鄂西贡水砚石的工艺矿物学研究

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射图谱、紫外可见光吸收光谱等分析方法,对鄂西贡水砚石进行成分、结构的表征,用贮墨实验表征砚石的性能,对砚石开发进行可行性分析。结果表明,鄂西贡水砚石主要矿物成分为白云石、方解石、水云母以及石英。可见光谱吸收峰位于378 nm、437 nm和540 nm附近,分别为Fe3+由6A1g基态到4A1g或4Eg的跃迁、氧八面体中Fe3+的电子跃迁吸收及氧八面体中Fe2+的自旋禁戒跃迁所致。光学显微镜下矿物排列致密,孔隙度极小,多在0.01 mm以下,砚峰密度0.6~0.7个/μm2,砚石类型属于中锋砚石。不同条件下贮墨时长1.3~60.0 h。为鄂西砚石的开发提供科学依据。     

人体乳腺癌矿化的同步辐射研究

同步辐射具有常规光源不可比拟的优良性能,可用于微量生物矿化样品的物相、结构、形貌和成分研究。本文利用基于同步辐射光源的X射线粉末衍射(SR-XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(SR-FTIR)、X射线荧光分析(SR-XRF)和X射线三维成像,对人体乳腺癌矿化进行了表征。研究表明,乳腺癌矿化的主要矿物物相为碳羟磷灰石,含有Sr、Zn等微量元素,其中砂粒体矿化具有独特的分层结构。研究结果为乳腺癌的病理研究和诊断提供了矿物学参考信息。     

HPHT合成钻石在首饰中的鉴别特征

国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心收到待检的百余件群镶钻石首饰中发现混有大量HPHT合成黄色钻石.采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、紫外可见光分光光谱仪、紫外荧光灯、DiamondView^TM等对HPHT合成钻石样品做了详细地测试与分析.结果表明,这些HPHT合成钻石样品具有较为统一的黄色,放大检查可见合成钻石内部含有大量棒状、柱状、细小微粒状的铁镍合金包裹体,且几乎都有磁性,有些磁性甚至较强;样品的红外反射光谱非常特征,均具有明显的1 131 cm^-1处的吸收峰,为Ⅰb型钻石,而Ⅰb型钻石在天然钻石中极少见到;X射线荧光光谱测试显示有强烈的铁峰和镍峰,且在短波紫外线下多数具有绿黄色荧光.HPHT合成钻石在DiamondView^TM下具有不同程度的黄绿色荧光,部分具有黑十字现象.     

江西崇义矿煤成石墨的发现及其地质意义

为研究江西省崇义矿煤成石墨特征,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱（Raman）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTED）等测试手段,对二叠系上统龙潭组老山段煤样进行测试分析。结果表明,光学显微镜下可以观测到石墨化显微组分,且XRD衍射图谱出现d₀₀₂石墨衍射峰,拉曼光谱呈现峰形尖锐的石墨特征峰（G峰）,高分辨透射电镜观察到多层有序结构碳层,碳层出现平直化现象。综合测试分析结果表明,江西崇义矿区样品发育不同程度的石墨晶体结构,已经出现煤成石墨矿产。研究发现为石墨资源进一步开发利用奠定基础。      

机载高光谱成像技术在长江经济带苏、皖、浙地区生态环境保护中的应用

机载高光谱成像是一种快速、无损的检测技术,具有光谱分辨率高、波段窄而多和图谱合一的特点。国内小型化的机载高光谱成像仪主要依赖进口,价格昂贵,且高性能的高光谱设备进口困难,限制了高光谱技术在国内的推广和普及。中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心在国家重大仪器开发专项和国家重点研发计划支持下,成功研制出以推扫式小型化成像光谱仪HMS400/1000为核心的轻型机载高光谱成像系统SSMap,建立了机载高光谱遥感综合调查技术方法和作业流程,形成了一套可靠的地物分类方法和水土污染光谱定量反演模型。本文在介绍机载高光谱成像技术基本原理和分析国内外研究现状的基础上,以自主研发的机载高光谱成像系统SSMap为例,结合长江经济带生态环境的需求,详细探讨了总面积4500余km²的航空高光谱遥感作业方法、信息提取与调查应用。通过长江经济带江苏、安徽、浙江等地区的生态环境地质调查应用示范,取得了高质量的机载遥感数据,获得了一批重要调查成果。研究表明,机载高光谱成像技术在生态环境调查、水体监测、土地利用和土地质量评价等方面具广阔应用前景。具有自主知识产权的国产化机载高光谱成像仪降低了采购成本,推动了机载高光谱技术普及,服务了国家重大区域发展战略,具有显著的经济和社会效益。     

黄色和红色石英质玉石的颜色成因研究

石英质玉石是由隐晶质-微显晶质石英矿物集合体组成的一种玉石,黄色和红色是石英质玉石最主要的颜色种类,近年来在珠宝市场上备受关注。前人研究结果表明,黄色石英质玉石的致色矿物颗粒非常细小,赋存于石英颗粒之间,通过一般的测试方法很难准确鉴定其种属。本文对云南龙陵、安徽霍山、广西贺州3个产地的石英质玉石进行了显微镜观察、拉曼光谱和紫外可见光吸收光谱测试,通过紫外可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数图谱,对石英质玉石的黄色和红色部位进行了研究。结果表明,黄色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰有545~535 nm和435 nm,主要由针铁矿致色;红色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰介于555~595nm之间,主要由赤铁矿致色;黄色和红色之间的过渡色可同时出现595~555 nm、545~535 nm和435 nm特征峰,主要由针铁矿和赤铁矿共同致色。     

纳米赤铁矿电极光电催化特性及苯酚降解活性研究

伴随环境污染问题日益加剧,借助半导体材料实现光能的光电转化在催化及环境领域引起广泛关注。本文借助电化学方法快速高效地合成不同沉积时间纳米赤铁矿薄膜电极。X射线衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱测试表明其成分为赤铁矿物相;原子力显微镜(AFM)观测颗粒尺寸约52.1(±1.48)nm×50.5(±1.49)nm,表面高度起伏分布于70~100 nm,且分布特征符合正态分布规律。紫外可见漫反射吸收谱显示电极可显著吸收350~600 nm波长范围可见光,计算得禁带宽度约2.0~2.1 e V。光电化学实验光电流密度-时间曲线及电流-电压曲线表明电极有良好的可见光光电催化活性,且反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood多相反应动力学模型。进一步选取效果较显著的沉积时间10 min电极研究其光电催化降解苯酚活性,0.65 V vs.SCE(饱和甘汞电极)恒电势光照条件下6 h苯酚降解率达62%,拟合一级动力学反应模型可知,反应速率常数k为0.16 h-1(R2=0.996)。综上,本文研究结果显示电化学法简单高效合成的纳米赤铁矿具有良好半导体性能且能够可见光光电催化降解苯酚等有机污染物。     

河北唐河彩玉石的矿物学特征及其鉴定方法的研究

通过偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱等测试方法对唐河彩玉石的矿物组成进行了测试与分析,研究结果表明唐河彩玉石成分十分复杂,根据其物相组成可分为4类,分别是透闪石质玉石、透辉石质玉石、石英质玉石和方解石质玉石。在此基础上结合岩石学命名规则,探讨了关于含有杂质矿物的透闪石玉的命名方法。最后,提出了唐河彩玉石中透闪石玉的无损或微损的鉴定方法。     

BiOBr/铁改性蒙脱石对罗丹明B的光催化降解性能研究

在低温条件下通过铁改性蒙脱石与BiOBr复合成功合成了一种新型的光催化材料,称为BiOBr/Fe-Mt。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对BiOBr/Fe-Mt材料进行表征。同时以λ400 nm的可见光为光源,开展该催化剂对罗丹明B(Rh B)的光催化降解实验以评估其光催化活性。结果表明,支撑材料投加量被固定在2.5 g的条件下,采用铁改性蒙脱石制备的BiOBr/Fe-Mt材料对Rh B的光催化降解活性高于采用钠基蒙脱石制备的BiOBr/Na-Mt。光催化活性的显著提高,主要归因于:1 BiOBr/Fe-Mt的禁带宽度降低至2.46 e V,或可能形成了BiOBr/铁氧化物异质结结构;2 BiOBr/Fe-Mt上仅发生较少的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有机分子残留。这些结构因素均可以有效促进BiOBr/Fe-Mt上Rh B的光催化降解。     

高温高压合成翡翠的溶胶-凝胶法粉料制备的工艺方法探索

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成具有翡翠成分的玻璃料,再对其进行高温高压处理,实现玻璃体向晶质硬玉的转化,从而得到合成翡翠。从金属醇盐浓度、pH值、去离子水的添加量、水浴温度四个方面探讨了最佳凝胶条件。常规宝石学特征测试、偏光显微镜下岩矿薄片分析、X射线粉末衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱表明,合成翡翠与天然翡翠的常规宝石学性质相近,其结晶矿物为硬玉,样品的结晶转化程度较好,具有硬玉的标准红外特征吸收峰。     

三维等效源反演成像研究及应用

物探数据反演的多解性给资料处理和解释造成了一定的困难,而等效源法正是利用了反演的多解性,通过对等效源的密度进行反演得到地下真实的场源。采用棱柱体等效源,对三维理论模型重力异常进行反演成像计算和分析,并运用实际重力资料进行了计算和处理。理论和实践证明效果良好,表明了等效源反演在重力测量中的可行性和正确性。      

珊瑚钨锡矿床的热释卤素地球化学异常特征

珊瑚钨锡矿床地表岩石和土壤以及近矿围岩中均有明显的热释卤素地球化学异常,其卤素谱线具有多峰特征,卤素元素组合等,均反映了钨锡矿床的不同类型.在综合研究热释卤素地球化学异常特征基础上,建立了珊瑚钨锡矿床热释卤素地球化学异常模式,并对交椅岭地段进行了成矿预测,证明热释卤素法找矿是有效的.     

重庆市张关溶洞景观照明研究

溶洞照明推进了溶洞旅游业的发展,不科学的溶洞照明引起溶洞内灯光植物生长,破坏了溶洞内部特殊环境。通过对张关溶洞内灯光植物和人工光源的调研测量,研究了人工光源光谱、光照强度与溶洞灯光植物的生长关系,结果表明:光照强度高于20 000 lux或低于100 lux的传统光源及光谱能量分布在500～600 nm的窄光谱光源,能够有效抑制溶洞内灯光植物的生长;根据人工光源光谱、光照强度对灯光植物生长的抑制作用,提出了保持溶洞内特殊生态环境的景观照明技术指标。      

三维地层的三棱柱剖分与土方计算

三维地层剖分算法是实现地层三维可视化与土方计算的重要基础。采用三棱柱体建模方法构造三维地层,分析任意平面切割三棱柱的不同情形,得出了针对三棱柱地层的剖分算法;提出了以切割面为分界面,将单个三棱柱剖分成多个小三棱柱的三角投影分割法--将三棱柱顶面、底面及切割截面按一定规则进行合理三角化划分,使划分后三角形在水平面上的投影相重合;将该3层三角形组合成以切割面为分界面的2层小三棱柱,从而完成剖分。土方计算中首先给出开挖体的边界控制方程,根据该控制方程所限定的内边界得到开挖区域,结合上述剖分算法,对该区域内所有小三棱柱体积求和,得到开挖土方量。将以上算法应用到广东省某重大水利工程中,实现了基坑模拟开挖及其土方计算。     

基于ZigBee的LED节能街灯控制系统

介绍了一种基于ZigBee的LED节能街灯控制系统,利用ZigBee无线技术将街灯组合成无线网络,然后通过网络协调器对路灯进行控制,这样可以灵活、方便地实现对各个街灯或各组街灯的关闭、开启和亮度的智能控制,系统能自动报告各个灯的好坏与运行状况,维护简单方便.系统网络包括协调器、路由器和精简功能节点,还有一个基于PC机服务器的后台控制软件和数据库系统.同时采用最新技术的LED灯具有亮度高、低功耗的特点,能极大地节约电能.     

铜合金可见光谱特征及其应用

对铜合金可见光谱线进行了计算机数字模拟处理，研究了基体元素铜和各成分元素的可见光谱特征。使用光栅看谱镜和棱镜看谱镜对铜合金可见光谱进行了看谱分析研究，摄制了彩色图谱。利用铜元素及成分元素特征谱线进行了基体鉴别和成分元素分析，研究结果可用于合金基体鉴别及铜合金成分元素的定性和半定量分析。     

Thermoelastic stress due to a rectangular heat source in a semi-infinite medium. Presentation of an analytical solution

The thermoelastic response due to a time-dependent rectangular heat source in a semi-infinite medium is analyzed. The problem originates from studies of nuclear waste repositories in rock. Canisters containing heat-emitting nuclear waste are deposited over a large rectangular area deep below the ground surface. The solution for a time-dependent heat source is obtained from the corresponding instantaneous heat source by superposition. The thermoelastic problem for the instantaneous rectangular heat source in a infinite surrounding is solved exactly. An important step is the introduction of so-called quadrantal heat sources. The solution for the rectangle is obtained from four quadrantal solutions. The solution for the quadrantal heat source depends on the three dimelasionless coordinates only. Time occurs in the scale factors only. The condition of zero normal and shear stresses at the ground surface is fulfilled by using a mirror heat source and a boundary solution. The boundary solution accounts for the residual normal stress at the ground surface. Using a Hertzian potential, a surprisingly simple solution is obtained. The final analytical solution is quite tractable considering the complexity of the initial problem. The solution may be used to test numerical models for coupled thermoelastic processes. It may also be used in more detailed numerical simulations of the process near the heat sources as boundary conditions to account for the three-dimensional global process.     

Non linear inversion of gravity gradients and the GGI gradiometer

All gradiometers currently operating for exploration in the field are based on Lockheed Martin’s GGI gradiometer. The working of this gradiometer is described and a method for robust non linear inversion of gravity gradients is presented. The inversion method involves obtaining the gradient response of a trial body consisting of vertical rectangular prisms. The inversion adjusts the depth to the tops or bases of the prisms. In the trial model all the prisms are not required to have the same area of cross section or the same density (which can also be allowed to vary with depth). The depth to the tops and bottoms of each prism can also be different. This response is compared with the observed values of gradient and through an iterative procedure, the difference is minimized in a least square sense to arrive at a best fitting model by varying the position of the tops or bottoms of the prisms. Each gradient can be individually inverted or one or more gradients can be jointly inverted. The method is extended to invert gravity values individually or jointly with gradient values. The use of Differential Curvature, a quantity which is directly obtained by current gradiometers in use and which is an invariant under a rotation in the horizontal plane, is emphasized. Synthetic examples as well as a field example of inversion are given.     

Apatite in the mantle: implications for metasomatic processes and high heat production in Phanerozoic mantle

The abundance of apatite in Phanerozoic mantle may be greatly underestimated. This study shows that apatite has a widespread occurrence in Phanerozoic lithospheric mantle and can be divided into two geochemically distinct types using halogen content, presence or absence of structural CO₂, Sr and trace element (especially U, Th, and light rare earth) ratios and abundances, and association with either metasomatised mantle wall-rock peridotites (Apatite A) or high-pressure magmatic crystallisation products (Apatite B). Apatite A is inferred to result from metasomatism by CO₂- and H₂O-rich fluids derived from a primitive mantle source region, while Apatite B compositions are consistent with crystallisation from magmas within the carbonate–silicate compositional spectrum.

The presence of significant apatite in the lithospheric mantle is important not only for the geochemical budget but also for assessing heat production and heat flow in the mantle. The measured U and Th contents of mantle apatite average 60 and 200 ppm, respectively and 0.5% apatite would dominate heat production. Metasomatised mantle may also contain amphibole and mica with K₂O and clinopyroxene with detectable U and Th. In lithospheric mantle with a thickness of 70 km, this abundance of apatite would result in mantle heat flow contribution of about 12 mW/m², a significant proportion of the total “normal” mantle heat flow of about 18 mW/m².     

Geology and tectonic development of the continental margin north of Alaska

The continental margin north of Alaska, as interpreted from seismic reflection profiles, is of the Atlantic type and consists of three sectors of contrasting structure and stratigraphy. The Chukchi sector, on the west, is characterized by the deep late Mesozoic and Tertiary North Chukchi basin and the Chukchi Continental Borderland. The Barrow sector of central northern Alaska is characterized by the Barrow arch and a moderately thick continental terrace build of Albian to Tertiary clastic sediment. The terrace sedimentary prism is underlain by lower Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. The Barter Island sector of northeastern Alaska and Yukon Territory is inferred to contain a very thick prism of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary marine and nonmarine clastic sediment. Its structure is dominated by a local deep Tertiary depocenter and two regional structural arches.We postulate that the distinguishing characteristics of the three sectors are inherited from the configuration of the rift that separated arctic Alaska from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago relative to old pre-rift highlands, which were clastic sediment sources. Where the rift lay relatively close to northern Alaska, in the Chukchi and Barter Island sectors, and locally separated Alaska from the old source terranes, thick late Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary prisms extend farther south beneath the continental shelf than in the intervening Barrow sector. The boundary between the Chukchi and Barrow sectors is relatively well defined by geophysical data, but the boundary between the Barrow and Barter Island sectors can only be inferred from the distribution and thickness of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. These boundaries may be extensions of oceanic fracture zones related to the rifting that is postulated to have opened the Canada Basin, probably beginning during the Early Jurassic.