藏南亚东地区片麻状含石榴子石黑云花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

亚东岩组是高喜马拉雅地区重要的前寒武纪变质地层之一。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术对侵入亚东岩组的片麻状含石榴子石黑云花岗闪长岩进行了测年,获得岩浆结晶年龄为(499.2±3.9)Ma(中寒武世),提供了泛非构造-岩浆事件的记录。岩石地球化学分析表明,黑云花岗闪长岩SiO2含量为68.04%～68.92%,在(K2O+Na2O)-SiO2图解上样品点落入亚碱性系列的花岗闪长岩区,A/CNK指数均大于1.1,在Shand指数图解上落入过铝质系列区。稀土元素配分模式属轻稀土元素富集的右倾曲线,出现弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.62～0.79);微量元素表现出Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr亏损和Rb、Th、U相对富集的特征。通过Rb-(Y+Nb)和Rb-Hf-Ta图解判别,认为亚东地区片麻状含石榴子石黑云花岗闪长岩形成于后碰撞构造阶段。     

辽东岫岩地区早白垩世侵入岩的年代学、地球化学及地质意义

本文对辽东岫岩地区帽盔山二长花岗岩、荒地花岗闪长岩和朝阳苏长辉长岩进行了岩相学、地球化学、LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。帽盔山二长花岗岩主量元素具有富Si、Al、K,贫Fe、Mg、Ca的特征;微量元素亏损Sr、P、Eu、Ti,富集K、Rb、Th等不相容元素,元素地球化学特征表明岩体为铝质A型花岗岩(A/CNK=1.03~1.06,A/NK=1.11~1.12)。荒地花岗闪长岩的SiO_2含量为64.1%~70.8%,K_2O/Na_2O的比值为0.87~1.08,含铝指数A/CNK和A/NK分别为0.98~1.02和1.31~1.55,微量元素富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,轻重稀土分馏强烈,(La/Yb)N值为13.41~68.2,属于准铝质到过铝质I型花岗岩。朝阳苏长辉长岩的SiO_2含量为54.8%~58.3%,K_2O/Na_2O的比值为0.57~0.78,微量元素富集K、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、U、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集La、Ce、Pr、Nd等轻稀土元素。测年结果显示帽盔山二长花岗岩的锆石年龄为137Ma,荒地花岗闪长岩的锆石年龄为139Ma,朝阳苏长辉长岩的锆石年龄为139Ma,均形成于早白垩世。结合构造背景图解,帽盔山二长花岗岩、荒地花岗闪长岩和朝阳苏长辉长岩均为伸展构造环境下的岩浆活动产物。结合三个岩体的时空特点,表明在早白垩世时期,辽东岫岩地区处于非造山的伸展环境,且岩石圈减薄及伸展活动的发展有自深部至浅部的特点,是华北板块东部伸展地球动力学背景的具体体现。     

藏南拉轨岗日变质核杂岩核部花岗质片麻岩的地球化学特征及构造意义

拉轨岗日变质核杂岩花岗质片麻岩高SiO2、K2O,低Fe2O3、MgO、MnO,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.07～1.19,含白云母、石榴子石等过铝质矿物,属高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石.稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集,轻、重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,贫高场强元素Sr、Nb,Hf和Ba亏损,具有壳源S型花岗岩的特征.87Sr/86Sr初始比值ISr变化于0.709～0.7306,εNd(t)值较低,为-7.13 ～-8.97,且εNd(t)和ISr无明显相关关系,εSr(t)值较高,为80.65 ～379.(206Pb/204Pb)t=18.1062 ～18.8085,(207Pb/24Pb)t=15.6713 ～ 15.7901,(208Pb/204Pb)t=37.529 ～ 38.1815,表现出地壳特征的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征.岩浆源区可能是以粘土岩主,砂质岩占次要地位的沉积岩,经部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆上升侵位形成.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄为514Ma,是泛非造山事件在北喜马拉雅拉轨岗日一带的地质记录.岩石形成于由碰撞造山的挤压环境向后碰撞造山的伸展环境转化阶段,说明泛非碰撞造山事件在拉雅拉轨岗日一带可能结束,进入后碰撞造山的构造演化阶段.岩浆底侵可能使拉轨岗日变质核杂岩在该阶段已经初步隆起,对变质核杂岩的形成起了重要作用.     

两广交界地区壶垌片麻状复式岩体的年代学和地球化学：对云开地块北缘早古生代构造-岩浆作用的启示

本文对两广交界地区发育的壶垌片麻状复式岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素的分析研究。该复式岩体主要由片麻状英云闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成,获得片麻状花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为443.1±2.0Ma。其中片麻状英云闪长岩和片麻状花岗闪长岩总体具有较低硅(SiO2=62.92%~67.54%)、较低碱(K2O+Na2O=3.98%~5.17%)、准铝质(A/CNK=0.83~0.93)的化学组成特征,属于中钾含角闪石钙碱性花岗岩类(ACG);而片麻状二长花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=71.55%~72.78%)、高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.65%~7.57%)、准铝-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.92~1.05)的化学组成特征,属于高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG)。岩石表现出富集大离子亲石元素(如U、Ba、Rb和Th)和轻稀土元素,而Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素明显亏损,并具有较高的锶同位素初始比值((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.71268~0.71482)和较低的εNd(t)值(-9.4~-2.6),反映其具有俯冲消减作用形成的岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。结合区域地质特征分析认为,壶垌片麻状复式岩体很可能是在扬子板块和华夏板块之间的洋壳岩石圈向南俯冲的地球动力学背景下,引发软流圈地幔上涌,其所带来的热能诱发了岩石圈地幔和上覆云开地块的古老地壳物质重熔,形成以壳源为主的壳幔混源母岩浆,再经历不同程度分离结晶作用,从而形成了本区大陆边缘弧型岩浆岩。因此,壶垌片麻状复式岩体是云开地块北缘早古生代洋陆俯冲-碰撞的地质记录。     

西藏类乌齐片麻状黑云二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义

利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,对藏东他念他翁山类乌齐地区侵入吉塘岩群恩达岩组片麻状黑云二长花岗岩进行测年,获得岩浆结晶年龄为(235.7±0.68)Ma(中三叠世),为藏东他念他翁山地区印支运动提供地质记录。岩石地球化学分析表明,片麻状黑云二长花岗岩SiO2含量为74.02%~77.47%,(K2O+Na2O)-SiO2图解中落入亚碱性花岗岩区,FeOT/MgO-SiO2图解中落入钙碱性区域,SiO2-FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)图解中落入铁质区。A/CNK指数为1.41,属过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩。稀土分布模式为轻稀土富集的右倾曲线,Eu具明显负异常(δEu=0.05~0.35)。微量元素表现出Ba,Sr,Zr,Hf亏损,Rb,Th,U相对富集特征。据CaO/Na2O比值、Rb-Sr-Ba含量变化及地球化学特征,该岩体形成于上地壳,源岩为泥质岩石花岗质岩浆。结合地球化学特征及区域地质背景认为,藏东他念他翁山地区侵入恩达岩组片麻状黑云二长花岗岩属S型花岗岩,形成于后碰撞地球动力学环境。     

敦煌地块南缘小红山埃达克岩的年代学、地球化学特征及地球动力学意义

敦煌地块南缘小红山花岗岩体侵位于敦煌岩群中,岩性主要为黑云二长花岗岩和黑云花岗闪长岩。通过LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb同位素定年,获得小红山黑云母二长花岗岩的206Pb/238U的加权平均年龄为289.6±3.9Ma,表明侵位时代为早二叠世。岩石地球化学分析显示其具有高硅、高铝、富碱和低镁的特征,稀土元素在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式图上呈轻稀土富集的右倾型稀土配分模式,弱负Eu异常,富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Cs、Th、K、Pb),亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,岩石强烈富集Sr、亏损Yb和Y,具有较高的Sr/Y比值,岩石具有与埃达克岩石一致的地球化学特征,是加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。小红山花岗岩全岩Sr- Nd同位素的87Sr/86Sr值介于0.706622~0.707778之间,143Nd/144Nd介于0.51212~0.512264之间,εNd(t)=-4.093~-6.887,显示出壳源特征;Nd模式年龄TDM2=1.39~1.62Ga,平均为1.49Ga,表明其源区可能与敦煌岩群相关。结合成岩年龄和区域构造演化特征,推测敦煌地块南缘在石炭纪到早二叠世处于碰撞造山作用向陆内伸展环境转换的构造背景,可能强烈卷入了一系列与古亚洲洋闭合相关的古生代造山活动中。     

滇西永德县班尾花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

位于滇西永德县的班尾花岗岩是古特提斯俯冲-碰撞重要的研究对象之一。班尾花岗岩体位于漕涧-云岭-耿马-西盟花岗岩带的中段,其岩石类型主要为黑云二长花岗岩、黑云花岗闪长岩,本次采用激光剥蚀法(LA-ICP-MS)对其中黑云花岗闪长岩进行锆石U-Pb年龄测定,获得其锆石年龄值为218.96±3.0Ma,属晚三叠世。岩体的岩石地球化学特征显示,班尾花岗岩属于后碰撞过铝质-强过铝质"S"型花岗岩,表明滇西古特提斯至早-中三叠世洋盆完全关闭,俯冲消减作用也随即停止,而转入弧-陆碰撞造山的构造发展阶段。     

新疆西天山天山乡南部片麻状花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

新疆西天山天山乡地区大面积分布片麻状花岗闪长岩,含较高的Na_2O+K_2O,A/CNK为0.74~0.97,为准铝质、钠质,成因类型为I型花岗岩,稀土元素富集、重稀土亏损的右倾型分布模式,δEu在弱片麻状似斑状花岗闪长岩中呈中等负异常,在强片麻状花岗闪长岩中基本无异常;微量元素总体富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Ba,Rb,K,Nb,Ta,Ti元素呈明显的亏损特征,具岛弧火山岩特征;锆石U-Pb年龄为(321.9±1.2)Ma,为早石炭世晚期。综合野外地质观察、区域地质构造,认为天山乡南部片麻状花岗闪长岩形成于南天山洋闭合时期,岛弧基本消亡逐渐向陆陆碰撞的过渡阶段。     

华北板块西南缘河西堡中酸性侵入岩岩石地球化学和环境演化特征

河西堡中酸性侵入岩体位于华北板块西南缘龙首山和祁连山造山带的结合部,岩性为细粒石英闪长岩、中细粒花岗闪长岩、中粗粒似斑状花岗闪长岩、中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩,均具有富钾、硅,贫铝、钙、镁和负Eu异常,富含稀土铀、钍矿物等特点。稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土富集型;地球化学特征显示SiO_2、ΣREE、ΣLREE/ΣHREE、La/Yb逐渐增高和δEu增大的演化趋势,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr的变化范围为0.706 0~0.707 8,岩体由早期的I型逐渐过渡为I-S到S型,反映构造环境由块体挤压至碰撞造山的过程。结合区域资料,认为加里东早期北祁连向华北板块俯冲形成沟弧体系,在挤压作用下导致北祁连走廊过渡带与龙首山在加里东中期碰撞造山,碰撞造山作用于加里东晚期终止,较为系统的反映了龙首山造山带的构造演化过程。     

青海东昆仑西段阿克楚克赛地区新元古代片麻状黑云二长花岗岩成因及其地质意义：地球化学、年代学及Hf同位素制约

青海东昆仑西段阿克楚克赛地区基础地质研究较薄弱,为了厘定该区花岗片麻岩侵入体的形成时代及岩石成因,本文对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学以及Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明：该岩石岩性为片麻状黑云二长花岗岩,SiO₂质量分数为74.44%～76.36%,Na₂O与K₂O质量分数分别为0.06%～0.07%和3.89%～4.35%,Al₂O₃质量分数为9.76%～10.95%,过铝指数（A/CNK）为0.92～1.09,TiO2与MnO质量分数分别为0.32%～0.38%和0.10%～0.13%;CaO质量分数为2.70%～3.46%,Mg#值为25.42～29.69;样品稀土元素质量分数较高, w（ΣREE）为200.04×10^-6～215.30×10^-6,LREE/HREE为6.94～7.88,Rb、U、Th、K明显富集,Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr明显呈“V”型亏损。岩石形成时代为新元古代早期（（966±3）Ma,MSWD=4.1）,锆石ε_Hf(t)为-3.38～3.14,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄（T_DM2）为2 033～1 625 Ma。岩石地球化学和Hf同位素研究结果显示,阿克楚克赛片麻状黑云二长花岗岩为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,岩浆源区以新生玄武质地壳为主,有古元古代硅铝质地壳物质的加入,可能为古元古界金水口岩群斜长角闪岩、片麻岩部分熔融。岩石地球化学特征显示阿克楚克赛片麻状黑云二长花岗岩形成于新元古代早期俯冲向碰撞转换的构造背景下。结合区域构造演化,综合分析认为东昆仑地区普遍存在新元古代岩浆-构造活动,时间上响应全球罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合事件,本次研究样品是罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合在青海东昆仑西段碰撞形成的具体体现,说明本地区在约966 Ma时正在由俯冲向碰撞造山阶段转换。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.