滇西北衙多金属矿田矿床成因类型及其与富碱斑岩关系初探

北衙金多金属矿田是与金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩有关的成矿作用的典型代表之一,近年来在矿产勘查方面又有重大突破,金已达到超大型矿床,伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌也达到了大-中型矿床规模。本文基于野外观察与室内研究,结合前人研究成果,对北衙多金属矿的成因类型,富碱斑岩与成矿作用的关系及成矿机制进行了系统总结,对与成矿相关的富碱斑岩进行了主量元素及锆石LA-ICP-MS的测试,探讨了铁矿的成因。研究表明,矿田原生金属矿床可分为:斑岩型铜金矿化,夕卡岩型铁、金、铜、铅、锌矿化,爆破角砾岩筒中的铁、金、铅、锌矿化以及热液型金、银、铅、锌矿化。其中夕卡岩型和热液型矿床是该区最主要的成矿类型。新生代富碱斑岩(石英正长斑岩)的年龄分别34.92±0.66Ma和36.24±0.63Ma。属于钾质碱性岩系列。它不仅为含矿流体的上升提供了动力和热能,而且还是成矿物质和成矿流体的主要来源,因此形成以斑岩体为中心,由斑岩型、夕卡岩型、热液型等矿床构成的一个连续的成矿系统。钾质碱性岩及矿床是在碰撞造山走滑构造系统深部壳幔相互作用的产物。本区岩体接触带中发育大量由菱铁矿和磁铁矿组成的铁矿体,其中大部分的磁铁矿是一种具有赤铁矿的板状晶或聚片双晶假象的穆磁铁矿。对磁铁矿和菱铁矿形成条件的分析表明,磁铁矿和菱铁矿主要是在碱性环境下交代含铁夕卡岩矿物形成的。当热液中H+的浓度降低时,赤铁矿被还原为磁铁矿,但仍保留了赤铁矿的晶形,于是成为穆磁铁矿。由此推测,本区成矿作用是在成矿流体及夕卡岩化交代作用长时间反复持续进行的条件下发生的,这可能是本区得以形成巨量金属堆积的重要原因之一。     

南太行邯邢地区白涧矽卡岩型铁矿中磁铁矿与赤铁矿交代现象对矿床成因的启示

对邯邢地区白涧铁矿中磁铁矿与赤铁矿进行成因矿物学研究,精细刻画了铁的成矿过程。在岩相学观察过程中作者发现该矿床中存在2个期次的赤铁矿,其分别交代磁铁矿或被磁铁矿交代。根据磁铁矿和赤铁矿的交代关系,我们将赤铁矿划分为早、晚2个期次,并根据成矿流体的演化,将铁矿化过程划分为4个阶段。成矿流体从岩浆中分离并交代碳酸盐围岩形成矽卡岩,同时形成接触带矿(第1成矿期),随着接触带磁铁矿的形成,具有更高氧逸度的演化的流体沿着断裂带充填和交代碳酸盐地层形成早期赤铁矿(第2成矿期)。随着赤铁矿形成,氧逸度降低至磁铁矿-赤铁矿缓冲线之下,形成层间的磁铁矿(第3成矿期),SO42-转化成HS-,同时形成大量自由氧,导致成矿流体的氧逸度进一步升高,从而形成晚期赤铁矿(第4成矿期),伴随温度和氧逸度的进一步降低,成矿作用进入硫化物形成时期。整个成矿过程中氧逸度控制了成矿过程及其产物,对矽卡岩型铁矿的形成起到了主导作用。     

福建李家坊金矿床磁铁矿成因及其对金矿化过程的指示

福建泰宁李家坊金矿床位于武夷山成矿带中段,为闽西北何宝山矿田内新发现的一个中型金矿床,成因类型尚未明确。磁铁矿是该矿床中常见的氧化物,文章应用磁铁矿微量元素特征对李家坊金矿床成矿过程与成因类型进行约束。基于野外地质踏勘和钻孔岩芯编录,结合室内详细的岩相学观察,依据磁铁矿的结构和矿物共生组合,文章将其分为4种类型（Mt1a、Mt1b、Mt2和Mt3）。其中,Mt1a位于铜金矿脉边缘,呈板柱状,与绿泥石共生; Mt1b位于铜金矿脉边缘,呈自形-半自形粒状,与绿泥石-赤铁矿共生; Mt2位于铜金矿脉中,呈脉状产出,穿插早阶段的石英-黄铁矿脉,与绿泥石-绿帘石共生; Mt3位于铜金矿脉中,呈半自形-他形粒状,与绿帘石-赤铁矿共生,被后阶段黄铜矿包裹、交代。金主要以自然金和银金矿的形式赋存于Mt3中。原位微区分析结果表明,李家坊金矿不同类型磁铁矿均属于热液型磁铁矿。此外,从Mt1a型到Mt3型磁铁矿,w（Ti）呈逐渐降低的趋势,指示热液流体逐渐向低温条件演化; w（V）表现出先降低后升高再降低的变化规律,暗示热液流体的氧逸度有明显波动,但总体呈升高趋势。磁铁矿的显微结构和化学组成具矽卡岩型矿化特征,是判断矿床成因类型的证据。其中,Mt3型磁铁矿与Au矿化密切相关,其矿物组合与微量元素特征可指示金在低温高氧逸度的环境下沉淀。     

岩相学填图技术在云南东川白锡腊铁铜矿段深部应用试验与找矿预测

在云南东川滥泥坪铜矿白锡腊铁铜矿段深部找矿预测中,开展了矿山深部工程岩相学填图技术研发与试验,实践证明该新方法在矿山深部隐伏矿找矿预测中具有较强的隐伏矿（新类型铁铜矿和新矿种）找矿预测能力。在构造-岩相学三级单元上,新发现的铁（钛）氧化物铜金型（IOCG）矿床与斜切地层产出的碱性杂岩墙（枝）密切有关。侵入岩岩相学填图表明,分异较好且具有明显岩相学分带的碱性杂岩墙（枝）成矿潜力大,铁（钛）氧化物铜金型（IOCG）矿与碱性铁质辉长岩-闪长岩等岩相学分带及侵入构造关系十分密切;分异较差且缺乏岩相学分带的岩墙成矿潜力低;因此,碱性铁质杂岩墙（枝）岩相学分带完整及侵入构造等是今后找矿勘查的主要标志和对象。对铁氧化物铜金型（IOCG）矿体而言,构造-岩相学的亚相填图证明储矿构造及富含铜磁铁矿矿体一般位于碱性铁质杂岩墙（枝）底部和上部。含铜磁铁富矿体主要由角砾状和块状铁铜矿石组成,这种矿体定位于隐爆角砾岩筒（带）中;构造-流体岩相学填图发现,围绕碱性杂岩墙（枝）分布的糜棱岩化相带和碎裂岩化相带也是主要储矿构造岩相带,赋存铁铜矿脉;脉带型铜银矿赋存在蚀变碳酸盐岩层中发育的裂隙破碎带之中,主要为含铜硅化铁白云石化蚀变带和镜铁矿硅化铁白云石方解石脉。钛矿（新矿种）主要赋存在蚀变闪长岩和蚀变辉长岩两个亚相中,在剖面和平面上,钛矿（化）体位于铁氧化物铜金型（IOCG）矿体两侧,主要由钛磁铁矿-钛铁矿微相和金红石-钛铁矿微相构成,钛赤铁矿和钛磁铁矿微相属于钛矿化蚀变系统。     

国外铁氧化物铜-金矿床的特征及其研究现状

铁氧化物铜-金矿床是一类具许多共同特征但成因联系不太密切的矿床类型，近来已成为国外铜-金勘探的主要矿床类型之一。该类矿床以矿石中含有大量的铁氧化物（磁铁矿或赤铁矿）且伴有很强的区域性钠（-钙）质蚀变为特征，可以产于元古代克拉通内或新生代大陆边缘岛弧环境，其周围具火成岩或含蒸发盐层，时空上与之有关的侵入岩为磁铁矿系列花岗岩，矿化主要产于近区域主断裂的羽状次级断裂中。部分该类矿床的形成与一定的主岩类型有关，而多数矿床可能由高盐度 H₂O-CO₂-盐混合流体的不混溶作用形成，且矿化通常与钾化有关。对成矿流体是主要来自岩浆还是受围岩控制尚有争论，成矿模式有蒸发盐来源模式、外来流体加热模式和岩浆-热液流体模式。但对部分该类矿床详细的流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究表明成矿流体主要源于岩浆。对该类矿床进行地球物理勘探需要考虑磁铁矿、硫化物和Cu-Au矿化之间的相互关系。在我国开展对该类矿床的研究将有益于发现新的铜资源基地。     

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省BIF富铁矿的成矿特征与控矿因素

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省含有世界级高品位的赤铁矿体。主要铁矿床包括芒特维尔贝克、汤姆普莱斯山、帕拉伯杜等,它们均产于元古宙早期布罗克曼BIF型含铁建造中。高品住铁矿体的空间分布明显受到元古宙区域隆起和拉张环境下形成的古老正断层系统的控制。该成矿省高品位铁矿层的形成可分为3个阶段：第1阶段为深层阶段,该阶段硅从含铁建造中淋滤出来,留下薄层状富含铁氧化物、碳酸盐岩、硅酸镁和磷灰石的残余物;第2阶段为深部大气水氧化阶段,该阶段含铁建造的磁铁矿-菱镁矿组合被氧化为赤铁矿-铁白云石,并以发育假象赤铁矿为特征;第3阶段为浅层风化作用。通过对成矿特征和成矿模式的总结,认为成矿时代、断层、褶皱等构造特征及流体和表生风化作用是富铁矿床形成的主要控矿因素。     

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省BIF富铁矿的成矿特征与控矿因素

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省含有世界级高品位的赤铁矿体。主要铁矿床包括芒特维尔贝克、汤姆普莱斯山、帕拉伯杜等,它们均产于元古宙早期布罗克曼BIF型含铁建造中。高品位铁矿体的空间分布明显受到元古宙区域隆起和拉张环境下形成的古老正断层系统的控制。该成矿省高品位铁矿层的形成可分为3个阶段:第1阶段为深层阶段,该阶段硅从含铁建造中淋滤出来,留下薄层状富含铁氧化物、碳酸盐岩、硅酸镁和磷灰石的残余物;第2阶段为深部大气水氧化阶段,该阶段含铁建造的磁铁矿—菱镁矿组合被氧化为赤铁矿—铁白云石,并以发育假象赤铁矿为特征;第3阶段为浅层风化作用。通过对成矿特征和成矿模式的总结,认为成矿时代、断层、褶皱等构造特征及流体和表生风化作用是富铁矿床形成的主要控矿因素。     

墨西哥中——新生代成矿系列和成矿带划分及其大地构造意义

墨西哥是矿产资源大国,其中产量最高的包括银、铜、铁、铅锌等。这些矿产的生成主要源于多种多样的矿床类型和各式各样的矿化类型,其中浅成低温热液型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、IOCG(铁氧化物铜金)型是最突出的矿床类型。这些矿床的形成与北科迪勒拉山系的形成有关,体现了联合大陆长期积聚或解体的某些阶段,尤其是中新生代成矿带的空间展布特征与其形成的大地构造环境密切相关。划分的9个构造-岩浆-成矿带,分别形成3个俯冲成矿系列,即从沿海到内陆依次发育的IOCG型铁铜金成矿带→斑岩型铜钼金成矿带→浅成低温热液型银金多金属成矿带,分别代表太平洋古板块、法拉隆板块和科科斯板块向北美板块从俯冲、挤压到碰撞后伸展的板块构造岩浆成矿环境。这类俯冲边界型成矿系统的主体部分是西马德里造山带岩浆弧中的斑岩型铜钼矿成矿系统和盆岭省中的火山岩控制的浅成低温热液型银金矿成矿系统。     

云南牟定戌街地区铀矿化特征及成因探讨

云南牟定戌街1101铀矿区位于扬子地台西南缘,康滇地轴中南段,是我国西南地区产于元古界变质岩中的铀矿之一。通过对矿化区岩石及矿石的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学及年代学特征进行研究,分析了铀矿的形成条件,揭示了铀成矿规律。研究发现:①牟定戌街地区铀矿化赋存于斜长角闪岩、角闪斜长片麻岩和二云母石英片岩等变质混合岩中,主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿、钛铀矿及次生铀矿,含铀矿物有榍石、锆石,硫化物丰富,围岩蚀变主要为硅化、赤铁矿化、碱交代等;②牟定1101铀矿化地区混合岩化岩石的地球化学特征表现为高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列岩石;③研究区混合岩形成于1 056 Ma左右,铀矿形成于845 Ma左右,为新元古代产物;④牟定1101地区铀成矿受构造、岩性控制,与混合岩化作用、构造热液活动及碱交代作用关系密切,属热液成因铀矿。     

铁氧化物氧同位素示踪原理及其在铁矿成因研究中的应用

铁氧化物(以磁铁矿和赤铁矿最为常见)是铁矿床中最主要的含铁矿物,其氧同位素地球化学对于铁矿的成因研究具有重要意义。本文在总结了铁氧化物氧同位素分馏理论、不同成因类型铁矿形成过程的基础上,对世界主要类型铁矿铁氧化物的氧同位素组成特征和分馏规律进行了总结,并以新疆智博、查岗诺尔、备战海相火山岩型铁矿为例,开展了磁铁矿氧同位素地球化学研究。结果发现,这些铁矿中磁铁矿氧同位素组成δ18OSMOW集中在1‰～3‰之间,表明其形成于岩浆作用主导的高温岩浆/岩浆-热液环境,后期低温热液作用对铁的成矿作用影响有限。     

Chloritization of the hydrothermally altered bedrock at the Igarapé Bahia gold deposit,Carajás,Brazil

The Igarapé Bahia gold deposit has developed from weathering of a near-vertical hydrothermal Cu (Au) mineralization zone. The unweathered bedrock composed of chlorite schists is mainly metamorphosed basalts, pyroclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks and iron formation. Contents and Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of chlorites increase from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone, which can be attributed to different water/rock ratios and locations in a hydrothermal system. In the hydrothermal system high salinity fluids convected through basin-floor rocks, stripping metals from the recharge zones with precipitation in discharge zones. The chlorite with lower Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios indicates alteration by relatively unreacted Mg-rich fluids, occurring within recharge zones. By contrast, the chlorite with higher Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the mineralization zone formed from solutions rich in Fe, Mn, Au, Cu, H₂S and SiO₂ within a discharge zone. The iron formation could also be formed within the discharge zone or on the basin floor from the Fe-rich fluids. The distal country rock with less chlorite content is a hydrothermal product at low water/rock ratios whereas the proximal country rock and the host rock with more chlorite content formed at high water/rock ratio conditions. The Al(IV) contents of chlorites indicate that the formation temperatures of these rocks range from 204 to 266 °C, with temperatures slightly increasing from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone.     

Occurrence of the Iron–rich Melt in the Heijianshan Iron Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Insights into the Origin of Volcanic Rock–hosted Iron Deposits

Long-standing controversy persists over the presence and role of iron–rich melts in the formation of volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits. Conjugate iron–rich and silica–rich melt inclusions observed in thin-sections are considered as direct evidence for the presence of iron-rich melt, yet unequivocal outcrop-scale evidence of iron-rich melts are still lacking in volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits. Submarine volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits, which are mainly distributed in the western and eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are important resources of iron ores in China, but it remains unclear whether iron-rich melts have played a role in the mineralization of such iron ores. In this study, we observed abundant iron-rich agglomerates in the brecciated andesite lava of the Heijianshan submarine volcanic rock–hosted iron deposit, Eastern Tianshan, China. The iron-rich agglomerates occur as irregular and angular masses filling fractures of the host brecciated andesite lava. They show concentric potassic alteration with silicification or epidotization rims, indicative of their formation after the wall rocks. The iron-rich agglomerates have porphyritic and hyalopilitic textures, and locally display chilled margins in the contact zone with the host rocks. These features cannot be explained by hydrothermal replacement of wall rocks(brecciated andesite lava) which is free of vesicle and amygdale, rather they indicate direct crystallization of the iron-rich agglomerates from iron-rich melts. We propose that the iron-rich agglomerates were formed by open-space filling of volatile-rich iron-rich melt in fractures of the brecciated andesite lava. The iron-rich agglomerates are compositionally similar to the wall-rock brecciated andesite lava, but have much larger variation. Based on mineral assemblages, the iron-rich agglomerates are subdivided into five types, i.e., albite-magnetite type, albite-K-feldsparmagnetite type, K-feldspar–magnetite type, epidote-magnetite type and quartz-magnetite type, representing that products formed at different stages during the evolution of a magmatic-hydrothermal system. The albite-magnetite type represents the earliest crystallization product from a residual ironrich melt; the albite-K-feldspar-magnetite and K-feldspar-magnetite types show features of magmatichydrothermal transition, whereas the epidote-magnetite and quartz-magnetite types represent products of hydrothermal alteration. The occurrence of iron-rich agglomerates provides macroscopic evidence for the presence of iron-rich melts in the mineralization of the Heijianshan iron deposit. It also indicates that iron mineralization of submarine volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits is genetically related to hydrothermal fluids derived from iron-rich melts.     

江西银山多金属矿床伊利石的形成与流体成矿作用的初步研究

江西银山多金属矿床的热液蚀变粘土矿物主要由伊利石组成,伊利石主要由流体作用过程中长石的伊利石化形成,其结晶度与成矿流体作用密切相关.银山第1期铅锌银成矿作用,水/岩比相对较低,成矿流体以孔隙渗透为主,溶质迁移慢,形成含有少量膨胀层的伊利石;第2期铜金成矿作用,水/岩比相对较高,流体的运移方式以通道式或裂隙式为主,溶质迁移的速度快,形成不含膨胀层的伊利石.研究表明成矿作用过程中的伊利石化主要与铅锌银矿化有关,而绿泥石化与铜金矿化有关.     

Alteration and mineralization styles of the orogenic disseminated Zhenyuan gold deposit,southeastern Tibet: Contrast with carlin gold deposit

Orogenic disseminated and Carlin gold deposits share much similarity in alteration and mineralization.The disseminated orogenic Zhenyuan Au deposit along the Ailaoshan shear zone,southeastern Tibet,was selected to clarify their difference.The alteration and mineralization from the different lithologies,including meta-quartz sandstone,carbonaceous slate,meta-(ultra)mafic rock,quartz porphyry and lamprophyre were researched.According to the mineral assemblage and replacement relationship in all types of host rocks,two reactions show general control on gold deposition:(1)replacement of earlier magnetite by pyrite and carbonaceous material;(2)alteration of biotite and phlogopite phenocrysts in quartz porphyry and lamprophyre into dolomite/ankerite and sericite.Despite the lamprophyre is volumetrically minor and much less fractured than other host rocks,it contains a large portion of Au reserve,indicating that the chemically active lithology has played a more important role in gold precipitation compared to structure.LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that Au mainly occurs as invisible gold in fine-grained pyrite disseminated in the host rocks,with Au content reaching to 258.95 ppm.The diagenetic core of pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone enriched in Co,Ni,Mo,Ag and Hg is wrapped by hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,As,Sb,Au,Tl,Pb and Bi.Different host rock lithology has much impact on the alteration and mineralization features.Carbonate and sericite in altered lamprophyre show they have higher Mg than those developed in other of host rocks denoting that the carbonate and sericite incorporated Mg from phlogopite phenocrysts in the primary lamprophyre during alteration.The ore fluid activated the diagenetic pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone leading the hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,Mo,Ag,Sb,Te,Hg,Tl,Pb and Bi,but the hydrothermal pyrite in meta-(ultra)mafic rock is enriched in Co and Ni as the meta-(ultra)mafic rock host rock contain high content of Co and Ni.However,Au and As shear similar range in both types of host rocks indicating that these two elements most likely come from the deep source fluid rather than the host rocks.It was shown in the disseminated orogenic gold deposit that similar hydrothermal alteration with mineral assemblage of carbonate(mainly dolomite and ankerite),sericite,pyrite and arsenopyrite develops in all types of host rocks.This is different from the Nevada Carlin type,in which alteration is mainly dissolution and silicification of carbonate host rock.On the other hand,Au mainly occur as invisible gold in both disseminated orogenic and Carlin gold deposits.     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Duobuza Gold‐Rich Porphyry Copper District in the Bangongco Metallogenetic Belt,Northwestern Tibet

The Duobuza gold‐rich porphyry copper district is located in the Bangongco metallogenetic belt in the Bangongco‐Nujiang suture zone south of the Qiangtang terrane. Two main gold‐rich porphyry copper deposits (Duobuza and Bolong) and an occurrence (135 Line) were discovered in the district. The porphyry‐type mineralization is associated with three Early Cretaceous ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries at Duobuza, 135 Line and Bolong, and is hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Middle Jurassic Yanshiping Formation and intermediate‐acidic volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Meiriqie Group. Simultaneous emplacement and isometric distribution of three ore‐forming porphyries is explained as multi‐centered mineralization generated from the same magma chamber. Intense hydrothermal alteration occurs in the porphyries and at the contact zone with wall rocks. Four main hypogene alteration zones are distinguished at Duobuza. Early‐stage alteration is dominated by potassic alteration with extensive secondary biotite, K‐feldspar and magnetite. The alteration zone includes dense magnetite and quartz‐magnetite veinlets, in which Cu‐Fe‐bearing sulfides are present. Propylitic alteration occurs in the host basic volcanic rocks. Extensive chloritization‐silicification with quartz‐chalcopyrite or quartz‐molybdenite veinlets superimposes on the potassic alteration. Final‐stage argillic alteration overlaps on all the earlier alteration. This alteration stage is characterized by destruction of feldspar to form illite, dickite and kaolinite, with accompanying veinlets of quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite and quartz + pyrite assemblages. Cu coexists with Au, which indicates their simultaneous precipitation. Mass balance calculations show that ore‐forming elements are strongly enriched during the above‐mentioned three alteration stages.     

珲春-汪清地区成矿地质条件及找矿方向

吉林珲春-汪清地区已发现的有色金属、贵金属、稀有金属、放射性金属和黑色金属矿产计11种.这些矿产与下古生界五道沟群地层,中生代火山岩系,华力西-燕山期中酸性侵入岩、次火山岩,东西向、南北向构造及火山构造密切相关     

内蒙古东部二连浩特-乌兰浩特地区金矿化特征的初步研究

研究区属含古老地块并经中生代改造的中古生代造山带,存在金、锡等丰度较高的锡林浩特元古宙杂岩、古生代蛇绿岩及板块缝合带、二叠系火山岩、中生代伸展构造背景下的大规模火山-侵入活动及锡多金属成矿作用.本区金矿化类型主要有:韧性剪切带中的石英脉型、蚀变岩型金矿,产于幔源中基性侵入岩中的铜金矿,燕山晚期斑岩型铜金矿,与燕山期次火山岩浆活动有关的脉状铜矿床中的伴生金矿化,微细浸染型金矿化,浅成低温热液型金矿化等.研究区金矿成矿时代可分为242~229Ma、169~161.8Ma、132~159Ma (可能以130~140Ma为主)、127~109.2Ma四个区间.认识到存在印支期成矿、燕山期多阶段成矿等特点对于区内金矿勘查有重要意义.新发现7个矿床(点)的伴生金矿化.毛登、大井等多金属矿床的伴生金矿化具有重要的潜在工业意义.     

Geology,alteration, age,and origin of iron oxide–apatite deposits in Upper Eocene quartz monzonite,Zanjan district,NW Iran

Iron oxide–apatite deposits are present in Upper Eocene pyroxene-quartz monzonitic rocks of the Zanjan district, northwestern Iran. Mineralization occurred in five stages: (1) deposition of disseminated magnetite and apatite in the host rock; (2) mineralization of massive and banded magnetite ores in veins and stockwork associated with minor brecciation and calcic alteration of host rocks; (3) deposition of sulfide ores together with potassic alteration; (4) formation of quartz and carbonate veins and sericite, chlorite, epidote, silica, carbonate, and tourmaline alteration; and (5) supergene alteration and weathering. U–Pb dating of monazite inclusions in the apatite indicates an age of 39.99?±?0.24 Ma, which is nearly coeval with the time of emplacement of the host quartz monzonite, supporting the genetic connection. Fluid inclusions in the apatite have homogenization temperatures of about 300 °C and oxygen isotopic compositions of the magnetite support precipitation from magmatic fluids. Late-stage quartz resulted from the introduction of a cooler, less saline, and isotopically depleted fluid. The iron oxide–apatite deposits in the Tarom area of the Zanjan district are typical of a magmatic–hydrothermal origin and are similar to the Kiruna-type deposits with respect to mineral assemblages, fabric and structure of the iron ores, occurrence of the ore bodies, and wall rock alteration.     

新疆东天山突出山铜铁矿区岩浆岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

突出山铜铁矿床赋存于上石炭统底坎尔组火山岩中, 地质特征表明矿床成因为火山热液交代型。矿区玄武岩具有高Al、Na, 贫K、P、Ti的特点, 属于钙碱性系列火山岩。岩石具有轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素相对富集和高场强元素相对亏损的特点。微量元素特征表明岩石与俯冲带流体作用有关, 经历了橄榄石(±辉石)和铬铁矿的结晶分异作用, 形成于石炭纪弧后盆地环境, 指示铁矿床的成矿环境为弧后盆地环境。矿区闪长岩和钾长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄分别为326.2±1.6 Ma与318.2±2.5 Ma, 均为石炭纪岩浆活动的产物。根据闪长岩、钾长花岗岩、矿体与底坎尔组火山岩的穿插关系, 限定矿床的铁成矿作用时间为底坎尔组火山岩的形成时代, 早于闪长岩的形成时代(326 Ma), 而铜成矿作用时间与闪长岩的形成时代相近或稍晚。     

宁芜和尚桥铁氧化物-磷灰石矿床(IOA)成矿过程研究:来自磁铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位分析的证据

铁氧化物-磷灰石矿床(IOA)是全球铁矿资源重要的供给矿床类型之一,受到国内外科研和矿产开采工作者的广泛关注。对铁氧化物-磷灰石矿床研究的争议主要集中在矿床成因上,即岩浆成因或者热液成因。作为一类具有多阶段成矿作用的矿床,IOA型矿床很难用热液或者矿浆成因予以简单概括,需要动态地看待成矿作用。和尚桥铁矿床是一个大型的铁氧化物-磷灰石(IOA)矿床,位于中国东部长江中下游多金属成矿带宁芜矿集区中。和尚桥铁矿床成矿作用含有三个清晰的磁铁矿矿化阶段,分别形成浸染状(Mt1)、角砾状(Mt2)和脉状(Mt3)矿石。对各阶段磁铁矿矿石中磁铁矿进行激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区成分测试。在成矿过程中,从早到晚,磁铁矿表现出了从具有岩浆成因特征向具有热液成因特征的方向演化。磁铁矿中Mg和Al含量升高,Cr含量先降低后略微升高,Mn、Co、Ni和V含量先降低后升高,Mo和Sn含量先升高后降低的趋势,表明成矿过程中各阶段围岩及大气水对成矿流体的贡献不一。结合前人研究成果,我们认为和尚桥铁矿床中磁铁矿铁质的来源与安山质侵入岩密切相关,可能来源于岩浆不混溶作用形成的铁质富集流体(熔体),磁铁矿在高温热液环境中结晶沉淀。成矿过程具有多阶段性,推测在各成矿阶段间隙,富铁流体得到富集,同时地层物质不断的加入并导致了磁铁矿成分显示出越来越多的热液成因信息,地层物质(特别是膏盐层)对成矿过程起到了重要的控制作用。