Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area,Middle China

Marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z–∈2, ∈2–O, S, D–C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle–late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic–Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area's marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.     

Early Cenozoic Mega Thrusting in the Qiangtang Block of the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Recent mapping and seismic survey reveal that intensive compression during the Early Cenozoic in the Qiangtang block of the central Tibetan Plateau formed an extensive complex of thrust sheets that moved relatively southward along several generally north-dipping great thrust systems. Those at the borders of the ~450 km wide block show it overrides the Lhasa block to the south and is overridden by the Hohxil-Bayanhar block to the north. The systems are mostly thin-skinned imbricate thrusts with associated folding. The thrust sheets are chiefly floored by Jurassic limestone that apparently slid over Triassic sandstone and shale, which is locally included, and ramped upward and over Paleocene-Eocene red-beds. Some central thrusts scooped deeper and carried up Paleozoic metamorphic rock, Permian carbonate and granite to form a central uplift that divides the Qiangtang block into two parts. These systems and their associated structures are unconformably overlain by little deformed Late Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rock or capped by Miocene lake beds. A thrust system in the northern part of the block, as well as one in the northern part of the adjacent Lhasa block, dip to the south and appear to be due to secondary adjustments within the thrust sheets. The relative southward displacement across this Early Cenozoic mega thrust system is in excess of 150 km in the Qiangtang block, and the average southward slip-rate of the southern Qiangtang thrusts ranged from 5.6 mm to 7.4 mm/a during the Late Eocene-Oligocene. This Early Cenozoic thrusting ended before the Early Miocene and was followed by Late Cenozoic crustal extension and strike-slip faulting within the Qiangtang block. The revelation and understanding of these thrust systems are very important for the evaluation of the petroleum resources of the region.     

POSITIVE INVERSION STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE BELT IN TURPAN-HAMI BASIN

The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of strata in the hanging wall of the growth fault is obviously larger than that in the footwall, and a deposition center was evolved in the Taibei sag where the hanging wall of the fault is located. In late Jurassic the collision between Lhasa block and Eurasia continent resulted in the transformation of the Turpan-Hami basin from an extensional structure into a compressional structure, and consequently in the tectonic inversion of the central structure belt of the Turpan-Hami basin from the extensional normal fault in the earlier stage to the compressive thrust fault in the later stage. The Tertiary collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate occurred around 55Ma, and this Himalayan orogenic event has played a profound role in shaping the Tianshan area, only the effect of the collision to this area was delayed since it culminated here approximately in late Oligocene-early Miocene. The central structure belt was strongly deformed and thrusted above the ground as a result of this tectonic event.     

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentangiha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentangiha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentangiha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhunzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxung-Yangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentangiha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001010

A large-scale pop-up structure occurs at the front of the northern Dabashan thrust belt (NDTB),bound by the NNE-dipping Chengkou fault to the south,and the SSW-dipping Gaoqiao fault to the north.The pop-up structure shows different features along its strike as a direct reflection of the intensity of tectonic activity.To the northwest,the structure is characterized by a two-directional thrust system forming a positive flower-like structure.In contrast,the southeastern part is composed of the vertical Chengkou fault and a series of N-directed backthrusts.showing a semi-flower-like structure. We present results from Ar-Ar dating of syntectonic microthermal nietamorphic sericite which show that the Chengkou fault experienced intense deformation during the mid-Mesozoic Yanshanian epoch(about 143.3 Ma),causing rapid uplift and thrusting of the northern Dabashan thrust belt.During the propagation of this thrust,a series of backthrusts formed because of the obstruction from the frontier of Dabashan thrust belt,leading to the development of the pop-up structure.     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NIUSHOU MOUNTAIN AND ITS GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN CENTRAL NINGXIA

There are many thrust-related structures occurring in the Paleozoic strata of the Niushou Mountain in the central part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The fault-related folds are the typical structures in this area. Based on the analysis about these structures and their relationships, the processes by which these structures of the Miboshan Formation were formed are reconstructed, and the strata underwent about three stages of deformation: (1) horizontal shortening, (2) folding, and (3) thrusting. And the fact that the Niushou Mountain is the leading edge of an old thrust sheet was proved, the Niushou Mountain, the Daluo Mountain and the Xiaoluo Mountain together constitute the front part of this old thrust zone, so the Niushou Mountain and the Ordovician strata in the central and southern parts of Ningxia now are likely allochthons. In the period from middle Ordovician to Devonian, the areas of the central and southern Ningxia belonged to the back-arc foreland basin of North Qilianshan orogen, which was adjacent to the continent in the north. In the later part of the early Paleozoic period, the Niushou Mountain was formed after the closure of the back-arc foreland basin.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits and source of oreforming materials in the ZhangjiakouXuanhua mantle-branch metallogenetic zone

The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area is a mineral resource-concentrated area for gold-silver polymetallic ore deposits. The temporal and spatial distribution and origin of mineral resources have been argued for a long time. Based on the comprehensive studies of geochronology and sulfur, lead, oxygen, carbon and noble gas isotopes, it is considered that the temporal and spatial distribution of mineral resources in this area is obviously controlled by the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua mantle branch structure, as is reflected by the occurrence of gold deposits in the inner parts and of Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore deposits in the outer parts. The mineralization took place mainly during the Yanshanian period. Ore-forming materials came largely from the deep interior of the Earth, and hydrothermal fluids were derived predominantly from Yanshanian magmatism.     

Thermal History of the Naruo Porphyry Deposit in the Duolong Ore District, Western Tibet: Evidence from U-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He Thermochronology

The Naruo porphyry copper deposit containing more than 2 Mt of copper is located in the Duolong ore district in the west of the Bangongco–Nujiang belt in central Tibet. New zircon U-Pb, biotite 40Ar/39Ar, zircon (U-Th)/He ages, published age data together with thermal modeling were presented in this paper to investigate the thermal history of Naruo deposit. Thermal modeling reveals a prolonged magmatic-hydrothermal evolution firstly cooling from ~700°C to ~350°C at 120 Ma, then cooling to 230°C at 106 Ma and maintaining at 200°C from 106 to 90 Ma which is attributed to multiple magmatic events and thermal effect of strike-slip fault. Affected by thrust nappe structure, the sample was consistent with 120°C from 70 to 63 Ma. The Naruo deposit started to experience exhumation at a rate of ~0.07 km/Myr since 60 Ma which is related to India-Asia collision. The prolonged magmatic-hydrothermal evolution process might have important influence on the Naruo deposit. The ore-related intrusions preserved in the foot walls of strike-slip fault and thrust nappe structure are the objects of future exploration in the Duolong ore district.     

Analysis of Ore-controlling Structure in the Qifengcha-Detiangou Gold Deposit, Huairou County, Beijing

The Qifengcha-Detiangou gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit recently found in Huairou County, Beijing. It belongs to the altered mylonite type with superimposed quartz vein type and is related to the early Yanshanian magmatic activity. Characterized by multiperiodic activity, the NE-trending Qifengcha fault is a regional ore-controlling structure in the area, and gold mineralization develops only in its southeastern part. Meanwhile, gold mineralization is controlled by the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex. The nearly N-S- and E-W-trending low-angle detachment faults, reformed by the Qifengcha fault in the northwestern part of the core complex, are the main ore-bearing faults. All discovered gold deposits are located within an area 1.5-4.0 km away from the boundary of the upwelling centre. The N-S- (NNE-) and E-W-trending ore-bearing faults are ductile-brittle structural zones developing in shallow positions and subjected mainly to compressive deformation. The structural ore-controlling effects ar     

Paleoecology of Early Ordovician Reefs in the Yichang Area, Hubei: a Correlation of Organic Reefs Between Early Ordovician and Jurassic

The Early Ordovician System is composed mainly of a series of carbonate platform deposits interbedded with shale and is especially characterized by a large number of organic reefs or buildups that occur widely in the research area. The reefs have different thicknesses ranging from 0.5 m to 11.5 m and lengths varying from 1 m to 130 m. The reef-building organisms include Archaeoscyphia, Recepthaculitids, Batostoma, Cyanobacteria and Pulchrilamina. Through the research of characteristics of the reef-bearing strata of the Early Ordovician in the Yichang area, four sorts of biofacies are recognized, which are (1) shelly biofacies: containing Tritoechia-Pelmatozans community and Tritoechia-Pomatotrema community; (2) reef biofacies: including the Batostoma, Calathium-Archaeoscyphia, Pelmatozoa-Batostoma, Archeoscyphia and Calathium-Cyanobacteria communities; (3) standing-water biofacies: including the Acanthograptus-Dendrogptus and Yichangopora communities; and (4) allochthonous biofacies: containing Nanorthis-Psilocephlina taphocoense community. The analysis of sea-level changes indicates that there are four cycles of sea-level changes during the period when reef-bearing strata were formed in this area, and the development of reefs is obviously controlled by the velocity of sea-level changes and the growth of accommodation space. The authors hold that reefs were mostly formed in the high sea level periods. Because of the development of several subordinate cycles during the sea-level rising, the reefs are characterized by great quantity, wide distribution, thin thickness and small scale, which are similar to that of Juassic reefs in northern Tibet. The research on the evolution of communities shows that succession and replacement are the main forms. The former is favorable to the development of reefs and the latter indicates the disappearance of reefs.     

井冈山逆冲推覆构造基本特征及找矿意义

井冈山逆冲推覆构造位于华南板块北缘,由一系列规模不等,方向基本一致,倾向南东的叠瓦逆冲推覆断层组成。卷入地层有寒武—震旦系、泥盆系—三叠系及侏罗系和白垩系,空间上具双冲型推覆特征,推覆方向早期由南东向北西,晚期由东向西。据各推覆体的叠置关系及40Ar/39Ar同位素测年结果(184.16Ma),认为该推覆构造主要活动于燕山期。该推覆构造的发现,可能反映出该区中生代存在一定规模的陆内造山,是本区中生代陆内变形的主要方式;同时也为本区寻找隐伏煤矿提供了有力的地质依据,为寻找与构造蚀变岩(推覆面附近)有关的贵多金属矿产指明了方向。     

赣中峡江地区推滑覆构造特征及成因机制

通过对赣中峡江地区1：5万新干图组区域地质调查资料的综合研究。作者首次在该区提出了泥盆纪地层为外来体的观点，认为是印支晚期-燕山早期泥盆系由NW向SE推覆，燕山晚期再向SE伸展滑脱。江西北部和南部均有EW，NNE推，滑覆构造存在的报道，资料较多，但对赣中很少见有报道，此次峡江地区推，滑覆构造的发现和确定。对认识赣南与赣北NNE向推，滑覆构造的联系乃至全区整体认识，在地质构造上有着重要的意义，本文以详实的野外第一性资料，着重阐述了其推，滑覆构造特征，并分析了成因机制。     

古北口逆冲推覆构造及土城子组脆韧性变形带特征

古北口逆冲推覆构造在区域上位于“尚义-平泉”大断裂带的中段,属燕山期板内造山运动产物。发育在中生代断陷盆地的北侧,由两条主断裂控制上、下两个推覆体由北向南依次逆冲,原地系统由中生代土城子组及以下地层构成。根据对断裂带中同构造期的石英正长岩脉的样品K-Ar法测年,获得同位素年龄为(16.1±2.3)Ma,故认为本区逆冲推覆构造形成时代应在中侏罗世—晚侏罗世之间。中生代地层中局部形成脆韧性变形带。     

闽西南回龙地区逆冲推覆构造

闽西南回龙地区逆冲推覆发育于桃溪变质核杂岩构造东南缘，由一系列规模不等，倾向南东东的叠瓦状逆冲断层及逆冲岩席组成，推覆运移方向由南东东入北西西，具明显分带，为单冲型逆冲推覆构造，形成发育时期为燕山期。     

闽北仁寿地区逆冲推覆构造

逆冲推覆构造发育于闽北变质岩中，由一系列规模不等向南东倾的叠瓦状逆冲推覆断层及其上盘的推覆岩席组成，由南燕向北西方推覆，往逆冲方面可分为上，下2个逆冲推覆构造系，是前展式逆冲推覆构造，作用时期发生于印支期－燕山期。     

秦岭南缘大巴山褶皱－冲断推覆构造的特征

秦岭造山带南缘的大巴山巨型逆冲推覆构造主要是在秦岭造山带板块俯冲碰撞造山与中、新生代以来陆内造山过程中长期复合作用形成的。详细的室内外构造研究表明,巴山逆冲推覆构造可以巴山弧形断裂带为界划分为北大巴山逆冲推覆构造和南大巴山逆冲推覆构造。北大巴山自北而南依次由安康－武当推覆体、紫阳－平利推覆体、高桥－镇坪推覆体和高滩推覆体逆冲叠置而成。南大巴山则以镇巴－阳日断裂为界,分为北部的前陆冲断褶皱带和南部的前陆褶皱带。北大巴山主要是印支期碰撞造山作用和燕山期陆内逆冲推覆作用叠加改造的结果,南大巴山则主要是燕山期递进变形过程中的产物。构造变形北强南弱,北以冲断褶皱变形为特征,南以皱褶作用为主;北部褶皱紧闭复杂,向南渐变为宽缓的薄皮构造。逆冲作用在时序上具有由北向南扩展传递的特点。     

阴山中生代地壳逆冲推覆与伸展变形作用

研究区属燕山—阴山中生代板内造山带西段的重要组成部分。依据变形特征和物质组成,可以分为北部构造活动带、中部隆起带和南部构造活动带3个不同的构造区。以中部隆起带为中心,在南北两侧的构造活动带中的构造样式和变形机制呈反向对称出现。逆冲构造和伸展构造在时间和空间上密切共生。在印支期—燕山早期地壳以逆冲挤压变形机制为主,形成了色尔腾山逆冲推覆体系和大青山逆冲推覆体系,而燕山晚期阶段在逆冲岩席上产生了背向伸展变形作用,形成了同构造的早白垩世呼和浩特—包头盆地和固阳盆地。     

辽宁建平黄花山金矿床地质特征及成矿模式

黄花山金矿系辽西建平地区重要的热液蚀变岩型金矿.新太古代变质基底片麻岩系为金矿的矿源层,中元古代侵入岩为金矿的主要容矿围岩,晚侏罗世侵入岩是金矿的成矿岩体.黄花山地区在印支期形成了北西向南东推覆的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造,并长期活动,为成矿提供了空间.由于燕山期岩浆活动剧烈,即侵入体同下伏古老地层中金矿源层的重熔或捕获古老含金丰度高的层位,这些成矿热液沿黄花山叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造上升,并在逆冲推覆构造带中堆积形成了金矿体.通过总结、分析成矿的主要过程,建立了黄花山金矿的成矿模式.     

赣东北朱溪矿集区构造控岩-控矿特征

赣东北朱溪为钦杭成矿带新发现的重要钨铜多金属矿集区,位于钦杭结合带萍（乡）乐（平）坳陷带东部逆冲推覆抬升地段。朱溪矿集区燕山期受逆冲推覆构造影响,形成由新元古界变质基底与上古生界-中生界沉积盖层组成的构造岩片堆叠构造;具有逆冲推覆深断裂带控岩-控矿、碳酸盐岩构造岩片赋矿、燕山晚期浅层对冲构造破矿的构造背景;发育有燕山早期I型花岗闪长（斑）岩钼铜和S型花岗岩钨铜两个岩浆岩成矿系列,在空间上形成张家坞—月形与塔前—朱溪两个矿田、张家坞—毛家园和塔前—朱溪上下两个成岩台阶,下成矿台阶朱溪巨大钨铜矿床的发现打开了钦杭成矿带坳陷区“深地”找矿的一扇窗户。     

江西景德镇地区中生代推覆构造变形特征与年代学约束

景德镇地区位于江西省东北部,扬子板块东部,区内经历了长期的构造演化。通过对区域构造剖面的研究,认为研究区中生代推覆构造的主要形式为由北西向南东的推覆,新元古代双桥山群地层上覆于石炭-三叠纪地层之上,总体构成叠瓦扇或双重构造。最大主压应力（σ₁）主要为北西-南东向。在推覆构造系统中,发育于推覆构造断层内的未变形花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄显示此次构造活动的时间为157~172 Ma,为燕山早期。受中生代推覆构造作用控制,研究区内与推覆构造同期或者稍晚的岩浆作用沿推覆构造界面侵位并在适当的位置成矿,推覆构造制约着与成矿有关的岩浆运移通道与就位空间。