俯冲带榴辉岩的变形作用及其对俯冲-折返过程的意义

榴辉岩是大洋和大陆俯冲带的重要岩石类型,在研究俯冲带的形成过程、热结构、壳幔相互作用等方面有重要意义。通过对天然和实验样品中石榴子石、绿辉石等矿物的变形特征、变形机制、变形的影响因素等的综合分析,系统总结了高压变质带中榴辉岩矿物显微和超微变形研究的进展,探讨了榴辉岩的变形特征在恢复俯冲与折返过程研究中的意义及一些尚待解决的一些问题。     

柴北缘锡铁山两类榴辉岩的退变质过程 及其对俯冲带折返机制的制约

榴辉岩作为俯冲带中重要的岩石类型保存有丰富的地球动力学信息。对榴辉岩及其退变质岩石的研究有助于建立俯冲带演化的p-T轨迹,了解俯冲岩石在折返过程中温压条件及矿物相的变化,从而对俯冲带折返的动力学机制进行限定。对柴北缘锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩及含多硅白云母榴辉岩进行了详细的岩石学研究。在NC（K）FMASH体系中对两类榴辉岩进行变质相平衡模拟,得到双矿物榴辉岩的峰期温压条件为745~790℃,大于2.8~3.0GPa（M1）,后经历等温降压过程达到角闪石榴辉岩岩相（670~770℃,1.6~2.2GPa,M2）,与含多硅白云母榴辉岩经历了相同的折返过程。锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩的原岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征,而含多硅白云母榴辉岩则显示E-MORB或者OIB特征,二者原岩成分存在明显差异。两类榴辉岩的p-T演化过程和地球化学特征表明,锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩与含多硅白云母榴辉岩矿物学特征的差异是其原岩的多源性造成的,而与俯冲后折返过程中的退变质作用无必然联系。     

柴北缘锡铁山两类榴辉岩的退变质过程及其对俯冲带折返机制的制约

榴辉岩作为俯冲带中重要的岩石类型保存有丰富的地球动力学信息。对榴辉岩及其退变质岩石的研究有助于建立俯冲带演化的p-T轨迹,了解俯冲岩石在折返过程中温压条件及矿物相的变化,从而对俯冲带折返的动力学机制进行限定。对柴北缘锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩及含多硅白云母榴辉岩进行了详细的岩石学研究。在NC（K）FMASH体系中对两类榴辉岩进行变质相平衡模拟,得到双矿物榴辉岩的峰期温压条件为745～790℃,大于2．8～3．0GPa（M1）,后经历等温降压过程达到角闪石榴辉岩岩相（670～770℃,1．6～2．2GPa,M2）,与含多硅白云母榴辉岩经历了相同的折返过程。锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩的原岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征,而含多硅白云母榴辉岩则显示E-MORB或者OIB特征,二者原岩成分存在明显差异。两类榴辉岩的p-T演化过程和地球化学特征表明．锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩与含多硅白云母榴辉岩矿物学特征的差异是其原岩的多源性造成的,而与俯冲后折返过程中的退变质作用无必然联系。     

西南天山变质俯冲杂岩带的内部结构——来自木扎尔特剖面的启示

西南天山高压-超高压变质带是世界上少有的经历深俯冲的增生杂岩带,是古天山洋向北俯冲的结果。针对该俯冲杂岩带内部结构的研究目前仍存在争论。本文以木扎尔特地区一条长约4 km的南北向剖面为例,对西南天山高压-超高压变质带的野外特征、矿物学和变质演化研究进行了综述。目前的研究表明,木扎尔特地区存在超高压和高压两类硬柱石榴辉岩,但绝大部分都经历了强烈的退变质和变形改造,被蓝片岩相或绿片岩相矿物组合取代。这些变基性岩在空间上构成北部和南部两个榴辉岩带,二者为构造接触。木扎尔特超高压硬柱石榴辉岩与其围岩经历相似的峰期压力,构成西南天山超高压带的西端。与东侧阿克牙孜地区超高压榴辉岩相比,它们在变形特征、岩石组合和变质演化方面表现出一定的独特性,很可能说明深俯冲板片在折返过程中沿构造带走向存在差异变质-变形演化。这些基础研究对全面认识冷俯冲增生杂岩带的变质演化及其俯冲和折返的地球动力学机制具有重要意义。     

拉萨地块吉朗榴辉岩的岩石学研究及其对古特提斯洋壳俯冲折返过程的限定

拉萨地块东部松多(超)高压榴辉岩记录了古特提斯洋俯冲及折返过程。松多榴辉岩带已发现松多、新达多、白朗和吉朗4个榴辉岩出露区,它们的峰期温压条件及变质p-T轨迹的研究对揭示拉萨地块古特提斯时期的俯冲及折返过程有重要意义。松多榴辉岩带东段吉朗榴辉岩的主要矿物为石榴子石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、角闪石、金红石、绿帘石、石英以及退变形成的后成合晶结构(透辉石+角闪石+斜长石)和少量的黑云母。石榴子石具有含丰富矿物包裹体的"脏"核和极少包裹体的"净"边,具有典型的进变质成分环带特征,从核部到边部镁铝榴石组分升高,锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石组分降低。石榴子石边部发育窄的角闪石+斜长石(An=28)组成的冠状体,表明石榴子石边部发生了后期角闪岩相退变质作用。通过变质相平衡模拟计算得到石榴子石以及多硅白云母记录的峰期温压条件为563℃、2. 4 GPa。结合岩相学特征,确定吉朗榴辉岩经历了4期变质演化阶段:(1)进变质阶段以石榴子石核部及其包裹体为代表性矿物组合;(2)峰期变质阶段矿物组合为石榴子石边部、绿辉石、多硅白云母、蓝闪石、硬柱石、金红石和石英;(3)早期退变质阶段以硬柱石分解产生绿帘石为特征;(4)晚期退变质阶段以绿辉石发育后成合晶和石榴子石生长冠状体为特征。认为吉朗榴辉岩为典型的低温高压榴辉岩,经历了顺时针p-T演化轨迹,折返过程为近等温降压过程。与松多带内其他(超)高压岩石相比,吉朗榴辉岩峰期温压条件较低,其围岩为变石英岩,区别于区内其他(超)高压榴辉岩的石榴子石白云母片岩及蛇纹岩围岩。推测吉朗榴辉岩来自于俯冲带浅部,由俯冲隧道中低密度沉积物裹挟折返。     

超高压榴辉岩-脉体体系成因和俯冲带变质流体演化

超高压岩石-脉体体系是认识俯冲带流体性质和行为的天然实验室.通过总结大别超高压变质带3个榴辉岩（角闪岩）-脉体体系的研究成果,探讨了大陆俯冲带变质流体的溶解-结晶过程和氧逸度变化规律以及流体对轻元素硼的迁移过程.对榴辉岩-复合高压脉体的研究发现超高压流体通过溶解矿物富集溶质组分,流体随后经历3期结晶过程,分别形成绿辉石-绿帘石脉、绿帘石-石英脉和蓝晶石-绿帘石-石英脉.绿帘石La、Cr和δEu值是判断结晶次序的关键指标.对榴辉岩-角闪岩-低压脉体研究表明大陆俯冲带低压变质流体的氧逸度明显高于高压-超高压变质流体.高氧逸度条件也导致一些反常矿物（如退变金红石）的生长.对含电气石榴辉岩-脉体研究揭示变质碳酸盐岩是大陆俯冲板片中重硼同位素的重要储库,其在汇聚板块边界的脱硼作用显著影响深部硼循环.上述研究成果为理解俯冲带变质流体演化和物质循环提供重要科学依据.      

俯冲洋壳的折返及其相关问题讨论

大洋俯冲带中高压(HP)和超高压(UHP)岩石的折返机制一直以来都是俯冲工厂中最不为人知的问题之一.本文根据搜集全球折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩基础数据(包括岩石学特征、峰期温压条件和折返P-T轨迹),初步探讨了洋壳榴辉岩的折返机制.根据峰期矿物组合、温压条件和对应的地温梯度,典型大洋俯冲带中的榴辉岩可以分为三类:含柯石英的UHP硬柱石榴辉岩(2.7～ 3.2GPa,470 ～ 610℃,5～7℃/km)、HP硬柱石榴辉岩(1.7～2.6GPa,360～ 620℃,5～8℃/km)和HP绿帘石榴辉岩(1.5 ～2.3 GPa,540 ～ 630℃,7～12℃/km).与大陆俯冲碰撞造山带中的HP-UHP榴辉岩相比,洋壳榴辉岩具有较低的峰期温压条件和较高的低密度含水矿物的含量,但是普遍缺失高密度的蓝晶石.已有的俯冲洋壳的折返模式都基于一个假设:洋壳榴辉岩密度比周围地幔大.因此,洋壳榴辉岩的折返必须借助于低密度的蛇纹岩或者变沉积岩.MORB体系的热力学模拟研究表明,俯冲洋壳的矿物组合、矿物含量和密度主要受低密度含水矿物(如硬柱石、绿泥石、蓝闪石和滑石等)的稳定性控制,并且在同等深度条件下,冷俯冲洋壳的密度低于热俯冲洋壳的密度.经历冷俯冲(～6℃/km)洋壳的密度在＜ 110～ 120km(P ＜3.3 ～ 3.6GPa)的深度仍小于周围地幔,但是经历热俯冲(～ 1O℃/km)洋壳的密度在＞60km(P＞1.8GPa)的深度就已经超过周围地幔.结合高温高压实验资料和地球物理观察数据,我们认为在＞120km的深度,俯冲基性洋壳本身密度大于周围地幔,不存在低密度的地幔楔蛇纹岩(蛇纹石已发生分解),并且大洋板块的俯冲角度突然增大可能阻碍了更深部的低密度变沉积岩的折返.以上这三个方面的原因可能导致现今折返到地表的洋壳榴辉岩和变沉积岩的形成深度普遍小于120km.折返过程中硬柱石脱水分解会导致洋壳密度增大,退变形成的蓝晶石榴辉岩的密度大于周围地幔,无法折返,这可能是全球洋壳榴辉岩中普遍缺失蓝晶石的主要原因.     

苏鲁榴辉岩在俯冲峰期-折返早期的递进塑性变形过程及对超高压变质岩石折返动力学的启示

榴辉岩的变形特征严重影响俯冲板片的流变学行为,而石榴石的变形机制又直接制约着榴辉岩的变形属性。本文在结合前人研究的基础上,通过对中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔榴辉岩中石榴子石的典型变形特征的详细对比和分析,进一步证明了榴辉岩在俯冲峰期条件下可以发生强烈的塑性变形。且俯冲峰期-折返早期经历了从以恢复作用主导的位错蠕变,到动态重结晶、扩散蠕变,再到静态重结晶和矿物生长的连续递进变形过程。其中,从动态重结晶到高温静态重结晶的转换,结合短时增温、局部熔融等证据,共同证明了在苏鲁超高压变质岩石折返过程中存在一个短暂的低应力“热”区间,在此前后,折返机制和驱动力发生了转变,由浮力作用下的快速折返转为以挤压透入性剪应力作用下的缓慢抬升阶段。     

大别山下地壳岩石及其深俯冲

本文对大别山下地壳岩石的主要组成及其变质岩石学和年代学特征进行了系统总结,并首次报道了作者等最近在罗田穹隆中发现的镁铁质下地壳岩石俯冲变质成因的榴辉岩及其有关片麻岩的 SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 同位素年代学的最新研究成果。大别山这种不寻常的镁铁质下地壳俯冲成因榴辉岩为研究大陆深俯冲和陆壳物质再循环以及对地幔不均一性的影响提供了重要对象和可能性。根据阴极发光图像及矿物包体组合,罗田榴辉岩中继承锆石可分为两种即具有岩浆结晶环带的岩浆锆石和含有石榴子石 紫苏辉石 斜长石等麻粒岩相变质矿物包体的变质锆石,而且这两种继承锆石常具有舍石榴子石 绿辉石等榴辉岩相矿物包体的增生边。SHRIMP U-Pb 定年结果表明,继承岩浆锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U 年龄为791±9Ma、含麻粒岩相矿物包体的继承变质锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U 年龄为794±10Ma、含榴辉岩相矿物包体的锆石增生边的~(206)Pb/~(238)U 年龄值为212±10Ma。罗田榴辉岩的围岩——含石榴子石英云闪长质片麻岩中锆石的 CL 图像具有特征的核-幔-边结构即表现为继承岩浆锆石核-高压变质幔-退变质增生边,高压变质幔给出罗田片麻岩中印支期高压变质的精确年龄为218±3Ma。因此,罗田榴辉岩的原岩时代与早期麻粒岩相变质时代一致,均为晚元古代,证明华南陆块北缘晚元古代岩浆板底垫托的存在。而且,大别山下地壳岩石参与了印支期大陆深俯冲,但与南大别带具有不同的折返过程即前者经历了麻粒岩相退变质过程。此外,北大别带榴辉岩的印支期峰期变质时代(212±4Ma)比南大别带年轻(226±3Ma),这可用大陆叠瓦式深俯冲模式来解释。     

俯冲隧道中含水矿物的变形及其构造意义

研究表明,俯冲隧道中发生显著脱水作用形成富水流体,并交代地幔楔物质形成富含水矿物(蛇纹石、绿泥石、角闪石等)的橄榄岩。这些含水矿物的变形特征对了解俯冲带的动力学过程具有重要意义。我们研究了来自意大利Monviso地区俯冲带折返所形成的变质混杂蛇绿岩套内部出露的绿泥片岩、透闪石绿泥岩、蛇纹片岩以及绿泥蛇纹岩的变形特征。研究结果表明,地幔楔的流体交代所形成的含水矿物一方面降低了橄榄岩的密度,另一方面绿泥石、叶蛇纹石以及透闪石均发生了强变形并形成强变形组构。绿泥石的组构特征表现为(001)面近平行页理面,[100]轴在平行线理方向形成强极密或在页理面内形成大圆环。叶蛇纹石发育[010]轴平行线理和(001)面平行面理的强组构。角闪石发育[001]轴平行线理和(100)面平行面理的中等强度组构。这些富含水矿物的岩石,沿平行页理面的纵波速度大于垂直页理面的速度,且剪切快波的极化面近平行于页理面。绿泥片岩的最大的剪切波各向异性为33.4%,大于叶蛇纹石片岩的最大剪切波各向异性(17.8%)。研究认为:俯冲隧道中的流体交代形成低密度的含水矿物为俯冲隧道中地幔物质的上升提供了浮力;低流变强度(由强变形组构指示)含水矿物的为地幔物质的折返提供了主要的润滑和上升通道;3)叶蛇纹石和绿泥石变形可以合理解释大角度低温俯冲带(60o~90o)的平行海沟的剪切快波,而低角度(30o~60o)高温俯冲带平行海沟的剪切快波可能主要与角闪石变形相关。     

Evolution of Caledonian deformation fabrics under eclogite and amphibolite facies at Vårdalsneset, Western Gneiss Region, Norway

The Vårdalsneset eclogite situated in the Western Gneiss Region, SW Norway, is a well preserved tectonite giving information about the deformation regimes active in the lower crust during crustal thickening and subsequent exhumation. The eclogite constitutes layers and lenses variably retrograded to amphibolite and is composed of garnet and omphacite with varying amounts of barroisite, actinolite, clinozoisite, kyanite, quartz, paragonite, phengite and rutile. The rocks record a five‐stage evolution connected to Caledonian burial and subsequent exhumation. (1) A prograde evolution through amphibolite facies (T =490±63 °C) is inferred from garnet cores with amphibole inclusions and bell‐shaped Mn profile. (2) Formation of L>S‐tectonite eclogite (T =680±20 °C, P=16±2 kbar) related to the subduction of continental crust during the Caledonian orogeny. Lack of asymmetrical fabrics and orientation of eclogite facies extensional veins indicate that the deformation regime during formation of the L>S fabric was coaxial. (3) Formation of sub‐horizontal eclogite facies foliation in which the finite stretching direction had changed by approximately 90°. Disruption of eclogite lenses and layers between symmetric shear zones characterizes the dominantly coaxial deformation regime of stage 3. Locally occurring mylonitic eclogites (T =690±20 °C, P=15±1.5 kbar) with top‐W kinematics may indicate, however, that non‐coaxial deformation was also active at eclogite facies conditions. (4) Development of a widespread regional amphibolite facies foliation (T =564±44 °C, P<10.3–8.1 kbar), quartz veins and development of conjugate shear zones indicate that coaxial vertical shortening and sub‐horizontal stretching were active during exhumation from eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions. (5) Amphibolite facies mylonites mainly formed under non‐coaxial top‐W movement are related to large‐scale movement on the extensional detachments active during the late‐orogenic extension of the Caledonides. The structural and metamorphic evolution of the Vårdalsneset eclogite and related areas support the exhumation model, including an extensional detachment in the upper crust and overall coaxial deformation in the lower crust.     

超高压变质岩的塑性流变：显微构造和变形机制

超高压变质岩是大陆深俯冲作用的产物。超高压变质岩在深俯冲和快速折返过程中,经历了长距离地构造搬运和构造力的作用。其构造变形主要集中在韧性剪切带中,并发生强烈地塑性流变。研究超高压变质构造岩的显微构造及其变形机制对于深入了解大陆壳岩石在深俯冲过程中的流变学行为有十分重要的意义,山东仰口的超高压韧性剪切带中榴辉岩质和花岗质糜棱岩记录了超高压变形的历史。在超高压条件下的稳定矿物绿辉石、多硅白云母、兰晶石和钾长石具有不规则波状消光、亚晶界、核幔构造和动态重结晶等显微构造特征,TEM 研究揭示了大量的位错构造,表明位错蠕变是其主要的变形机制。在花岗质糜棱岩中,金红石在刚性矿物的压力影中沉积,细粒的石榴石条带平行片理延伸,都说明超高压变形过程中有流体存在,流体助力的物质扩散迁移是又一个重要的变形机制。依据现有的流变学定律估算的流变应力应该在几十兆帕以上。     

Deformation inside a paleosubduction channel – Insights from microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations of eclogites and metasediments from the Tauern Window,Austria

The Eclogite Zone, of the Tauern Window is an exhumed subduction channel comprising eclogites with different grades of retrogression in a matrix of high-pressure metasediments. The rocks were exposed to 600 °C and 20–25 kbars, and then retrogressed during their exhumation, first under blueschist facies and later under amphibolite facies metamorphism. To gain insights into the deformation within the subduction channel during subduction and exhumation, both fresh and retrogressed eclogites, as well as the surrounding metasediments were investigated with respect to their deformation microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Pristine and retrogressed eclogites show grain boundary migration and subgrain rotation recrystallization microstructures in omphacite. A misorientation axes analysis reveals the activity of complementary deformation mechanisms including grain boundary sliding and dislocation creep. The omphacite CPOs of the eclogites correspond to dominant SL-fabrics characteristic of plane strain deformation, though there are local variations towards flattening or constriction within the paleosubduction channel. The glaucophane CPOs in retrogressed eclogites match those of omphacite, suggesting that a constant strain geometry persisted during exhumation at blueschist facies conditions. Plastic deformation of the host high-pressure metasediments outlasted that of the eclogites, as indicated by white mica fabrics and quartz CPO. The latter is consistently asymmetric, pointing to the operation of non-coaxial deformation. The microstructures and CPO data indicate a continuous plastic deformation cycle with eclogite and blueschist facies metamorphism related to subduction and exhumation of the different rock units.     

安徽石马超高压变质地体构造演化的流体包裹体响应

安徽石马超高压变质地体经历 5次构造变形 ,其特征是由深层次挤压韧性变形到浅层次的伸展脆性变形。相应地发育有 5期流体 ,它们的演化规律为 :早期以硅酸盐熔体和流体熔融体为主 ,随后富CO2 流体占优势 ,后期H2 O溶液起主导作用。总体而言 ,从老到新流体均一温度和含盐度均由高变低。在构造作用和流体作用的共同推动下 ,石马超高压变质地体经历了复杂的演化过程 :洋壳俯冲 ,超高压榴辉岩形成与形变→陆壳碰撞 ,榴辉岩折返→地体构造分异 ,榴辉岩就位→地体均衡隆起 ,榴辉岩抬升→地体差异隆起 ,榴辉岩剥露。因此 ,流体作用在研究超高压变质地体中占有重要地位。流体直接影响超高压变质地体形成的物理化学环境 ,在分析其形成深度时 ,应充分考虑流体超压问题。总之 ,在超高压地体演化过程中 ,流体一直是积极推动其发展的最活跃的因素。     

羌塘中部高压变质带的形成过程

羌塘中部高压变质带由榴辉岩、石榴石白云母片岩和蓝片岩等组成,与蛇绿混杂岩、晚古生代浅变质地层岩片等共同构成了龙木错-双湖板块缝合带这一构造混杂岩带,是伴随古特提斯洋闭合的深俯冲作用及后期构造作用的产物。通过对其野外地质特征、不同岩石类型岩石学、矿物学以及同位素年代学等的研究,确认榴辉岩和石榴石白云母片岩在早期分别经历了各自的形成过程,在榴辉岩形成之后的折返过程中二者共同构成了高压变质带,并且在折返过程中榴辉岩发生蓝片岩相退变质作用,同时导致了带内蓝片岩的形成。同位素年代学研究结果表明,龙木错-双湖板块缝合带闭合过程中的榴辉岩相变质作用发生于240Ma左右,折返过程中的蓝片岩相退变质作用及蓝片岩的形成应在220～200Ma,高压变质带最终在214Ma之前抬升出露地表。     

Polyphase Deformation of the Weihai-Rongcheng UHP Unit Rocks, NE Sulu： Insights into the Tectonic Evolution of the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP Belts, China

Different scales of structural data reveal a complex deformation history of ultrahigh- pressure （UHP） rocks exposed in the Weihai-Rongcbeng area, NE Sulu （northern Jiangsu-eastern Shandong）, eastern China. Excluding pre-UHP deformations, at least five major sequential deformational stages （D1-Ds） are recognized. The first deformation （DO produced a weak foliation and lineation in massive eclogites. The foliated eclogite with a dominant foliation containing a stretching and mineral lineation was developed during the I）2 deformation. Both the D1 and D2 deformations occurred under UHP metamorphic conditions, and are well preserved in the eclogite bodies. D3 structures which developed shortly after the formation of granulite/amphibolite facies symplectites are characterized by imbricated associations marked by a regional, steeply dipping foliation, compositional layering, eclogite boudinage, isoclinal folds and reverse ductile shear zones. The D3 deformation was accompanied by decompressional partial melting. A regional, gently dipping amphibolite facies foliation and stretching lineation, low-angle detachments, and dome- and arc-shaped structures formed during the D4 deformation stage dominate to some degree the map pattern of the Weihai-Rongcbeng UHP domain. The last stage of deformation （Ds） gave rise to the final exhumation of the UHP rocks. Ds is characterized by development of brittle-dominated high-angle faulting associated with emplacement of large volmnes of undeformed granite plutons and dykes dated at 134-100 Ma. The deformational and metamorphic sequence followed by the UHP rocks in the Weihai-Rongcheng area is similar to that studied in the entire Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts from microscopic to mapping scale. Based on structural data, combined with available petrographic, metamorphic and geochronological data, a speculative tectonic evolutionary model for the Dabie-Sulu UHP and IIP belts is proposed, involving continental subduction/collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons and subsequent polyphase exhumation histories of the UHP and IIP metamorphic rocks.     

Exhumation of eclogite and blueschist (Cyclades,Greece): Pressure–temperature evolution determined by thermobarometry and garnet equilibrium modelling

High‐P rocks such as eclogite and blueschist are metamorphic markers of palaeo‐subduction zones, and their formation at high‐P and low‐T (HP–LT) conditions is relatively well understood since it has been the focus of numerous petrological investigations in the past 40 years. The tectonic mechanisms controlling their exhumation back to the surface are, however, diverse, complex and still actively debated. Although the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU, Greece) is among the best worldwide examples for the preservation of eclogite and blueschist, the proposed P–T evolution followed by this unit within the Hellenic subduction zone is quite different from one study to another, hindering the comprehension of exhumation processes. In this study, we present an extensive petrological data set that permits refinement of the shape of the P–T trajectory for different subunits of the CBU on Syros. High‐resolution quantitative compositional mapping has been applied to support the thermobarometric investigations, which involve semi‐empirical thermobarometry, garnet equilibrium modelling and P–T isochemical phase diagrams. The thermodynamic models highlight the powerful use of reactive bulk compositions approximated from local bulk compositions. The results are also combined with Raman spectrometry of carbonaceous material (RSCM) to retrieve the metamorphic peak temperature distribution at the scale of the island. A major result of this study is the good agreement between all the independent thermobarometric methods, permitting reconstruction of the prograde and retrograde P–T trajectories. Garnet compositional zoning was used to retrieve prograde, peak and retrograde growth stages in line with the results of the P–T isochemical phase diagrams, RSCM temperature and peak‐pressure crystallization of the garnet–omphacite–phengite assemblage. Our results are consistent with previous thermobarometric estimates from other occurrences of CBU rocks (Tinos, Andros), suggesting a multistage exhumation process with (1) early syn‐orogenic exhumation within the subduction channel, (2) isobaric heating at mid‐crustal depths (~10–12 kbar) following thermal re‐equilibration of the lithosphere from a cold syn‐orogenic regime in the subduction zone to a warmer post‐orogenic regime in the back‐arc domain and (3) exhumation and cooling related to a post‐orogenic phase of extension following slab retreat. Expanding to the general aspects of subduction zones, we suggest that such metamorphic evolution of HP–LT units should be regarded as a characteristic feature of exhumation driven by slab rollback.     

Low temperature eclogite facies rocks discovered in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis: Poly-cyclic metamorphic evolution and implications

We report the first occurrence of poly-cyclic high-pressure low-temperature (HP-LT) rocks from the easternmost Indus-Yarlung suture zone, formed during subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Petrology, mineral composition and P–T pseudosection modelling reveal two low-temperature eclogite facies metamorphic events with an initial high-pressure P–T condition of 16.4–18.7 kbar and 510–520°C, exhumation to 10.5–12.0 kbar and 580–590°C and a subsequent second high-pressure P–T condition of ~16 kbar and ~560°C and exhumation to ≤9 kbar and ≤600°C. This history implies a complex ‘yo-yo type’ P–T path. In situ monazite dating and textural relationships show that late-stage exhumation, cooling and garnet breakdown occurred at c. ~25–22 Ma. We interpret the first burial event to represent subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean at the eastern Indus-Yarlung suture zone. Initial exhumation, reburial and final exhumation represent material transport in a large-scale convective circulation system in the subduction channel. Convective overturn in the subduction channel evidently serves both as a mechanism to produce poly-cyclic metamorphism and to exhume LT eclogite facies rocks.     

大别-苏鲁超高压和高压变质带构造演化

大别—苏鲁是世界上超高压 (UHP) ( >2 .7GPa)和高压 (HP)变质岩石出露最为广泛的地区。通过区域研究 ,尤其是在选择的 30多个关键位置上不同尺度构造记录的深入观察 ,结合已有的可利用的变质、热事件及同位素年代学资料分析 ,揭示出它们曾遭受过一个复杂的从深俯冲到折返构造演化历程 ,识别出 5个主要的构造变质事件 :( 1)由块状榴辉岩中发育的微弱面理和线理所代表的第 1期变形变质事件 (D1) ;( 2 )面状榴辉岩中发育的含拉伸线理的透入性主面理、中小型鞘状褶皱及网络状韧性剪切带 ,代表第 2期构造变质事件 (D2 ) ;( 3)第 3期变形事件主体发生于麻粒岩 /角闪岩相后成合晶形成之后 ,主要构造记录是区域性陡倾斜面理及不均一置换的成分层、榴辉岩透镜体及布丁群、面理内褶皱、网状韧性剪切带系统以及减压部分熔融作用形成的混合岩和含榴花岗质岩石组构 ;( 4)区域性的碰撞期后地壳韧性薄化及剪张作用 (D4)形成缓倾斜角闪岩相主面理及线理、穹状及弧形构造和多层韧性拆离带 ,它们主导了现今观察到的大别—苏鲁超高压和高压变质带的区域构造几何图像 ;( 5 )第 5期构造热事件 (D5)表现为不均一断块抬升、红色沉积盆地发育及大规模的岩体和岩脉就位 ,代表造山晚期的构造揭顶及坍陷作用 ,该期构造控制着造山带