石英砂表面铁胶膜的合成——pH和铁摩尔比[Fe(Ⅱ)]/[Fe(Ⅲ)]的影响

本研究以石英砂为载体,在其颗粒表面合成铁胶膜,并探讨合成体系不同初始pH(5,6,7)及铁摩尔比(R=[Fe(Ⅱ)]/[Fe(Ⅲ)])等条件对铁胶膜形成的影响。研究表明,在初始pH相同的情况下,当R为0时,铁胶膜的矿物成分为弱晶质的水铁矿;R为0.01时的矿物成分为赤铁矿;R分别为0.02、0.04、0.06和0.10时为针铁矿,且随着R增加,X射线衍射(XRD)图谱中针铁矿的峰强度逐渐增加,扫描电镜(SEM)可观察到针铁矿晶形逐渐变大,且在R为0.10时晶体形貌最大;当R为0.50和体系只加入Fe(Ⅱ)时合成的铁矿物主要为针铁矿与磁铁矿的混合物。当R一定时,随着合成体系初始pH的增加,胶膜中针铁矿的XRD峰强度逐渐增强,在初始pH为7时其峰最强,且晶形逐渐变大。     

石英砂表面锰胶膜的合成及其影响因素研究

以石英砂为载体在其颗粒表面合成锰胶膜运用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对胶膜中矿物的结构进行表征,探讨体系中不同锰摩尔比R(Mn~(2+)、Mn~(7+)摩尔比分别为1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4)、合成温度(30、50、70、90、110℃)、搅拌时间(48、72、96 h)和石英砂添加量(5、10、20、30、40 g)等因素对锰胶膜合成的影响。研究结果表明,随着R的减小,锰胶膜中的锰钾矿向水钠锰矿转化且矿物的结晶度增大,锰含量减小,晶体颗粒逐渐增大;随着温度的升高,胶膜中矿物的结晶度增大,锰含量下降,但矿物类型没有变化;搅拌不会影响胶膜的矿物类型,但搅拌时间越长胶膜中锰矿物含量越高;随石英砂添加量的增大胶膜中锰矿物类型不变,但其结晶度减弱,锰含量先降低但在石英砂添加量为10 g时开始升高。     

铜陵矿区废矿石次生氧化产物及其成因初探

对铜陵矿区废矿石的矿物组成及其成因进行研究,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析原生矿物及其风化产物的组成,探讨次生矿物的形成机制。XRD及SEM/EDS分析表明,废矿石中残留的主要原生矿物为黄铁矿,次生矿物为针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿及次生硫酸盐矿物。原生矿物风化为次生矿物的过程是从黄铁矿的裂隙带等有缺陷的部位开始,逐步氧化成最终产物针铁矿。中间过程出现了矿物相及形态的多样性,局部可能会先形成中间产物水铁矿,由于水铁矿很不稳定,在不同的温、湿度条件下会很快转化成针铁矿或赤铁矿。针铁矿在风化过程中呈现出多种形态,针状矿物最先形成,随后重结晶成球状集合体和菱方双锥单晶,最后在废矿石表面完全覆盖一层土状针铁矿。SEM观察到的黄铁矿表面的生物矿物与最外层风化层上的菌丝类物质说明,在废矿石的风化过程中生物亦起了一定的作用。     

酸性环境下生物成因施氏矿物稳定性研究

施氏矿物是酸性矿山废水中广泛存在的次生矿物,其形成和转化受环境pH值、温度和共存离子等条件影响。文中研究了酸性环境中生物成因施氏矿物和吸附了三价砷的生物成因施氏矿物,在不同温度和钾离子浓度条件下的稳定性。结果表明,老化温度的增加促进施氏矿物相的转变:4℃条件下,在15周的老化时间里,无砷及含砷施氏矿物均未发生相转变;而在40℃条件下,经过15周的老化,则无砷和含砷施氏矿物均发生了部分相转变。此外,钾离子浓度变化可以导致施氏矿物老化产物不同:生物成因施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后的转化产物主要为针铁矿,在100mM钾离子条件下老化产物为黄钾铁矾和针铁矿。含As(Ⅲ)施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后没有发生相转变,在100mM钾离子条件下发生了部分相转变,产物为黄钾铁矾。生物成因施氏矿物中的As(Ⅲ)使得矿物在环境中更加稳定。     

针铁矿和菱苦土强化养殖粪污厌氧发酵液中氮、磷固定的研究

对比研究了养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中添加针铁矿和/或菱苦土对N、P固定的作用。实验过程中对溶液pH进行监控,厌氧发酵44 d后,对发酵液中氨氮和磷浓度进行了分析,对固体产物进行了XRD和SEM分析。结果表明：单独或同时添加针铁矿、菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,发酵液中N、P浓度均降低,其中N浓度降幅小于P,添加菱苦土厌氧发酵罐中P浓度降幅较大,达90%以上。单独添加针铁矿的厌氧发酵罐中,针铁矿发生还原分解,转化为铁白云石;添加菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,形成了大量鸟粪石。研究认为在养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中,由于碱金属离子的影响,针铁矿和菱苦土对N的固定作用不明显;针铁矿对P的固定效果一般,菱苦土对P固定效果显著,固P产物鸟粪石可作为优质缓释肥使用。     

武汉黄棕壤铁锰氧化物胶膜的矿物学特征研究

铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜是我国黄棕壤中重要的铁锰元素富集载体,选取我国华中地区典型的铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜样品,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、偏光显微镜(POM)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)、能谱仪(EDX)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、高能量X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等研究方法,对原位和分离处理后的黄棕壤铁锰胶膜进行了详细的矿物学表征.结果表明,黄棕壤铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜由表及里,由外到内依次呈现富锰条带、富铁锰条带、富铁条带、富锰铁条带、富铁条带,并且锰铁元素含量之比不规则降低,其所含铁锰氧化物矿物主要为锰钡矿、针铁矿、水钠锰矿、六方水锰矿、水羟锰矿,粒度为纳米级,形貌多样.     

Cu2+污染红黏土土性异变现象分析

研究Cu2+污染物对桂林红黏土土性异变的影响。通过开展XRD、XRF及压汞试验,探讨Cu2+污染红黏土中主要矿物成分的异变规律及微观孔隙结构的变化趋势,结果表明:红黏土中主要矿物成分为高岭石、石英和针铁矿,Cu2+污染对这3种主要矿物成分的含量产生显著影响,随着Cu2+浓度的增大,高岭石和针铁矿的含量逐渐减少,石英的含量逐渐增多,其含量变化率大小关系为:高岭石>针铁矿>石英,且在浓度为2%时,高岭石的损失率高达10.69%,针铁矿的损失率达到5.38%;红黏土孔隙分布曲线为双峰分布,双峰分别分布在0.01-0.1 μm和1~10 μm之间,且在0.01~0.1 μm之间的微小孔隙占了绝对优势。随着Cu2+浓度的增加,"双峰"逐渐右移,孔隙变大;"峰宽"逐渐变宽,孔隙变多。通过开展相关力学试验,观察Cu2+污染红黏土的变形强度特性异变规律,试验结果表明:Cu2+污染对红黏土的变形强度特性影响显著。随着Cu2+浓度的增加,土体的无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度、黏聚力C和内摩擦角φ逐渐减小,初始孔隙比e₀和压缩系数α逐渐增大;当Cu2+浓度从0增大至2%时,土体应力-应变关系曲线由典型的应变软化型转变为弱应变硬化型,无侧限抗压峰值强度减少了76.91%,抗剪强度平均损失率达到69.36%。     

磷灰石对湖泊沉积物中水铁矿稳定性的制约

通过在滇池开展原位实验,研究探讨了湖泊沉积物中磷灰石制约水铁矿分解和转化的机制,以及二者共存时的环境效应。结果表明:将水铁矿放置到沉积物中1个月,矿物保持稳定;放置时间达到3个月时,添加磷灰石实验中水铁矿发生了显著物相转变。冬天(12—2月)实验中,转化产物随深度的变化趋势为针铁矿+磁(赤)铁矿→针铁矿+纤铁矿→针铁矿;夏天(6—9月)实验中,转化产物随深度的变化趋势为针铁矿+纤铁矿+磁(赤)铁矿→针铁矿+纤铁矿→未转化。透射电镜分析结果显示冬天实验中生成的磁性铁氧化物为纳米磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,夏天实验中产生的则主要为纳米磁铁矿。X射线光电子能谱分析结果显示冬天表层实验样品具有较高P含量。分析表明的湖泊沉积物中磷灰石促进水铁矿转化的过程为:(1)微生物促进磷灰石溶解;(2)磷灰石溶解释放的P促进铁还原菌生长;(3)铁还原菌促进水铁矿还原;(4)水铁矿还原产生的溶解态Fe²⁺催化水铁矿向针铁矿、纤铁矿和磁铁矿转化。冬天及沉积氧化-还原界面最适宜磷灰石分解菌和铁还原菌生长,水铁矿的转化和P释放能力也更强,相应地内源磷释放的风险也更大。     

铁锰氧化物对苯酚氧化降解的实验研究

为了考察铁锰氧化物对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力,采用天然以及合成的铁锰氧化物对苯酚的氧化降解进行对比实验研究。土壤中铁锰氧化物样品分别为天然针铁矿及氧化锰,合成铁锰氧化物样品分别为合成针铁矿及软锰矿。结果表明：苯酚与铁锰氧化物发生氧化还原作用时,还可能与土壤中杂质发生吸附等作用;铁锰氧化物还原反应强度随着反应介质pH值的升高而迅速下降;可用零级反应动力学方程拟合铁氧化物还原溶解反应,针铁矿溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈负相关关系;天然针铁矿对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力明显高于合成针铁矿,pH值对天然针铁矿溶解反应影响较大;可用一级指数衰减方程拟合锰氧化物还原溶解反应,锰氧化物溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈指数衰减关系;pH值对软锰矿还原溶解反应的影响大于对土壤中氧化锰的影响,pH值越小,影响越显著;对比pH值对铁和锰还原作用的影响发现,在pH=6.5时,锰氧化物仍有较强的氧化性能。     

用合成矿物的化学动力学特性预报天然土强度变化的可行性研究

本文以合成针铁矿的化学动力学参数，对贵州红粘土在酸性环境下的力学特性变化的时间规律作了探讨，结果表明，用合成矿物的化学动力学特性预报天然土强度变化的时间是可行的。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the