中国黄土￣（10）Be研究进展

８０年代中期，中国和瑞士科技工作者开始联合进行黄土￣（１０）Ｂｅ研究。建立了黄土￣（１０）ＢｅＡＭＳ测量的理想流程，发现了￣（１０）Ｂｅ在黄土地层良好保存性等重要地球化学行为特征，确认了黄土￣（１０）Ｂｅ研究具有重要意义。对洛川黄土剖面０．４～１３８ｍ段６００多个样品进行了￣（１０）Ｂｅ测定，建立了２．５Ｍａ以来大陆堆积物同位素记录曲线。地磁极性倒转期间，￣（１０）Ｂｅ浓度平均增高２０～２５％、持续２０～３０ｋａ。洛川、西峰黄土剖面￣（１０）Ｂｅ变化与深海沉积物δ￣（１８）Ｏ变化之间均存在极好相关性，据此建立了７５万年以来黄土地层相对￣（１０）Ｂｅ时标；黄土堆积速率与各时期￣（１０）Ｂｅ沉降通量之间亦存在良好的线性相关关系，据此可望建立￣（１０）Ｂｅ绝对时标。探讨了Ｒａｉｓｂｅｃｋ峰事件、￣（１０）Ｂｅ／￣（２６）Ａｌ比值等在黄土地层定年中的应用前景和途径。引入物理意义明确的“磁性物质通量”概念，建立了￣（１０）Ｂｅ—磁化率模型，定量估算出磁化率中降尘和成壤两组分相对贡献，求得洛川区域Ｓ＿０、Ｌ＿１、Ｓ＿１三时期年均降水量。精确测定了黄土石英中“就地”成因￣（１０）Ｂｅ含量，获得不同时期黄土源区侵蚀速率。     

高分辨10Be记录与黄土地层定年

利用Ｂ／Ｍ地磁极性倒转层位０．７３ＭａＢ．Ｐ．时间参考点，通过黄土剖面_１０Ｂｅ变化曲线与深海ＳＰＥＣＭＡＰδ_１８Ｏ变化曲线匹配拟合，求得洛川黄土剖面０．７５Ｍａ以来的相对连续时标。时标精度约５０００—１００００ａ。由于０．１５Ｍａ以来洛川剖面加密取样以及_１０Ｂｅ、δ_１８Ｏ两曲线之间更好的相关性，_１０Ｂｅ相对时标精度与ＳＰＥＣＭＡＰδ_１０Ｏ时标精度大体相同，即３０００—５０００ａ。各时期_１０Ｂｅ通量与黄土堆积速率之间存在十分好的线性相关关系，展示了一条崭新的地层定年途径。黄土_１０Ｂｅ记录３５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．处的Ｒａｉｓｂｅｃｋ峰可被用作地层时间参考点。黄土_１０Ｂｅ／(２６)Ａｌ值、黄土石英中“就地”成因_１０Ｂｅ／(２６)Ａｌ值以及“就地”成因_１０Ｂｅ浓度等均可望应用于黄土地层精确定年。     

西峰晚更新世黄土剖面高分辨元素记录

利用仪器中子活化分析方法（ＩＮＡＡ）对西峰晚更新世黄土剖面８１个样品进行了测定，获取了３０个元素高分辨深度变化曲线，并与＾１０Ｂｅ变化曲线进行了对比研究，表明了一些元素与＾１０Ｂｅ相类似，也具有与深海沉积物ε＾１８Ｏ变化相关的深度变化规律，因而可作为气候环境变迁标志。     

二安替比林基—（3—溴）苯基甲烷与铈（Ⅳ）显色反应的研究

合成了二安替比林基－（３－溴）苯基甲烷。在Ｍｎ和吐温－８０存在下，Ｃｅ与ＤＡｍＢＭ反应生成有色化合物，λｍａｘ为３８０ε为３．０×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１，ｃｍ＾－１。Ｃｅ量在（０－１０）μｇ／２５ｍｌ间符合比尔定律。     

铁（Ⅲ）—对硝基苯基荧光酮—CTMAB—吐温—60多元配合物显色反应研…

Ｆｅ－对硝基苯基荧光酮－ＣＴＭＡＢ在ｐＨ１０．０－１１．２的硼砂－ＮａＯＨ缓冲溶液中形成蓝色多元配合物，其组成为Ｆｅ：ｐ－ＮＰＦ：ＣＴＭＡＢ＝１：２：４。在吐温－６０下，λｍａｘ为１６０ｎｍ，ε６１０＝１．１２×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，Ｆｅ含量在０－０．２μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。     

2—[2—（5—甲基苯并噻唑）偶氮]—5—二乙氨基苯甲酸的离解平衡及其与？…

研究了新显色剂２－「２－（５－甲基苯并噻唑）偶氮」－５－二乙氨基苯甲酸（５－Ｍｅ－ＢＴＡＥＢ）的离解平衡及与Ｆｅ＾２＋形成配合物的条件。在十二烷基硫酸钠的存在下,５－Ｍｅ－ＢＴＡＥＢ与Ｆｅ＾２＋形成稳定的蓝紫色２：１配合物,其最大吸收波长为６４０ｎｍ,表观摩尔吸光系数为１．０３＊１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。Ｆｅ＾２＋的质量浓度在０－４８０μｇ／Ｌ时服比尔定律。方法用于部级铝合金标样中微量     

甘孜黄土与青藏高原冰冻圈演化

逐样系统交变退磁磁性测量表明，８６ｍ的甘孜黄土剖面形成于约８１．８４×１０＾４ａ ＢＰ前。剖面中黄土石英砂类型分析揭示出至少约８１．８４×１０＾４ａ ＢＰ以前，高原已进入冰冻圈，并且很快于约７６×１０＾４ ａＢＰ前冰川规模达到最大，并持续至约５３×１０＾４ｑａ ＢＰ前，倒数第二次冰川规模次之，然后冰川规模明显减少。     

加速器质谱分析超痕量铍同位素研究深海沉积物沉积速率和多金属结核生长速率

用加速器质谱测定＾１０Ｂｅ同位素，研究深海沉积物和多金属结核中＾１０Ｂｅ同位素的含量分布，获得相关的地质年代、沉积速率和生长速率。     

加速器质谱计在第四纪年代学研究中的应用

介绍了加速器质谱计测试长寿命宇宙成因核素＾１０Ｂｅ，＾３６Ｃｌ，＾３２Ｓｉ，＾１４Ｃ，＾４１Ｃａ，＾１２９Ｉ的基本原理，根据国内外资料以及自己的研究成果，着重讨论了ＡＭＳ在第四纪地质年代学，古环境示踪，气候变化等研究领域的应用和前景。     

2-〔2-(6-甲基苯并噻唑)偶氮〕-5-二乙氨基苯甲酸与钴的显色反应及其应用

在十二烷基硫酸钠存在下，于ｐＨ４．８￣７．４的缓冲溶液中，２－〔２－（６－甲基苯并噻唑）偶氮〕－５－二乙氨基苯甲酸（６－Ｍｅ－ＢＴＡＥＢ）与Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）发生显色反应，形成稳定的蓝紫色络合物，其组成为ｎＣｏ（Ⅱ）：ｎ６－Ｍｅ－ＢＴＡＥＢ＝１：２，最大吸收波长为６５０ｎｍ，ε为１．３８×１０＾５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｃｍ＾－１，Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）质量浓度在０￣０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ时服从比尔定律。方法可直接用于维生素Ｂ１     

Beryllium geochemistry in soils: evaluation of Be/Be ratios in authigenic minerals as a basis for age models

Soils contain a diverse and complex set of chemicals and minerals. Being an ‘open system’, both in the chemical and nuclear sense, soils have defied quantitative nuclear dating. However, based on the published studies of the cosmogenic atmospheric ¹⁰Be in soils, its relatively long half-life (1.5 Ma), and the fact that ¹⁰Be gets quickly incorporated in most soil minerals, this radionuclide appears to be potentially the most useful for soil dating. We therefore studied the natural variations in the specific activities of ¹⁰Be with respect to the isotope ⁹Be in mineral phases in eight profiles of diverse soils from temperate to tropical climatic regimes and evaluated the implications of the data for determining the time of formation of soil minerals, following an earlier suggestion [Lal et al., 1991. Development of cosmogenic nuclear methods for the study of soil erosion and formation rates. Current Sci. 61, 636–639.]. We find that the ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios in both bulk soils and in the authigenic mineral phases are confined within a narrower range than in ¹⁰Be concentrations. Also, the highest ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios in authigenic minerals are observed at the soil-rock interface as predicted by the model. We present model ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ages of the B-horizon and the corresponding soil formation rates for several soil profiles. The present study demonstrates that the ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios in the authigenic phases, e.g. clay and Fe-hydroxides, can indeed be used for obtaining useful model ages for soils younger than 10–15 Ma. However, the present work has to be pushed considerably further, to take into account more realistic age models in which, for instance, downward transport ¹⁰Be and clays, and in-situ dissolution of clay minerals at depths, altering the ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios of the acidic solutions, are included. We show that in the case of younger soils (< 1 Ma) studied here, their ¹⁰Be inventories and ¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratios have been significantly disturbed possibly by mixing with transported soils.     

原地宇宙成因核素(TCN)测年靶标制备

自20世纪80年代以来,得益于高能加速器质谱的发展及其分析精度的提高,TCN测年技术得到了快速发展,并被成功应用于解决诸多领域关键性的年代学问题研究中,对地学的发展也起到了革命性的推动作用。TCN测年由测年靶标制备、AMS测量及数据分析等步骤组成。其中测年靶标制备直接影响AMS的测量结果,进而影响可靠年代学框架的建立与古气候环境的重建。测年靶标制备首先是代表性样品的采集,继而是所用靶标矿物的提纯,再者是所测元素的分离提取,最后是靶标压制。此处以第四纪冰川研究中应用较为广泛的TCN放射性核素¹⁰Be与²⁶Al为例,结合冰川侵蚀与沉积地貌的分布及其特征,从样品采集、石英提纯、¹⁰Be与²⁶Al核素的分离提取及最后的靶标压制等方面展开论述,以期为初涉第四纪冰川研究的学者提供TCN测年靶标制备的理论指导,同时也为地学其他研究领域该测年技术的应用提供参考。     

210Pb and 7Be as Tracers for Aerosol Transfers at Center Guizhou，China：Ⅰ．The Explanation by Weekly Interval

It′s essential to measure air concentrations and depositional fluxes of environmental radionuclides in different regions for modeling global contamination transfer and validation, tracing deposition process and dating, referencing watershed erosion trace and assessing natural radiation of ecosystem. This study introduces the research background and methods and explains weekly variations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations in surface air and precipitation at Mt. Guanfeng/Guiyang since 2001. The results indicate that ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations in surface air fluctuate periodically at 2~6 week interval because of the meteorological condition changes. The annual trend in ²¹⁰Pb air concentration is overall influenced by air temperature variation and periodical rainfall. ⁷Be air concentration varies up and down regualarly. The synchronization of low concentrations for both ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in surface air and high ratio (²¹⁰Pb/⁷Be ≥ 0.8) indicate oceanic poor ²¹⁰Pb-⁷Be air mass invasion. The synchronization of high concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in surface air and low ratio (²¹⁰Pb/⁷Be ≤ 0.7) implies rich ⁷Be air mass invasion from altostratus atmosphere. Weekly concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in precipitation and the K_d coefficients are high in late Autumn to Spring, and low in late Spring to Autumn. Although ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations vary seasonally, their weekly concentrations in precipitation increase with that of air concentration. The ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be weekly concentrations for seasonal division is about 0.2 Bq/L and 1 Bq/L, respectively. However, the K_d coefficient decreases when ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be air concentrations increase. Deposition of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be with precipitation mainly take place in Spring and Summer; The weekly fallout of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be increases with increasing precipitation; the increase of ⁷Be is triple of that of ²¹⁰Pb and 2.5 when precipitation nears to zero. The weekly-high fallout of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be with precipitation corresponds with the dramatic decrease of their air concentrations within or vicinal weeks. The ratio of ²¹⁰Pb to ⁷Be in rainfall is overall ≤ 0.5 and varies synchronously with the ratio in surface air, indicating that the two radionuclides are cleaned by precipitation from air at close speed. In the extreme freezing disaster in 2008, both ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be air concentrations were low and coupling with coexist of low concentration of aerosol and high nuclides activities. Weekly concentration of ⁷Be in surface air at Mt. Guanfeng demonstrates the anticipated concentration level in the low-latitude and high-elevation region; the short-term fluctuations of ⁷Be concentration indicated the hysteresis was influcenced by the strong air current submersion and the low-elevation air mass rising differently at Mt. Guanfeng and Mt. Waliguan.      

Cosmogenic 10Be exposure age dating across Early to Late Weichselian ice-marginal zones in northwestern Russia

Rock samples from the Kanin Peninsula and the Timan Ridge were analysed for in situ cosmogenic ¹⁰Be for exposure age dating purposes. Crystalline rocks were sampled at four sites on the Kanin Peninsula, either from bedrock outcrops or from glacial erratics, giving overall similar ¹⁰Be ages. Outcropping sandstone and crystalline erratics were available from three sites at the Timan Ridge. The highly weathered sandstone gives substantially younger ¹⁰Be ages than the adjacent erratics. The exposure ages from the Kanin Peninsula suggest that the last deglaciation of this area took place between 55 and 37 ¹⁰Be kyr ago, in agreement with a preceding Kara Sea glaciation (55-45 kyr BP). The northwest coast of the peninsula was probably just outside the maximum limit of the last Scandinavian glaciation (20-17 kyr BP). Glacial erratic exposure ages from the Timan Ridge suggest that the 55-45 kyr BP Kara Sea glaciation reached the northern part of the ridge. The exposure dates do not show conclusive evidence regarding the existence of a Timan Ridge ice cap.     

Timing of the last deglaciation in Belarus

We measured ¹⁰Be concentrations in boulders collected from the Orsha and Braslav moraines, associated with the Last Glacial Maximum extent and a recessional stage of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS), respectively, providing a direct dating of the southeastern sector of the ice-sheet margin in Belarus. By combining these data with selected existing radiocarbon ages, we developed a chronology for the last deglaciation of Belarus. The northeastern part of the country remained ice free until at least 19.2±0.2 cal. kyr BP, whereas the northwestern part of the country was ice free until 22.3±1.5 cal. kyr BP. A lobate ice margin subsequently advanced to its maximum extent and deposited the Orsha Moraine. The ice margin retreated from this moraine at 17.7±2.0 ¹⁰Be kyr to a position in the northern part of the country, where it deposited the Braslav Moraine. Subsequent ice-margin retreat from that moraine at 13.1±0.5 ¹⁰Be kyr represented the final deglaciation of Belarus. Direct dating of these moraines better constrains the relation of ice-margin positions in Belarus to those in adjacent countries as well as the SIS response to climate change.     

洛川黄土地层定年的一个模式及其初步应用

选择黄土中２～１６μｍ的颗粒作为沉积速率相对稳定的大气粉尘沉降组分，根据黄土粒度变化与沉积速率变化的相关性，设计了以下的年代学模型:Ｔｍ＝Ｔ１＋（Ｔ２－Ｔ１）（∑ｍ_ｉ＝１ＣｉＨｉ）/（∑ｎ_ｉ＝１ＣｉＨｉ）以黄土地层中根据热释光和古地磁极性倒转点获得的绝对年代作为时间控制点，利用上面的模式对洛川第四纪黄土地层的年代进行了计算，结果表明该模式可以用于黄土高原中部黄土地层的精细定年。     

黔中气溶胶传输的210 Pb和7 Be示踪:Ⅱ.月及年时间尺度的剖析

自2001年12月连续逐周在贵阳观风山附近对近地面空气210Pb-7Be浓度和沉降量的观测表明:区域性降水和气温制约近地面空气210Pb具高浓度"U"型年分布;降水量和平流层向下输送影响近地面空气7Be月均浓度的季节性变化;210Pb/7Be月均浓度比率受控于210Pb变化和富7Be气团下沉的影响.观风山与瓦里关山之间因纬度和海拔的关系,7Be比率急剧震荡,显示出海洋性贫7Be气团入侵对观风山地区的明显影响.2002-2008年间贵阳观风山近地面空气210Pb的年均浓度(2.8±0.6)mBq/m3,约为全球若干站点中最高平均浓度值的4倍;而7Be的年均浓度(4.8±0.6)mBq/m3,与全球高海拔站点长期观测的平均值相当,大约为北半球中纬度对流层顶部附近7Be浓度值(18.0 mBq/m3)的1/3.8,显示出低纬度、较高海拔地区的预期水平.2003年,瓦里关山和观风山近地面空气7Be的年均浓度比为3.8,与预期的大气输送和混合作用基本一致.7Be月均浓度的增大趋势反映出受太阳黑子数减少的变化关系,其影响底线大约为4 mBq/m3;7Be年均浓度波动的增大趋势反映出受太阳黑子数降低的可能影响.贵阳观风山降水中7Be和210Pb的体积加权浓度分别为0.72 Bq/L和0.27 Bq/L;年沉降通量分别为0.080 Bq/(cm2·a)和0.031 Bq/(cm2·a).数值模拟显示出全球空气210Pb高浓度区和高沉降通量环带分布,印证了洱海和红枫湖沉积物7Be和157Cs蓄积的模拟结果.     

Discussion on the Use of 7Be to Estimate Soil Erosion Rates

⁷Be is a naturally occurring cosmogenic radionuclide produced in the stratosphere and troposphere as a result of cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen. The constant fallout via precipitation and short half-life (53.3 days), coupled with shallow depth distribution in soil profile (~2 cm) provide the unique advantages for its application as a soil and sediment tracer over short timescales, such as a single storm or short period of extreme rainfall. With the climate change and increasing rainfall events, the ⁷Be tracing method will exhibit wide application prospect in future. To date, however, this technique is still in its infancy and some important assumptions have not yet been effectively validated. Consequently, the use of ⁷Be to document soil erosion rates has been limited. This contribution briefly reviews the history and current status relating to this tracing method. In addition, the basic principles and recent research progresses in conversion models for use of ⁷Be measurements to estimate soil redistribution rates are introduced. The key assumptions and uncertainties of the technique, as well as the effects of the vegetation interception and particle size selectivity are discussed. Additionally, some new investigation directions are provided, including the assumption validation and uncertainty analysis, the impact of vegetation interception, the extending of spatial and temporal scales, and the development of new conversion models.     

布容-松山极性倒转事件的海陆地质记录及其不同步性探讨

布容-松山（B／M）极性倒转事件是第四纪发生的最近一次地磁极性倒转,研究地磁极性倒转的特征不仅对理解地磁场演化规律具有重要意义,同时极性倒转通常具有全球等时性,因此常被视为地层划分和全球气候对比的关键时间标记物。然而古地磁研究表明,布容-松山事件在海洋与中国黄土沉积物中的记录存在着“错位”现象,使得基于磁性地层年代框架...