大地电磁测深不同极化模式测深曲线特征在探测断裂中的应用

大地电磁测深数据包含TE和TM极化模式信息。在二维地层结构条件下,这两种极化模式获得的ρ_(xy)、ρ_(yx)视电阻率曲线特征及相互关系与地下电性结构有关。当低阻体或断裂等地质构造存在时,两种曲线存在明显的组合规律。在探测深大断裂工作中,综合利用两种模式的视电阻率曲线及其组合规律信息,可以排除浅部低阻体的影响,确定隐伏断裂的位置。本文研究了浅部低阻体和断裂地层结构模型的ρ_(xy)、ρ_(yx)视电阻率曲线特征及变化规律,并将其用于深大断裂处的实测大地电磁测深资料的解释,地质效果较好。理论研究和实例验证说明利用ρ_(xy)、ρ_(yx)视电阻率曲线的特征可以为大地电磁测深资料解释提供有效的参考信息。     

时域激电单极-偶极、偶极-单极排列测深法二维地电断面成像

介绍了不对称测深法装置的测深原理;在吉林某地进行了激电测深勘探,结果显示:正向单极-偶极和反向偶极-单极采集的视电阻率、视充电率原始数据在拟断面图的分布特征,和大地电磁测深原始数据受到的静态效应类似,视电阻率、视充电率受局部地形和电磁噪声的影响,在拟断面图中呈假的带状异常。正向单极-偶极、反向偶极-单极装置获取的视电阻率、视充电率数据也可分别进行二维反演,但联合单极-偶极/偶极-单极装置测深二维反演地质结果最好,具有采集的数据量大、激电信号强 、穿透深度大、勘探精度高等优点,根据视电阻率、视充电率二维反演在地电断面成像技术,能够准确确定电性异常体的空间分布,为钻探验证电异常提供准确的地球物理依据。     

大地电磁测深中薄层响应特征与地质目标体拾取的探讨

基于理论模型的正演模拟,探讨了大地电磁测深法中的薄层响应特征,考察不同盖层深度、薄层厚度以及围岩电阻率比等参数对测深曲线的影响,并采用背景值最大归一化建立视电阻率与盖厚比的关系曲线图,总结出高、低薄层的电性响应特征。针对地质目标体的拾取,建立了均匀半空间下的近地表非均匀体与地质目标体理论模型,对比TE、TM极化模式下视电阻率、阻抗相位的单点响应曲线与正演响应拟断面图,总结出区别非均匀体与局部地质目标体异常的重要响应特征。     

磁大地电流测深曲线的两种表示方法

绪言一种用于确定地壳电阻率结构的方法—磁大地电流(MT)测深法(Cagrtiard,1953;Vozoff,1972)已被广泛地用于深部探侧之中。该方法利用天然电磁(EM)波来测量地表的波阻抗,并把它作为频率的函数来计算视电阻率。MT测深曲线是一种和频率有关的视电阻率曲线,横座标较大时(高频)所表示的测深曲线反映了浅层地电断面的结构。有时,测深曲线是相对于大地电磁场的周期(频率的倒数)来绘制     

大地电磁测深法阻抗相位的特性与应用

作为大地电磁测深法的主要参数,阻抗相位和视电阻率相比,具有较强的抗干扰能力和较高的分辨率.笔者从分析阻抗相位与视电阻率的关系入手,导出了相位视电阻率的递推公式,分析了阻抗相位的重要特性.以银额盆地实测大地电磁测深剖面资料的处理和解释为例,利用相位递推视电阻率校正了低频段视电阻率曲线的形态畸变,使视电阻率的残余静态效应得到了较好的压制,利用相位曲线的极值点准确地确定了白垩系低阻电性层的界面,弥补了视电阻率在资料解释中的不足之处,说明了阻抗相位在大地电磁测深资料处理解释中的作用.     

用于表示大地电磁测深数据的视电阻率定义

推荐一个新的用于表示大地电磁测深数据的视电阻的定义。新定义是以频率归一化的阻抗函数的为根据。对现有的和以往推荐的电视电阻率的定义都从理论上加以分析，并应用对１维大地膜型计算的曲线加以比较。应用推荐的定义，计算的视电阻率曲线更新近于地地层的真电阻率值。此外还有一个特别优点是对于上升和下降类型的视电阻率曲线，层位在曲线上表现更明显。     

关于频率电磁测深几个问题的探讨（一）——从可控源音频大地电磁测深原理看解释中的问题

从频率电磁测深原理出发,说明了人工源频率测深的电磁场存在3个场区,也只有远区场的可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)法的资料才能用音频大地电磁测深(AMT)法进行反演解释。对于存在中近区的CSAMT法资料,可进行近场校正,然后按AMT法解释。由于近场校正是建立在均匀半空间模型之上,校正误差大。为此提出了不加校正直接对比值视电阻率数据进行反演解释,最好按电磁场单分量资料解释,以减少不必要的校正误差。      

中心回线瞬变电磁测深法快速电阻率成像方法及应用

利用导电全空间与均匀半空间中心回线源和磁偶极子在阶跃电流激发下磁场公式和扩散速度的定义,导出了不同条件下瞬变场的扩散速度公式。在此基础之上,引入瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率定义数值计算方法,给出了电阻率成像的一阶与二阶近似公式,从而建立了一套中心回线瞬变电磁测深快速电阻率成像方法。模型检验结果、实测剖面电阻率成像以及对大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线进行静偏移校正效果均良好,说明该方法是可行的、有效的。      

“电磁频率测深视电阻率—相位多参数综合反演法”课题

该课题是煤炭科学研究总院西安分院物探所承担的煤炭科学基金项目。针对电磁频率测深ρ_ω视电阻率曲线因受地表电性不均匀体的影响,使ρ_ω曲线产生上下平移的“静态偏移”现象,严重影响频率测深成果的地质解释,提出利用转换相位参数进行“静态偏移”校正的方法,使频率测深资料反演解释更趋合理。该法相位曲线直接由视电阻率曲线转换而来,也可实测。     

直流电阻率测深曲线解释中的直接反演法

本文根据在电导率随深度变化梯度不大的情况下，ＤａｒＺａｒｒｏｕｋ曲线与视电阻率曲线基本重合这一性质，通过各种变换，在电阻率测深中导出了一种可与大地电磁测深中Ｂｏ－ｓｔｉｃｋ反演方法相比美的直接反演方法，将视电阻率随极距变化曲线转换为电阻率随深度变化曲线。     

Low-temperature heat capacities of MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> and spinels of the MgCr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>–MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> solid solution

We present results from low-temperature heat capacity measurements of spinels along the solid solution between MgAl₂O₄ and MgCr₂O₄. The data also include new low-temperature heat capacity measurements for MgAl₂O₄ spinel. Heat capacities were measured between 1.5 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results. No heat capacity anomaly was observed for MgAl₂O₄ spinel; however, we observe a low-temperature heat capacity anomaly for Cr-bearing spinels at temperatures below 15 K. From our data we calculate standard entropies (298.15 K) for Mg(Cr,Al)₂O₄ spinels. We suggest a standard entropy for MgAl₂O₄ of 80.9 ± 0.6 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹. For the solid solution between MgAl₂O₄ and MgCr₂O₄, we observe a linear increase of the standard entropies from 80.9 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for MgAl₂O₄ to 118.3 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for MgCr₂O₄.     

LiFeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> and NaFeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> at low temperatures: an infrared spectroscopic study

 Synthetic aegirine LiFeSi₂O₆ and NaFeSi₂O₆ were characterized using infrared spectroscopy in the frequency range 50–2000 cm⁻¹, and at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. For the C2/c phase of LiFeSi₂O₆, 25 of the 27 predicted infrared bands and 26 of 30 predicted Raman bands are recorded at room temperature. NaFeSi₂O₆ (with symmetry C2/c) shows 25 infrared and 26 Raman bands. On cooling, the C2/c–P2₁/c structural phase transition of LiFeSi₂O₆ is characterized by the appearance of 13 additional recorded peaks. This observation indicates the enlargement of the unit cell at the transition point. The appearance of an extra band near 688 cm⁻¹ in the monoclinic P2₁/c phase, which is due to the Si–O–Si vibration in the Si₂O₆ chains, indicates that there are two non-equivalent Si sites with different Si–O bond lengths. Most significant spectral changes appear in the far-infrared region, where Li–O and Fe–O vibrations are mainly located. Infrared bands between 300 and 330 cm⁻¹ show unusually dramatic changes at temperatures far below the transition. Compared with the infrared data of NaFeSi₂O₆ measured at low temperatures, the change in LiFeSi₂O₆ is interpreted as the consequence of mode crossing in the frequency region. A generalized Landau theory was used to analyze the order parameter of the C2/c–P2₁/c phase transition, and the results suggest that the transition is close to tricritical. Received: 21 January 2002 / Accepted: 22 July 2002     

Pressure induced phase transition in Pb<Subscript>6</Subscript>Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>9</Subscript>

The crystal structure of Pb₆Bi₂S₉ is investigated at pressures between 0 and 5.6 GPa with X-ray diffraction on single-crystals. The pressure is applied using diamond anvil cells. Heyrovskyite (Bbmm, a = 13.719(4) Å, b = 31.393(9) Å, c = 4.1319(10) Å, Z = 4) is the stable phase of Pb₆Bi₂S₉ at ambient conditions and is built from distorted moduli of PbS-archetype structure with a low stereochemical activity of the Pb²⁺ and Bi³⁺ lone electron pairs. Heyrovskyite is stable until at least 3.9 GPa and a first-order phase transition occurs between 3.9 and 4.8 GPa. A single-crystal is retained after the reversible phase transition despite an anisotropic contraction of the unit cell and a volume decrease of 4.2%. The crystal structure of the high pressure phase, β-Pb₆Bi₂S₉, is solved in Pna2 ₁ (a = 25.302(7) Å, b = 30.819(9) Å, c = 4.0640(13) Å, Z = 8) from synchrotron data at 5.06 GPa. This structure consists of two types of moduli with SnS/TlI-archetype structure in which the Pb and Bi lone pairs are strongly expressed. The mechanism of the phase transition is described in detail and the results are compared to the closely related phase transition in Pb₃Bi₂S₆ (lillianite).     

First-principles-based calculations of the CaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CdCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> subsolidus phase diagrams

 Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ and CdCO₃–MgCO₃ phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd₃Mg (CO₃)₄ and CdMg₃(CO₃)₄, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ system, but a low-lying metastable Ca₃Mg(CO₃)₄ state, analogous to the Cd₃Mg(CO₃)₄ phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg₃(CO₃)₄, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A _m B _n cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector. Received: 6 May 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002 Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by NSF contract DMR-0080766 and NIST.     

Raman spectroscopic study of hydrous <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-Mg<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>4</Subscript> to 56.5 GPa

 Raman spectra of a single-crystal fragment of hydrous γ-Mg₂SiO₄, synthesized in a multianvil press, have been measured in a diamond-anvil cell with helium as pressure-transmitting medium to 56.5 GPa at room temperature. All five characteristic spinel Raman modes shift continuously up to the highest pressure, showing no evidence for a major change in the crystal structure despite compression well beyond the stability field of ringwoodite in terms of pressure. At pressures above ∼30 GPa a new mode on the low-frequency site of the two silicate-stretching modes is clearly identifiable, indicating a modification in the spinel structure which is reversible on pressure release. The frequency of the new mode (802 cm⁻¹ extrapolated to 1 bar) suggests the presence of Si–O–Si linkages and/or a partial increase in the coordination of Si. Direct determination of the subtle structural change causing the new Raman mode would require high-pressure, single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments. The Raman modes of hydrous and anhydrous Mg-end-member ringwoodite are nearly identical up to 20 GPa, suggesting that protonation has only minor effect on the lattice dynamics over the entire pressure stability range for ringwoodite in the mantle. Received: 7 December 2001 / Accepted: 16 April 2002     

BaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>: high-temperature crystal structures and the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pmcn</Emphasis>→<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>3<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> phase transition at 811°C

The temperature (T) evolution of the barium carbonate (BaCO₃) structure was studied using Rietveld structure refinements based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a powdered synthetic sample. BaCO₃ transforms from an orthorhombic, Pmcn, α phase to a trigonal, R3m, β phase at 811°C. The orthorhombic BaCO₃ structure is isotypic with aragonite, CaCO₃. In trigonal R3m BaCO₃, the CO₃ group occupies one orientation and shows no rotational disorder. The average <Ba–O> distances increase while the <C–O> distances decrease linearly with T in the orthorhombic phase. After the 811°C phase transition, the <Ba–O> distances increase while C–O distances decrease. There is also a significant volume change of 2.8% at the phase transition.     

Atomistic model of diopside-K-jadeite (CaMgSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>-KAlSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>) solid solution

Atomistic model was proposed to describe the thermodynamics of mixing in the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution (CaMgSi₂O6-KAlSi₂O₆). The simulations were based on minimization of the lattice energies of 800 structures within a 2 × 2 × 4 supercell of C2/c diopside with the compositions between CaMgSi₂O₆ and KAlSi₂O₆ and with variable degrees of order/disorder in the arrangement of Ca/K cations in M2 site and Mg/Al in Ml site. The energy minimization was performed with the help of a force-field model. The results of the calculations were used to define a generalized Ising model, which included 37 pair interaction parameters. Isotherms of the enthalpy of mixing within the range of 273–2023 K were calculated with a Monte Carlo algorithm, while the Gibbs free energies of mixing were obtained by thermodynamic integration of the enthalpies of mixing. The calculated T-X diagram for the system CaMgSi₂O₆-KAlSi₂O₆ at temperatures below 1000 K shows several miscibility gaps, which are separated by intervals of stability of intermediate ordered compounds. At temperatures above 1000 K a homogeneous solid solution is formed. The standard thermodynamic properties of K-jadeite (KAlSi₂O₆) evaluated from quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine location of several mineral reactions with the participation of the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution. The results of the simulations suggest that the low content of KalSi₂O₆ in natural clinopyroxenes is not related to crystal chemical factors preventing isomorphism, but is determined by relatively high standard enthalpy of this end member.     

Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (Ti<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> Fe<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">1−x</Emphasis></Subscript>)<Subscript>3−δ</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>. II. Cation tracer diffusion

 Cation tracer diffusion coefficients, D_Me ^*, for Me=Fe, Mn, Co and Ti, were measured using radioactive isotopes in the spinel solid solution (Ti _x Fe _1−x )_3−δO₄ as a function of the oxygen activity. Experiments were performed at different cationic compositions (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The oxygen activity dependence of all data for D_Me ^* at constant temperature and cationic composition can be described by equations of the type D_Me ^*=D^∘ _Me[V]. C_V·a _O2 ^2/3+D_Me[I] ^∘·a _O2 ^−2/3·D_Me[V] ^∘ and D_Me[I] ^∘ are constants and C_V is a factor of the order of unity which decreases with increasing δ. All log D_Me ^* vs. loga _O2 curves obtained for different values of x and for different temperatures go through a minimum due to a change in the type of point defects dominating the cation diffusion with oxygen activity. Cation vacancies prevail for the cation diffusion at high oxygen activities while cation interstitials become dominant at low oxygen activities. At constant values of x, D_Me[V] ^∘ decreases with increasing temperature while D_Me[I] ^∘ increases.     

Zinclipscombite,ZnFe<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>3+</Superscript></Stack>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>(OH)<Subscript>2</Subscript>, a new mineral species

Zinclipscombite, a new mineral species, has been found together with apophyllite, quartz, barite, jarosite, plumbojarosite, turquoise, and calcite at the Silver Coin mine, Edna Mountains, Valmy, Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. The new mineral forms spheroidal, fibrous segregations; the thickness of the fibers, which extend along the c axis, reaches 20 μm, and the diameter of spherulites is up to 2.5 mm. The color is dark green to brown with a light green to beige streak and a vitreous luster. The mineral is translucent. The Mohs hardness is 5. Zinclipscombite is brittle; cleavage is not observed; fracture is uneven. The density is 3.65(4) g/cm³ measured by hydrostatic weighing and 3.727 g/cm³ calculated from X-ray powder data. The frequencies of absorption bands in the infrared spectrum of zinclipscombite are (cm^?1; the frequencies of the strongest bands are underlined; sh, shoulder; w, weak band) 3535, 3330sh, 3260, 1625w, 1530w, 1068, 1047, 1022, 970sh, 768w, 684w, 609, 502, and 460. The Mössbauer spectrum of zinclipscombite contains only a doublet corresponding to Fe³⁺ with sixfold coordination and a quadrupole splitting of 0.562 mm/s; Fe²⁺ is absent. The mineral is optically uniaxial and positive, ω = 1.755(5), ? = 1.795(5). Zinclipscombite is pleochroic, from bright green to blue-green on X and light greenish brown on Z (X > Z). Chemical composition (electron microprobe, average of five point analyses, wt %): CaO 0.30, ZnO 15.90, Al₂O₃ 4.77, Fe₂O₃ 35.14, P₂O₅ 33.86, As₂O₅ 4.05, H₂O (determined by the Penfield method) 4.94, total 98.96. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of (PO₄,AsO₄)₂ is (Zn_0.76Ca_0.02)_Σ0.78(Fe _1.72 ³⁺ Al_0.36)_Σ2.08[(PO₄)_1.86(AsO₄)_0.14]_Σ2.00(OH)_{1. 80} · 0.17H₂O. The simplified formula is ZnFe ₂ ³⁺ (PO₄)₂(OH)₂. Zinclipscombite is tetragonal, space group P4₃2₁2 or P4₁2₁2; a = 7.242(2) Å, c = 13.125(5) Å, V = 688.4(5) ų, Z = 4. The strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern (d, (I, %) ((hkl)) are 4.79(80)(111), 3.32(100)(113), 3.21(60)(210), 2.602(45)(213), 2.299(40)(214), 2.049(40)(106), 1.663(45)(226), 1.605(50)(421, 108). Zinclipscombite is an analogue of lipscombite, Fe²⁺Fe ₂ ³⁺ (PO₄)₂(OH)₂ (tetragonal), with Zn instead of Fe²⁺. The mineral is named for its chemical composition, the Zn-dominant analogue of lipscombite. The type material of zinclipscombite is deposited in the Mineralogical Collection of the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany.