentrations with increasing distance from the smelting plant. The contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cd, Sb significantly decreased with soil depth; in fact, the pollution only affected the upper 50 cm of soil. Crops were affected by soil pollution and many food-stuffs exceeded the EU standards. Suggestions for soil remediation are given.     

巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素北大核心CSCD

内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带发现大面积硒高含量区。为研究该地区富硒土壤的地球化学特征及土壤硒含量的控制因素,采集6250件表层土壤样品,并设计5条土壤垂直剖面进行化学元素测试分析。结果表明,研究区耕地土壤硒含量介于(0.06~0.77)×10^(-6)之间,平均含量为0.32×10^(-6),硒的背景值为0.32×10^(-6),是巴彦淖尔市表层土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))和中国土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))的1.6倍,且研究区耕地土壤中达到富Se水平(0.4×10^(-6)以上)的样品数为1072个,占全部采样点位的17.2%,表明研究区耕地土壤中硒含量相对较高。研究区土壤中硒和营养元素及重金属元素存在正相关关系,与土壤pH存在一定的负相关关系;硒在土壤垂直方向上分布总体上表现出表聚性特征,随剖面深度增加,硒含量逐渐降低。表层土壤中硒含量主要受土壤有机质含量影响,土壤垂直方向上硒含量主要受有机质与粘土矿物影响。     

浙西典型石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素

为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。     

Impact of mining activities on soils and sediments at the historical mining area in Podljubelj,NW Slovenia

The abandoned Hg mine in Podljubelj was in operation with interceptions from 1557 to 1902. The entire operating period yielded about 110 000 tons of ore, from which 360 tons of Hg was produced. The objective of the research project was to establish the contents and spatial distribution of Hg in soils and stream sediments in the vicinity of the mine. On an area of 88 ha the soil was sampled in a 100 × 100 m grid. Two soil horizons (0–5 cm and 20–30 cm) were sampled in order to distinguish between geogenic and anthropogenic Hg sources. It was established that on an area of about 9 ha Hg content in soil exceeds The New Dutchlist action value for Hg (10 mg/kg). Total Hg concentrations in soil samples vary between 0.17 and 719 mg/kg, with a mean of 3.0 mg/kg. Mercury contents in stream sediments range from 0.065 to 1.4 mg/kg, with a mean of 0.64 mg/kg. The highest determined value in soils was found in the area around the former roasting furnace, where the ore was processed. Increased Hg concentrations were also found on the mine waste dump (108 mg/kg). Mercury contents in soils generally decrease with soil profile depth and with the distance from the mine and from the roasting furnace location. Mercury also appears in higher concentrations along the road that runs through the valley, which results from the use of Hg-bearing ore residues in road construction. The average enrichment factor (EF) of Hg in topsoil with respect to subsoil is 3.3. Calculated enrichment factors show higher values also for Cd (3.2), Pb (2.7), Ca (2.4) and P (1.9). The average enrichment factor of Hg in topsoil with regard to the established Slovenian soil averages (EF_slo) is 19. EF_slo of other determined chemical elements do not exceed 3.0.     

东南景天对Cd污染农田土壤修复的应用试验

为研究田间环境下东南景天对Cd轻度污染农田修复方法的实用性，在江苏某地开展了东南景天、油菜及黑麦草3种植物修复对比试验。结果表明：经过1季的田间修复，东南景天田块土壤Cd全量由0.41 mg/kg降至0.35 mg/kg，平均去除率为14.63%，有效Cd含量从0.22 mg/kg降至0.17 mg/kg，土壤中的Cd活化率从53.66%降至48.00%；油菜和黑麦草田块Cd全量和有效Cd含量的下降并不显著；东南景天、油菜及黑麦草对土壤Cd的吸收量分别为12.62、0.32、0.82 mg/m2，其中地上部分吸收量分别为7.74、0.20、0.51 mg/m2，吸收量东南景天>>黑麦草＞油菜；东南景天Cd的生物富集系数（BCF）在根部为222，杆部为152，对土壤Cd具有超积累作用，而油菜与黑麦草仅在根部出现富集；转运系数（SAR）为油菜＞黑麦草＞东南景天，但均＜1，表明3种植物对Cd的吸收主要集中于地下部位。经1季田间修复试验，东南景天对土壤Cd的吸收率为1105%，具有一定的修复效果，但修复至绝对安全值(＜0.3 mg/kg）至少需4～5 年；油菜和黑麦草对Cd的吸收率均不足1%，修复至绝对安全值分别约需115、60 年。     

Combined effects of cadmium and butachlor on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure

The combined effects of cadmium (Cd, 10 mg/kg of soil) and butachlor (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg of soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure were assessed in phaeozem soil. The result showed that phosphatase activities were decreased in soils with Cd (10 mg/kg of soil) alone whereas urease acitivities were unaffected by Cd. Urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (50 mg/kg of soil). When Cd and butachlor concentrations in soils were added at milligram ratio of 2:1 or 1:2, urease and phosphatase activities were decreased, while enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5. This study indicates that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depend largely on the addition concentration ratios to soils. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed that the changes occurring in RAPD profiles of different treated samples included variation in loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands compared with the control soil. The RAPD fingerprints showed substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples, with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments. The results showed that the addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined applied Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of microbial community. The present results suggest that RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameter etc. would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.     

湖南株洲地区Cd、Pb污染土壤的修复实验

以海泡石、膨润土和生石灰为修复材料,对湖南株洲地区重金属元素Cd、Pb污染农田土壤进行了室内修复实验。盆栽小白菜的正交实验结果表明,对于Cd含量为1.23 mg/kg、Pb含量为136.7 mg/kg的土壤,当每10 kg土壤添加膨润土60 g、海泡石20 g、石灰6 g时,种植的小白菜中Cd含量为0.154 mg/kg,Pb含量为0.141mg/kg。与未修复土壤的实验结果对比,小白菜中Cd含量降低61%,Pb含量降低46%。     

生态地球化学评价中建立土壤元素地球化学背景方法研究:以太原盆地潮土中Hg、Cd、Pb、As为例

深层土壤与表层土壤中元素质量分数的差异被一些学者归因于表层土壤受人为污染所致。文中通过解析山西太原盆地深、表层潮土中Hg、Cd、Pb、As的地球化学分布特征,并通过对比研究区与基本保持清洁状态的源区土壤中相应元素质量分数变化特征,论述了成壤过程中元素的自然分异作用是造成深、表层潮土中Hg、Cd、Pb、As质量分数显著差异的主要原因,以及人为污染仅在局部地区造成Hg、Cd、Pb、As在表层潮土中富集的观点。通过求解太原盆地表层潮土中Hg、Cd、Pb、As地球化学背景值的实例,详细介绍了以深层土壤元素的地球化学背景为参照系,运用相关分析和累积频率分析求解表层土壤元素地球化学背景值的方法。