Spectrum Characteristics and Transfer Function of the Hydrograph of the Deep Aqueous System1

Abstract The fluctuation of most of the hydrograph in the deep aqueous system records the fluid pulsation in lithosphere and variation of the earth's crust. Many observations have verified that groundwater is an ideal information carrier of the crust. In this paper, the series of input (precipitation, air pressure, Earth tide etc.) and output (water level, artesian flow) of the deep aqueous system are studied by using the spectrum analysis and system theory. The application concepts of transfer function and the spectral structure of the hydrograph enrich the knowledge of the deep aqueous system. Two typical spectral structures of the hydrograph of the deep aqueous system are obtained by comparing with many water—bearing systems of the Jizhong depression. One is from well Ma—17 and the other is from the well Xinze—5. Finally, the physical models of forming the spectrum of the hydrograph are constructed on the basis of the spectrum research on the deep aqueous system.     

深部含水系统水文过程线谱特征及其传递函数

深部含水系统水文过程线的波动在很大程度上记录了岩石圈的流脉动及一些地质过程的定向变化。大量实践已经证明,地下水是地壳十分重要的信息载体。本文利用频谱分析和系统理论方法,剖析了两深部含水系统水位动态的形成,揭示了深部不同含水系统水位(或流)过程线与当地降水序列、气压及固体潮序列有密切关系的谱结构与特征。在水文地质领域引入传递函数,并提出了两类谱的结构模式。     

攀西古裂谷地区深部热流

在实测地表大地热流、岩石放射性元素含量以及生热率的基础上,作者计算了攀西古裂谷地区的深部热流值(q_r)及地壳上部放射性元素富集层厚度(D),即分别为38.4mw/m~2和15.7km。与世界上其它地区相比,本区具有较高的深部热流值和较大的D值。笔者进一步阐明,较大的D值是攀西古裂谷地区地壳分异程度差在地热上的反映,而较高的q_r值表明本区来自地壳深处上地幔的热量比较大,这与攀西古裂谷地区的整个地质发展历史相一致。     

大陆俯冲过程中的流体

含水矿物矿物稳定性的实验研究和超高压岩石的同位素地球化学研究表明 ,大陆地壳在俯冲过程中 ,随着变质程度的升高和部分含水矿物的相继分解 ,会有流体释放出来。当俯冲深度接近5 0km ,俯冲陆壳岩石中大量低级变质含水矿物 (如绿泥石、绿帘石、阳起石 )会脱水并从俯冲陆壳逸出形成流体流。这一流体流可溶解带走俯冲陆壳内已从云母类矿物逸出的放射成因Ar及部分U、Pb ,并导致w(U) /w(Pb)升高。这一阶段逸出的流体有可能交代、水化仰冲壳楔 ,为其发生部分熔融形成同碰撞花岗岩或加速山根下地壳的榴辉岩化创造条件。在俯冲深度为 5 0～ 10 0km ,变镁铁质岩石中的角闪石相继分解并释放出H2 O。由于变镁铁质岩石在陆壳中所占比例较少 ,因此 ,这一阶段释放的水不能形成大规模的流体流 ,因而不能使体系内的过剩Ar大量散失 ,但足以形成局部循环 ,加速变镁铁质岩石及其互层或邻近围岩的榴辉岩化变质反应。在俯冲深度 >10 0km的超高压变质阶段 ,仅有少量的含水矿物分解 ,而多硅白云母仍保持稳定。这时俯冲陆壳内只可能有少量粒间水存在 ,从而导致俯冲陆壳与周围软流圈地幔不能发生充分的相互作用。     

松辽盆地徐家围子地区深反射结构及其盆地动力学意义

通过松辽盆地徐家围子地区深反射地震剖面与世界典型深反射剖面对比,以岩石圈流变学模型为基础,结合浅层钻探资料可以发现,松辽盆地与世界典型裂谷盆地有相似的深反射特征,即层状结构十分明显。岩石圈横向分段性是另一个显著特点,由中下地壳挤压"断裂带"和由热流底辟体组成的"岩浆底辟带"分开。下部块段控制上部层状构造体系的形成与演化过程。由此证明,裂谷演化过程中地幔上涌是主要动力。地壳"三明治结构"和热流底辟体的发育表明,盆地不仅有高热流的地质条件,而且深部存在无机物质"储库"与通道。     

地壳校正在长江中下游地区远震层析成像中的应用

利用布设在长江中下游地区的47个固定台站所接收到的473个远震事件,对该地区进行了地壳校正研究。结果显示：(1)内陆地区下方的地壳呈现为低速异常,而沿海地区下方的地壳却呈现为高速异常;(2)地壳校正前后的速度异常确有变化,但差别不是很大,说明长江中下游地区的地壳结构比较稳定;(3)随着深度的增加,速度异常的差别越来越小,说明地壳校正对浅部的速度结构影响较大,而对深部的影响较小。因此,在远震层析成像研究中,若缺少浅部信息,可以进行地壳校正,以消除或减少地壳结构对最终反演结果的影响,从而提高深部结果的质量。     

长江中下游地区中生代陆内构造作用与成因分析

长江中下游地区多期构造叠加、复合联合作用明显,中生代以来地壳运动频繁、构造活动强烈,地表为桐柏-大别造山带,九岭-江南隆起带,其间为对冲样式构造组合的长江复合构造带。大别造山带前陆深地震反射剖面揭示长江中下游深部为“双鳄鱼构造”状态,大量前陆断褶带的物质被掩盖在大别造山带之下,岩片叠置、断裂交错的镶嵌构造极为发育,下地壳切过莫霍面向北俯冲,是后期岩浆的活动通道和就位空间。综合地球物理剖面揭示下扬子地区南北岩石圈结构差异明显,上地壳南北对冲构造发育;下地壳为向北倾斜的构造带,北部仍向南逆冲,南部切过莫霍面向北俯冲。长江中下游地区上述构造的形成受控于长江陆内异化带的作用,该带是一条陆内岩石圈规模的向北倾斜的破裂带,发生在中国大陆形成之后,不受早期板块界线的控制,是岩石圈规模的大陆异化、物质重建、结构重组的产物;主要结构特征为上地壳对冲式逆断层组合,中地壳为水平流变层,下地壳切过莫霍面由南向北俯冲;形成过程是印支晚期-燕山早期中国陆内近南北向挤压,地壳破碎,岩石圈加厚;燕山晚期大规模伸展拉张,岩浆活动,壳幔混熔。特殊成因机制和演化过程的综合效应是长江陆内异化带的地质内涵。深部物质沿长江陆内异化带上升,在上部地壳内多期叠加构成的构造格架中就位,岩体形态在深部近东西向呈带状,中部状态复杂,浅表受控于多种构造组合形式,见空即灌。     

青藏高原东北缘伯阳地区第三系流纹岩地球化学及岩石成因

伯阳第三系流纹岩出露于青藏高原东北缘特殊的构造部位,位于青藏、华北和扬子三大构造域的交接转换区域。岩石的w(Si O2)介于68%~76%,w(K2O)>w(Na2O),w(K2O)/w(Na2O)平均值1·25,为一套典型的壳源流纹岩岩石系列。岩石微量及稀土元素具有典型的板内火山岩特征,K、Th、Rb等元素呈较明显的富集状态,而岩石显著的低Sr特征((19~120)×10-6)表明其并非源自加厚的下地壳,而是起源于斜长石稳定的正常下地壳。正是由于新生代期间青藏高原东北缘强烈的造山环境,加之渭河断裂的发育为下地壳物质提供了减压熔融的有利条件,从而诱发下地壳的局部熔融,形成伯阳酸性火山岩的原始岩浆。该岩浆体系沿区域断裂构造体系上升,并经历了较强的结晶分异和演化,最终形成伯阳第三系流纹岩系列。     

吉南—辽北地区太古宙主要地质单元的含金性研究

本文基于吉南－辽北地区３６４件最新的微金分析资料,表明各主要太古宙地质单元的金丰度均明显低于地壳金丰度值。同时指出,本区绿岩带有关金矿的矿源是多源的。其中有相当一部分来自于深源。     

华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部太古宙基底的新信息

本文根据华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部出露的各种岩石中发现的继承性锆石的测年数据,报道了太古宙基底和岩浆事件的新信息,并简要地论述其地质意义。华北陆块东北缘、东南缘、北缘、西北缘共6个地区的深部都存在新太古代和中、古太古代岩浆事件的新信息;南缘深部也存在古太古代岩浆事件的新信息。在华北陆块早前寒武纪同位素年龄直方图(以太古宙岩浆事件为主)上,最高峰值位于2.45-2.6 Ga区间,而以2.5-2.55 Ga最为突出,显示该区间岩浆事件最为强烈,可能代表一次重要的碰撞事件。此外还见有2.7 Ga,2.8 -2.85 Ga,2.95-3.0 Ga,3.1-3.15 Ga,3.3-3.4 Ga,3.45-3.5 Ga,3.6 Ga和3.8 Ga等较高峰值,反映了岩浆事件不同活动阶段的演化趋势。扬子陆块北缘地表和深部有与华北陆块相似的太古宙古老基底信息。扬子陆块中部的长江中下游地区、东南缘相当于江南古陆的地区以及扬子陆块西南缘地区在地壳深部均保留有新太古代和/或古太古代岩浆锆石的年龄信息。秦岭-大别造山带从东到西,多处(主要是深部)也发现有新-中太古代残余岩浆锆石的年龄信息。     

大青山逆冲推覆构造形成演化过程的流体证据

大青山逆冲断层带内热液脉体十分发育,按其产状可划分为充填脉和边缘脉。根据形成时间主要划分为3期:早期石英脉、中期石英脉和晚期方解石脉。早期石英脉中流体包裹体类型较为复杂,见有气液两相、含CO2三相、纯CO2及少量单液相等4种类型原生包裹体,分析表明流体主要来源于地壳深部或上地幔。中期石英脉中主要发育气液两相包裹体和少量单液相包裹体,流体主要来源于大气降水,并且有少量岩浆热液混入。晚期方解石脉内仅含有气液两相包裹体及少量的单液相包体,流体主要来源于层间建造水。根据逆冲变形事件期次、时间,结合热液脉体形成深度数据,确定了大青山逆冲推覆体系变形演化历史:印支期逆冲推覆事件发生在地壳7～8 km深度,燕山中期逆冲推覆事件发生在3～6 km范围内,而燕山晚期逆冲推覆事件发生近地表2 km范围内。     

Restitic ultramafic rocks in the Early Caledonian collisional system of western Cisbaikalia

Early Caledonides in the Olkhon region of western Cisbaikalia, being part of the folded framing of the Siberian craton, are a unique geologic object for studying processes of mantle–crust interaction at deep levels of the Earth’s crust. This paper describes restitic ultramafic bodies and boudins spatially confined to faults (blastomylonite sutures), as well as synkinematic granites related to amphibolite facies of metamorphism. Estimates are given for the PT-conditions of metamorphic rocks from the folded framing of the ultramafic bodies, the chemical and mineral compositions of ultramafic rocks, blastomylonites and synkinematic granites, and the results of U–Pb and Ar–Ar isotopic dating. Particular attention is paid to the thermal history of tectonic exposure of the ultramafic bodies as relics of the paleo-oceanic crust in the Early Caledonian collisional system of western Cisbaikalia.     

豫西南铅锌银矿集区深部构造与成矿作用

豫西南地区是我国中部重要的多金属成矿远景区，找矿前景巨大。本文中利用重力、航磁和深部地球物理剖面资料，解析研究区三维岩石圈结构，揭示深部构造特征，进而探讨深部成矿作用。结果表明，研究区莫霍面顶面形态基本上呈东高西低，地壳厚度由东向西增大。壳-幔结构的不均一性制约着成矿系统物质和能量的交换。矿集区位于幔向斜内，其地壳增厚处、莫霍面的梯度变化处或变形部位成矿强度大。幔背斜与幔向斜之间过渡带有走向超壳型深大断裂(如栾川断裂和朱阳关断裂)，其与次级断裂的交汇处，岩浆、变质与成矿作用十分强烈，深部通道为成矿物质来源提供了较好的成矿条件，因此是形成大型、超大型矿床的有利地段。     

地球中的流体和穿越层圈构造

地球中的流体是当前科学研究的重点。从地球科学的角度来说,流体应包括气体、液体（水和石油）、熔体和地球中受应力作用而移动的物体。在半经为6378 km的固体地球中可分为7个层圈。目前对地球内部流体的了解很少,为探索流体在各层圈中的成分,物理化学性质和分布,以现阶段对地球层圈和流体研究程度来看,其重点应放在地球中穿越层圈的构造部分和地壳。地球中穿越层圈的构造主要有三个:板块构造的俯冲带是由上到下的穿越层圈构造,向下俯冲的大洋岩石圈可以抵达地幔过渡带;大洋中脊的扩张引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使岩石圈和地幔的熔流体从下向上运移;地幔柱引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使地幔的熔流体从下向上迁移。通过对三个穿越层圈构造和地壳中流体的研究,可以得出地壳、岩石圈、上地幔、过渡带、下地幔和核幔边界层流体的种类和成分、流动和演化。这是至今为至能鉴定到地球中深部流体的方法。这四个方面的研究是当前地球中流体科学研究的重点,并对开展深部找矿有实际意义。      

地幔氧逸度与俯冲带深部碳循环

地幔氧逸度通过改变含碳相的存在形式和迁移方式来影响深部碳循环。本文结合最新的地幔氧逸度实验模拟和岩石学研究成果,探讨了地幔氧逸度时空分布对深部碳循环的影响。文章重点结合地幔减压熔融形成洋壳、新生洋壳蚀变、洋壳俯冲变质、深俯冲洋壳熔融以及俯冲洋壳物质(流体和固体)通过岩浆(岛弧和地幔柱)作用循环出地表等重要地质过程,探讨了伴随洋壳俯冲作用的深部碳循环过程。由于地幔氧逸度的时空变化,俯冲带含碳相表现出不同的存在形式和迁移能力。通过对西南天山俯冲带碳循环的岩石学和实验研究,我们认为应当进一步深入研究俯冲带氧化还原状态及其对俯冲带深部碳循环的影响。     

日本列岛下太平洋俯冲板块的精细结构

尽管许多学者对日本列岛下的太平洋俯冲板块做了大量的研究,但板块内部的结构(比如板块厚度,板块内地震波速度随深度的变化以及洋壳的俯冲情况等)仍然不太清楚。利用日本地区密集台网收集到的中深和深发地震到时数据来探讨上述问题。采用三维射线追踪正演模拟法,首先利用333个远震计算得到了日本地区太平洋板块的厚度为85km;然后利用3283个地震(震源深度大于40km)的130227条P波到时进一步研究板块内部的精细结构。结果显示,沿深度方向6个地层段(间隔100km)内的速度扰动值分别为5.5%,4.0%,3.5%,2.5%,2.0%和6.0%,在40～500km范围内速度扰动随深度的增加而减小,这与温度随深度的变化情况相一致。当深度大于500km时,速度扰动突然增大到6.0%,分析认为该异常可能由发生在东亚大陆边缘下方的深发地震无法精确定位导致的。最后利用40～500km深度范围内的近震测试得到日本东北和北海道地区下方洋壳俯冲的深度均为110km,平均厚度分别为7.5km和5km,相对于一维模型的速度扰动分别为1%和-3%。这说明洋壳在俯冲到110km以深时,由于受温度和压力的影响,逐渐脱水、变质,直至与板块融合。通过分析震源与洋壳的位置关系,本研究认为北海道地区比东北地区下方的俯冲洋壳可能含有更多的流体(比如水),导致两地区洋壳内的速度相差如此之大。此外,因为日本南部与洋壳对应的区域多为海洋,观测台站较少,所以本研究无法测试得到该区域内的洋壳俯冲情况。     

The composition and structure of the deep crust of the Capricorn Orogen

Understanding how the Australian continent came together requires an understanding of structure in all levels of the lithosphere. Deep seismic reflection profiles across several Proterozoic orogens have revealed entirely buried tectonic elements, termed seismic provinces. Although undoubtedly important, the nature of these seismic provinces is typically not well characterised. The Capricorn Orogen is one such region, where the upper crust is relatively well known from geological and geophysical studies, but much of the deep crust is buried beneath Proterozoic basins. Here we combine geophysical datasets, including active and passive source seismic data and gravity data, to image the density, seismic velocity and compositional structure of the deep crust of the Capricorn Orogen. Crustal structure interpreted from deep seismic reflection studies is re-scaled using velocity information from receiver function studies. This modified geometry is used to construct a density model that satisfies Bouguer gravity data. Finally, after correcting for temperature and pressure dependencies, the velocity and density information is used to generate a compositional model of the orogen. This model indicates a varied structure with at least four distinct blocks between the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons, bounded by major shear zones. We suggest that this variation is linked to multiple accretion events during the amalgamation of the West Australian Craton.     

Certain problems of the structure and evolution of transition zones between continents and oceans

A type of continental-oceanic transition zone, referred to as the Columbian transition zone, is distinguished from two other commonly known types of these zones. The subsidence of the Earth's crust, typical of all transition zones, is shown to be connected (by geophysical properties) to the transformation of continental crust into intermediate crust and later into oceanic. The most likely mechanisms of such changes are the basification of continental crust, its foundering, block by block, into the heated upper mantle, and its substitution by new oceanic crust. The evolution of transition zones of the Pacific type is largely influenced by deep faults, which reach down to the level of undepleted mantle. From this level, the volatile products rise to the surface which results in the formation of calc-alkali magmas on island arcs. The Benioff zones are deep faults, whose inclinations are dependent on the density contrasts in the upper mantle on either side of the Benioff zones. The denser mantle flows beneath the mantle of lower density. This phenomenon is depicted by plate tectonics as subduction.On the whole, the evolution of transition zones gives rise to the growth of the oceans at the expense of the continents, though oceanic crust becomes thicker by addition of volcanogenic layers composed of andesite, in the transition zones (type two) of the Pacific type at island arcs.     

3D model of deep structure of the Early Precambrian crust in the East European Craton and paleogeodynamic implications

The integral 3D model of the deep structure of the Early Precambrian crust in the East European Craton is based on interpretation of the 1-EU, 4B, and TATSEIS seismic CDP profiles in Russia and the adjacent territory of Finland (FIRE project). The geological interpretation of seismic images of the crust is carried out in combination with consideration of geological and geophysical data on the structure of the Fennoscandian Shield and the basement of the East European platform. The model displays tectonically delaminated crust with a predominance of low-angle boundaries between the main tectonic units and the complex structure of the crust-mantle interface, allowing correlation of the deep structure of the Archean Kola, Karelian, and Kursk granite-greenstone terrane with the Volgo-Uralia granulite-gneiss terrane, as well as the Paleoproterozoic intracontinental collision orogens (the Lapland-Mid-Russia-South Baltia orogen and the East Voronezh and Ryazan-Saratov orogens) with the Svecofennian accretionary orogen. The lower crustal “layer” at the base of the Paleoproterozoic orogens and Archean cratons was formed in the Early Paleoproterozoic as a result of underplating and intraplating by mantle-plume mafic magmas and granulite-facies metamorphism. The increase in the thickness of this “layer” was related to hummocking of the lower crustal sheets along with reverse and thrust faulting in the upper crust. The middle crust was distinguished by lower rigidity and affected by ductile deformation. The crust of the Svecofennian Orogen is composed of tectonic sheets plunging to the northeast and consisting of island-arc, backarc, and other types of rocks. These sheets are traced in seismic sections to the crust-mantle interface.     

长江中下游成矿带岩浆-成矿系统深部背景和过程的电性结构约束

长江中下游成矿带是我国重要的铁铜金属"仓库",然而,关于矿体密集分布成因的深部背景研究仍存较多争议,前人相继提出了碰撞变形、俯冲变形、构造机制转换等多种解释模型.本文基于成矿系统概念和前人对成矿系统各组成要素的研究成果,分析长江中下游成矿带内宁芜、庐枞、南陵-宣城和安庆-贵池矿集区的深部电性结构,并发现成矿带地壳深部普...