东天山南北两侧早二叠世沉积演化的差异性对比

在前人研究成果和野外地质调查的基础上,系统研究了东天山南北两侧（准噶尔东缘和吐哈北缘）早二叠世沉积序列、岩相组合、古流向及盆地演化。研究表明,早二叠世准噶尔盆地东缘石人子沟组和塔什库拉组发育枕状玄武岩、流纹岩等双峰式火山岩建造和海相砂、泥质及碳酸盐岩复理石相沉积,并含有大量的海相生物化石,指示了海相裂谷盆地环境。吐哈北缘发育依尔希土组,以安山岩、流纹质火山岩及火山碎屑岩夹陆相碎屑岩为主,表现为陆相裂谷盆地环境。东天山南北两侧古流向及物源显示,东天山北侧,早二叠世古水流指向东南方向,在其南侧古水流指向西北部凹陷区,并且物源主要来自下伏前二叠纪岩石建造,表明早二叠世时期东天山博格达地区为汇水沉积区,且由东至西分别发育陆相和海相裂谷盆地,至早二叠世末期整体演化为陆相坳陷盆地。而导致东天山南北两侧早二叠世沉积环境迥异的原因是,石炭纪博格达裂谷东段祁家沟-天池地区和西段吐哈北缘地区演化的差异,造成随后的闭合阶段中东段早闭合、沉积环境“突变”,西段晚闭合和沉积环境“渐变”的不同过程。     

柴达木盆地及其邻区早—中二叠世构造岩相古地理格局

通过大量野外观察、分析测试和综合研究,结合覆盖全区不同比例尺的区域地质调查资料,对柴达木盆地及其邻区早—中二叠世构造岩相古地理格局进行了研究,并探讨了其形成机制。结果表明：柴达木盆地及其邻区中、北部早—中二叠世为陆内盆山裂谷系统,主体处于伸展构造背景,总体表现为堑垒相间的构造古地理格局;南部为巴颜喀拉洋盆,早—中二叠世是巴颜喀拉洋盆扩张最为剧烈且规模最大的时期,巴颜喀拉洋盆中洋岛、海山遍布;早—中二叠世晚期强烈的华力西构造运动使古板块间的相对运动加剧,巴颜喀拉洋盆大洋岩石圈板块向北强烈俯冲,形成东昆仑陆缘岩浆弧及其南部增生带,东昆仑陆缘岩浆弧岩浆活动十分强烈,宗务隆山—西秦岭陆源裂谷盆地进一步发育,形成十分复杂的构造岩相古地理格局。早—中二叠世是研究区地球动力学机制从强烈扩张到强烈汇聚的转折时期,加强其构造岩相古地理研究对建立该区地层序列、探讨其地质演化历史以及指导找矿等均具有重要意义。     

巴颜喀拉残留洋盆的沉积特征

巴颜喀拉盆地垂向沉积序列表明：盆地于早古生代被动陆缘的浅海基础上裂陷、拉开，泥盆纪贯通，早石炭世洋盆扩展为成熟大洋，晚石炭世洋盆北部开始消减、南部继续扩张，晚二叠世-中三叠世进入残留洋阶段，晚三叠世转化为周缘前陆盆地．三叠纪末完全闭合，盆地自形成到消亡为一个连续的沉积和地质构造演化过程。其主体由早中三叠世深海沉积、典型浊积岩复理石和晚三叠世浅海复理石、风暴岩沉积、海相磨拉石构成，北部零星出露了中二叠世海山型沉积，昆南结合带以北有早中三叠世岛弧沉积。以盆地为中心具有向南北两侧陆块双向相背俯冲的极性特点，东西两端的碰撞造山不迟于晚二叠世。总体反映了古特提斯晚二叠世-中三叠世的残留洋盆性质和主洋域之所在。     

西昆仑及邻区早-中二叠世构造-岩相古地理特征

通过大量野外观察、分析测试和综合研究,结合覆盖全区 1:25万区域地质调查资料及其他前人工作成果,研究了西昆仑及邻区早-中二叠世构造-岩相古地理特征,并探讨了其形成机制。研究表明:西昆仑及邻区早-中二叠世发育典型的沟弧盆系统,自北向南依次发育塔里木陆块、西昆北弧后裂谷盆地、西昆中岩浆弧、西昆南增生楔、玉龙塔格-巴颜喀拉洋盆及甜水海地块。陆相、海陆过渡相、滨浅海相、半深-深海相均有发育,岩相反映的纵向序列表现为海进-海退的旋回性变化,岩浆活动强烈,构造-古地理环境复杂。早-中二叠世是玉龙塔格-巴颜喀拉洋盆扩张最为剧烈且规模为最大时期,主体处于伸展构造背景。中二叠世晚期强烈的华力西构造运动使古板块间的相对运动加剧,玉龙塔格-巴颜喀拉洋盆大洋岩石圈板块向北强烈俯冲,西昆北弧后裂谷盆地形成。早-中二叠世为研究区地球动力学机制从强烈扩张到强烈汇聚的转折时期,加强其构造-岩相古地理特征的研究对建立该区地层序列、探讨其地质演化历史以及指导找矿工作等均具有重要意义。     

西藏尼玛县荣玛乡二叠系龙格组小有孔虫及地质意义

西藏尼玛县荣玛乡依布茶卡东、南及牛山剖面的龙格组沉积了厚度较大的碳酸盐岩地层。在龙格组碳酸盐岩内发育丰富多样的小有孔虫化石计有16属45种,据其纵向分布特征,自下而上划分为两个小有孔虫组合:Pachyphloia-Nodosaria-Geinitzina组合和Hemigordiopsis组合。小有孔虫化石的发现,解决了长期以来对牛山剖面龙格组的归属争议,通过与其他地区同期层位的小有孔虫对比,将龙格组的时代重新修订为中二叠世栖霞晚期—茅口期,并且进一步丰富完善了南羌塘盆地中二叠世生物地层序列。     

湖北长阳资丘二叠纪沉积及演化特征

湖北长阳资丘二叠系剖面地层出露良好,特征明显,以碳酸盐岩沉积为主。野外剖面测量和室内微相分析表明,二叠系岩相主要由生物碎屑颗粒灰岩、砂屑灰岩、砾屑灰岩、硅质岩、钙质页岩等组成。根据岩相、古生物化石及碳酸盐岩微相分析,研究区二叠系主要为碳酸盐斜坡、台地和盆地沉积。其中,中二叠世发育碳酸盐斜坡沉积和盆地沉积,晚二叠世发育斜坡沉积、碳酸盐台地和盆地沉积。沉积演化表明,该区二叠纪发生了2次海进—海退旋回:第一次海侵发生在栖霞期,茅口期末结束;第二次始于吴家坪初期,持续到长兴末期。在中二叠统栖霞组下部发现了丰富的遗迹化石Zoophycos,形态及沉积构造研究表明此遗迹化石产生于浪基面以下较深水的碳酸盐岩斜坡环境。     

四川盆地叠合演化与油气聚集

根据前人成果和石油勘探资料,对赋存在扬子板块上的四川盆地进行了解剖,认为盆地经历了震旦纪、寒武纪—志留纪、石炭纪—二叠纪—中三叠世、晚三叠世—侏罗纪—早白垩世和晚白垩世—新生代盆地沉降、隆升剥蚀五大构造演化阶段。震旦纪、寒武纪—志留纪盆地演化阶段受周缘断陷的控制,以碎屑岩、膏盐岩和碳酸盐岩建造为特征,盆地基底整体表现为西高、东低的构造格局。中奥陶世末的构造事件形成了川中古隆起,志留纪末的构造事件导致了盆地的整体隆升与剥蚀。在经历了志留纪末期的构造变形、隆升改造后,石炭纪—中三叠世进入陆表海盆地演化阶段,以碳酸盐岩和膏盐岩建造为主要特征,整体表现为西南隆、东北降的构造格局。茅口组沉积末的构造事件导致了盆地隆升和剥蚀,中三叠世末的构造事件形成了泸州—开江古隆起,盆地消亡,地层遭受剥蚀。晚三叠世前陆盆地叠合在前期海相盆地之上,导致了盆地西低、东高的构造格局,侏罗纪—早白垩世表现为大型陆内坳陷盆地。侏罗纪末的构造事件使川东高陡构造带形成,早白垩世末构造事件导致了盆地的消亡与整体隆升,晚白垩世—新生代盆地沉积在西南部局限分布。盆地叠合演化形成了震旦系、下寒武统、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组、二叠系梁山组、龙潭组、上三叠统、下侏罗统等多套富含有机质的烃源岩,与盆地内叠合连片发育的中—上寒武统、下—中三叠统、上三叠统、侏罗系和中新统等多套膏盐岩或泥岩、煤系构成了盆地内良好的源-盖组合,成为盆地油气富集的基础。每套优质的盖层之下都发育了一套优质的储层,并与构造作用形成的圈闭形成了盆地良好的储-圈组合,成为油气富集的必要条件,形成了盆地下组合、中组合和上组合三大勘探层系。勘探成果显示,古隆起、古斜坡和烃源岩分布的配置控制盆地的油气分布。     

青海南部治多县扎河地区发现中二叠世放射虫化石

在青海南部扎河地区通天河蛇绿混杂岩带(东段)中新发现一套泥质-硅质岩地层,为甘孜-理塘结合带西段的组成部分。首次在硅质岩中发现放射虫化石PseudoalbaillellalongtanensisShengetWang,Cauletellidaegen.etsp.indet.,Entactiniidaegen.etsp.indet.,地质时代为中二叠世。表明甘孜-理塘结合带西段中二叠世深水沉积盆地的存在。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界—下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界-下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.