滇东北会泽地区铁胆石产出特征及成因分析

铁胆石是极具观赏价值的玩石新宠,在中国仅有滇东北会泽县驾车乡等少数地方产出。驾车乡的铁胆石产于下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色炭质页岩、炭质泥质粉砂岩中。其实质为富含黄铁矿晶体的碳酸盐岩结核体,在围岩中分布极不均匀,多呈黑色、灰黑色中带浅铜黄色;大小不一,形态各异,具有沉积层理及定向排列特征,主要成分为黄铁矿、方解石、白云石以及泥质、碳酸质胶结物。铁胆石形成于水体较深、水动力较弱的还原环境,经历元素富集、黄铁矿形成,岩石固结、结核体形成以及差异风化、铁胆石显露三个阶段;前两个阶段在较深海水、热液和生物作用参与下,形成了较坚硬固结的原生铁胆石;后一阶段经差异性风化剥蚀和搬运而形成次生铁胆石。     

蓟县中元古界下马岭组地层中菱铁矿的发现及其意义

蓟县剖面中元古界下马岭组地层下部黑色岩系中发现丰富的铁质结核,经X射线粉晶衍射、显微镜下观察、能谱分析等方法鉴定,确定铁质结核主要由菱铁矿构成.这些菱铁矿可能具有经济意义.另外,野外和室内研究表明,无论是铁质结核还是黑色岩系本身,都匮乏硫化物.这一发现说明中元古代下马岭期的燕辽海盆水体贫氧、富铁、贫硫,不是硫化的海洋.     

中、下扬子地区下寒武统黑色页岩微量元素富集特征

中国南方扬子地区下寒武统黑色页岩分布广泛,主要由黑色页岩、黑色白云质页岩,黑色粉砂质页岩和黑色硅质页岩等组成;并伴生有较厚的磷块岩矿床、钒矿床和镍、钼多元素硫化物矿床。对黑色页岩岩石学特征、元素地球化学特征进行系统研究,并详细分析微量元素的富集成因,结果表明：黑色页岩主要形成于静水还原的浅海-半深海缓坡环境,层状元素富集带为沉积成因,海底热流体提供了丰富物质来源。总体上,Co、Be、Mn、Ga等元素含量较低;Cu、V、Ni、Mo等元素的含量较高,多数超过北美页岩平均值;以Ni、Mo为主的多元素富集层通常位于磷块岩之上,以黑色页岩、黑色白云质页岩中的硫化物和硫酸盐矿物为主要载体,其中有机碳（TOC）含量可达12.2%以上,远高于其他元素富集层,随着页岩内硅质成分增加,Ni、Mo、Fe、Co等元素含量明显降低;以V为主的多元素主要赋存于黑色硅质页岩中的水云母,与页岩内硅质成分具有较好的正相关关系;黑色页岩中稀土元素含量为(76.22~290.67)×10-6,轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE介于1.21~4.22,说明轻稀土更为富集,Sr/Ba值为0.04~0.34,δEu正异常,且北美页岩标准化配分曲线呈现平缓左倾,为沉积过程中存在海底热水流体提供了进一步证据。     

贵州开阳磷矿地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组地层层序及其As、Sb、Au、Ag丰度异常与赋存状态研究

贵州开阳磷矿地区出露较为完整的下寒武统黑色岩系层序,这套黑色岩系中富含多种金属元素,但目前对岩系中主要低温成矿元素As、Sb、Au、Ag的地球化学背景异常与分布规律了解极少,对其形成背景与赋存状态无法进行深入讨论。本文以开阳磷矿地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系剖面作为研究对象,通过详细的野外地质调查、系统采样并进行地球化学分析、全岩硫同位素分析及黄铁矿电子探针分析,划分了详细的牛蹄塘组地层层序,对主要低温成矿元素(As、Sb、Au、Ag)的丰度异常、富集特征及赋存状态进行了研究,结果表明,黑色岩系中普遍富集As、Sb、Ag三种主要低温成矿元素,Au也在大部分层位富集。四种元素具有层控性的特点,在牛蹄塘组下部有机质含量较高的黑色白云质粉砂质页岩和黑色页岩层位中具有较高的元素丰度异常,在泥岩和粉砂岩混合层位元素丰度异常较低,钙质成分含量较高的层位元素含量较低。黄铁矿是黑色页岩中金的主要赋存矿物,也是Sb的重要赋存矿物,同时是Ag和As的次要赋存矿物;不同类型的黄铁矿,元素富集规律也不相同:As、Ag更容易富集在不规则集合体和草莓状黄铁矿中,Sb和Au则在散布的单颗粒黄铁矿中富集系数最高。     

邵阳短陂桥区龙潭组上段粘土岩特征及沉积环境分析

1 地层概述短陂桥区位于湖南省邵阳市区以东5km,龙潭组上段厚度约100m,其剖面描述如下:上覆地层 大隆组 ————9.黑色泥岩及粉砂质泥岩,含较多菱铁矿结核及细粒黄铁矿,上部产腕足类 Spinomarginifera sp,Squamularia grandis 约15m8.1号煤层 0～1.71m7.灰色中厚层状细粒石英砂岩,局部含泥砾及菱铁矿结核,夹薄层粉砂岩及 粉砂质泥岩和2号煤层 约20m6.灰黑色薄层状粉砂质泥岩,夹条带状菱铁矿结核。含较多炭化植物叶与碎片 约5m     

西藏古错-岗巴盆地下白垩统黑色页岩地质特征及其油气资源意义

藏南聂拉木县、岗巴县的古错-岗巴盆地呈东西向展布，位于北喜马拉雅构造分区。早白垩世沉积以碎屑物质为主，其黑色页岩主要集中于下白垩统古错四组、古错五组和东山组。黑色页岩沉积物颗粒微细，以泥质、粘土质组分为主，砂/泥比值低，局部夹有海底扇沉积的细砂岩、粉砂岩等韵律层，富含菱铁矿、钙质结核，少见菊石等生物化石。其沉积环境应为相变缓慢、水体低能且较为特殊（受火山活动影响）的海相还原环境。黑色页岩中的粘土质所反映出的稀土配分模式与玄武岩标准模式极为接近，显示出当时的沉积可能伴随有火山活动及基性物质的介入。综合地质特征显示出本区下白垩统黑色页岩厚度巨大，构造简单，具有较好的成烃条件，虽然有机质成熟度较高，但黑色页岩仍是未来本区油气资源潜力评价中值得重视的积极因素之一。     

含粉砂质层页岩储层孔隙结构和物性特征:以张家滩陆相页岩为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组张家滩页岩储层中发育有大量粉砂质层,全面系统地理清张家滩页岩孔隙结构和物性特征,需要对比研究粉砂质纹层发育页岩、粉砂质层不发育的泥质页岩以及粉砂岩。本文选取了22块页岩样品,通过压汞法、气体吸附法和气测孔渗法等多种测试手段,结合扫描电镜观察,在对组成3种岩石类型的粉砂质层和泥质层孔隙发育类型研究的基础上,分析了3种岩石类型孔隙结构和物性特征的差异,并讨论了造成上述差异的影响因素。结果表明,粉砂质纹层发育页岩和粉砂岩孔径在100 nm以上的中-大孔孔体积较大,具有更好的储集和渗流能力。通过对比粉砂质层和泥质层的组分、沉积结构和成岩作用等的差异可知：粉砂质层中石英、长石等粉砂级刚性碎屑颗粒的富集有利于原始孔隙的形成和在物理压实过程中的保存;有机酸存在造成的酸性成岩环境有利于长石等颗粒发育溶蚀孔隙;液态烃等在颗粒表面形成的薄膜能够有效地抑制石英等胶结作用的发生。与泥质层相比,粉砂质层具有更好的孔隙形成和保存条件,使得粉砂质纹层发育页岩和粉砂岩的孔隙结构和物性特征明显优于泥质页岩。     

我国首次发现的磷铝铁钡石的研究

磷铝铁钡石最早发现于1974年,并以发现者名字(Alan Kulan) 命名为Kulanite,其产地是加拿大育空地区东北部。该区出露地层主要是上白垩统的页岩和富铁岩石(菱铁矿建造),两类岩石呈互层产出,磷铝铁钡石仅出现在菱铁矿建造的局部裂隙中。根据J.A.     

一个浪控三角洲沉积的识别—江西“花屋石英砂岩”矿沉积条件的讨论

“花屋石英砂岩”矿位于江西省瑞昌县花屋地区。含矿地层为中志留统夏家桥组(S_2x)。夏家桥组为一套页岩—粉砂岩—砂岩的碎屑岩沉积组合,下部主要为砂岩,上部为砂质页岩、页岩夹粉砂岩,偶尔夹灰岩。含丰富的腕足类、三叶虫及腹足类化石。总厚在175m—344m间。其沉积环境主要是浅海内陆棚—海岸。夏家桥组地层中的砂质—粉砂质泥页岩,泥质粉砂岩及粉砂质细粒长石石英杂砂岩三种岩石都可以作为优质水泥硅质配套校正原料,     

湖南零陵易家桥下侏罗统发现含高岭土矿层

零陵县易家桥煤矿区,有公路直达,湘桂铁路沿矿区南部通过,交通甚为方便。1951年徐道书曾到该区进行过踏勘,对粘土层采集少量测试样品,评价为耐火粘土。矿区为一北西向向斜构造,其南西翼为一近走向的断层所切断。区内出露侏罗系地层,矿层赋存于侏罗系下统下部之煤系地层中。含矿地层中共见四层粘土矿,其中以最下一层厚度大,质量好,为该区的主要含矿层。矿区的含矿岩系地层剖面自上而下为: 1.灰色砂岩与黑色页岩互层,含薄煤层及植物化石。厚55m 2.黄绿色含云母砂岩。厚5m 3.灰色粘土。厚1m 4.黄绿色砂岩夹薄层页岩。厚13m 5.煤层。厚0.8—1m 6.耐火粘土及黑色页岩。厚10m 7.灰黄色砂质页岩、含铁质结核。厚2m     

沉积矿床成因亚类的划分及沉积菱铁矿的成因

沉积矿床的形成过程,可明确地划分为同生作用、成岩作用与后生作用等三个矿化阶段。现在所见到的沉积矿床,主要是最后矿化阶段改造的结果。根据沉积矿床所经历矿化阶段的不同和表现强度的不同,作者将沉积矿床划分为四种成因亚类:(1)沉积同生矿床;(2)沉积成岩矿床;(3)沉积成岩-后生矿床;(4)沉积后生矿床。产于沉积岩和沉积矿床中的青灰色微细均粒菱铁矿系成岩作用形成,米黄色或淡黄色的粗至巨粒的成分较纯的菱铁矿系后生作用形成。它们都不是同生作用形成的。     

Geochemistry of organic matter and elements of black shale during weathering in Northern Guizhou,Southwestern China: Their mobilization and inter-connection

Different from previous studies on effect of weathering upon geochemical variation along a single weathered profile, this paper provides a new methodology validated by comparing a weathered outcrop samples and their stratigraphic counterpart un-weathered core samples in a nearby shallow borehole. This outcrop and borehole penetrated the Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi shales, located in the same anticline structure in the northern part of Guizhou Province, Southern China. The mineral composition, major, trace and rare earth elements (REEs) composition and Rock-Eval parameters of outcrop and core samples were analyzed and compared. Organic matter (OM) was observed in the microscope and extracted for elements analysis. The results show that short-term weathering still has significant influence on OM, mineral and elemental composition of black shales. The elements composition shows the outcrop profile was moderately weathered. The REEs compositions do not alter much during weathering process and the REEs composition and their relative ratios still are valid for rock origin determination. The OM, mainly composed by graptolite and bitumen, even entering the highly-over thermal maturity, is still sensitive to the weathering with a systematic loss 30–50% of TOC along the outcrop profile, which suggests that the OM consumption is predominantly controlled by weathering duration and the distance from the weathering surface. In turn, OM has significant influence on the trace elements transportation behavior during weathering. Some trace elements associated with the OM such as V, Cr, Th, U, Ni and Co, change significantly in their absolute concentration during weathering, but their relative ratios do not necessarily change too much and might be still reliable proxies for paleo-environmental determination. The mobility of shale minerals during weathering is in the following order: plagioclase?>?potassium feldspar and dolomite >pyrite and OM. Short-term weathering can also result in considerable transportation of elements and significant variation of minerals content in black shale, which may pose potentially high environmental and engineering risk in the regions rich in black shale.     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部山西组页岩沉积相及其对页岩储层的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地北部山西组页岩气储层与煤层共生,页岩有机质含量较高,具有较大的资源勘探潜力。为精细表征控制山西组页岩储层分布的沉积微相,根据测井数据、录井数据、岩芯观察描述、薄片分析、粒度分析、X射线衍射全岩分析以及总有机碳含量(TOC),研究了山西组页岩储层岩相与沉积微相类型,在山西组识别出(灰)黑色碳质页岩、(灰)黑色含碳质页岩、(灰)黑色含碳质(粉)砂质页岩、(深)灰色含碳质页岩、(深)灰色页岩、(深)灰色(粉)砂质页岩和含钙质页岩7种岩相。这些岩相沉积在富植沼泽、贫植沼泽、三角洲平原分流间洼地、曲流河河间洼地、天然堤与决口扇远端微相环境,其中富植沼泽、贫植沼泽与成煤的泥炭沼泽、泥炭坪环境比邻共生,且在山二段时期更发育。富植沼泽和贫植沼泽微相控制了具有较高TOC的(灰)黑色碳质页岩、(灰)黑色含碳质页岩、(灰)黑色含碳质(粉)砂质页岩和(深)灰色含碳质页岩的分布,是控制山西组页岩储层分布的有利微相。     

Weathering characteristics of the Lower Paleozoic black shale in northwestern Guizhou Province,south China

The northwestern Guizhou in the Yangtze Craton of south China has a tremendous potential of shale gas resource. In this paper, we present results from major and trace elements, total organic carbon, mineralogical composition analysis and petrophysical parameters to characterise shale weathering features. Further, the differences of black shale between underground and outcrops have also been presented to examine the changes of black shale after weathering. Our results show that the trace elements of shale have varying degrees of loss in the weathering leaching process, both in Niutitang shale and Longmaxi shale, the loss of B, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ba is obvious, but the element migration quantity in the former is greater than in the latter. Decomposition of minerals such as pyrite, feldspar and calcite result in the leaching of Na, Ca, Mg and Fe. The loss rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in black shales ranges from 18% to 70% with an average of 43%; moreover, the loss of organic carbon in samples with high TOC content is larger than in those samples with low TOC content. Results following the testing of porosity and permeability show that porosity increases significantly after weathering but permeability changes little. Furthermore, the increment of porosity is greater in the Niutitang shale (with more sulphide minerals) than in the Longmaxi shale, suggesting that the oxidation of sulphide minerals may have led to the formation of an acidic environment, causing the other minerals in the black shale to weather more quickly, thus resulting in increased porosity. The content of clay minerals in the core samples is slightly lesser than the outcrop samples, but the TOC content in the core samples is greater and has a larger specific surface area. This suggest that the TOC content played a decisive role on the specific surface area of shale. In addition, changes in the black shale caused by the weathering process mainly depend on the mineral composition and the TOC content in shale. In this study, we try to establish relations between outcrop samples and core samples, in order to better understand the underground characteristics of shale reservoir.     

柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组泥页岩岩相特征与沉积环境分析

柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组发育了一套厚层富有机质细粒沉积岩,是研究区页岩气勘探的主力层系。克鲁克组泥页岩形成于陆表海沉积环境,与深海富硅质泥页岩和湖相富碳酸盐泥页岩具有显著差异,目前研究程度相对较低,因此对其开展岩相与沉积环境研究具有十分重要的沉积学与油气地质学意义。通过野外露头和岩心观察,薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析等技术,以区分标志明显、易于识别为主要原则,综合矿物组成、沉积构造、化石组合及其他混入物等因素,将柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组泥页岩划分出10种主要岩相类型,分别指示不同的沉积微环境。其中,煤岩、水平层理碳质黏土岩、透镜状层理粉砂质黏土岩、波状层理黏土质粉砂岩、脉状层理粉砂岩均属于潮坪沉积;富含菱铁矿结核的块状黏土岩为潟湖沉积;块状泥灰岩和块状生屑灰岩属碳酸盐台地沉积;而含介壳粉砂型泥岩和介壳型泥岩则属于潟湖与局限台地之间的过渡沉积,具有原地混积的特点。由于陆表海平缓的古坡脚,致使区内沉积体系受短期海平面升降变化影响显著,随滨线快速迁移,不同沉积环境的泥页岩在垂向上频繁叠置,交互出现,可总结出3种主要的岩相组合类型,分别形成于局限台地相潟湖相潮坪相组合,局限台地相潟湖相组合和局限台地相生物碎屑浅滩相组合。在泥页岩的岩相类型、特征、沉积环境及垂向演化序列研究的基础上,最终建立了陆表海泥页岩沉积模式。     

Calcareous nannoplankton, planktonic foraminiferal, and carbonate carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary section in the Ultrahelvetic Zone (Eastern Alps, Upper Austria)

Ultrahelvetic units of the Eastern Alps were deposited on the distal European continental margin of the (Alpine) Tethys. The Rehkogelgraben section (“Buntmergelserie”, Ultrahelvetic unit, Upper Austria) comprises a 5 m thick succession of upper Cenomanian marl-limestone cycles overlain by a black shale interval composed of three black shale layers and carbonate-free claystones, followed by lower Turonian white to light grey marly limestones with thin marl layers. The main biostratigraphic events in the section are the last occurrence of Rotalipora and the first occurrences of Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and Quadrum gartneri. The thickest black shale horizon has a TOC content of about 5%, with predominantly marine organic matter of kerogen type II. Vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval parameter T_max (<424 °C) indicate low maturity. HI values range from 261 to 362 mg HC/g TOC. δ¹³C values of bulk rock carbonates display the well documented positive shift around the black shale interval, allowing correlation of the Rehkogelgraben section with other sections such as the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) succession at Pueblo, USA, and reference sections at Eastbourne, UK, and Gubbio, Italy. Sediment accumulation rates at Rehkogelgraben (average 2.5 mm/ka) are significantly lower than those at Pueblo and Eastbourne.     

Early diagenetic spherulitic siderites from Pennsylvanian palaeosols in the Boss Point Formation, Maritime Canada

The Boss Point Formation of Maritime Canada comprises alternating successions of braidplain sandstone, lacustrine mudstone, and lacustrine fluvio-deltaic sandstone and mudstone. These rocks were deposited within an active strike-slip basin during the early Pennsylvanian (Westphalian A), at a palaeolatitude of 8°S. Palaesols comprise a small but distinct proportion of the formation, and typically occur at the tops of fining upward sandstone-siltstone cycles. Spherulitic siderites from the Boss Point Formation occur within sandy and silty palaeosols. They occur as ‘large’ (>200 μm) and ‘small’ (<200 μm) diameter spherulitic nodules within calcrete, and show either a radially arranged ferroan calcite and siderite spar morphology, or contain a core of ferroan calcite, surrounded by a later formed sheath of siderite. Analytical data indicate that with respect to Ca-Mg-Mn, wide compositional variation occurs within the siderites. The Boss Point Formation siderites are similar to, but contain less Ca for a given Mg/Mn ratio, than previously published siderite compositional data. Published data, together with the results from the Boss Point Formation, indicate that a continuum exists in freshwater siderites, between the relatively Mn-depleted and the Mg-enriched analytical fields that were previously reported. The relatively low Ca values determined in the Boss Point Formation samples reflect the general lack of calcium in the sedimentary basin during sedimentation. Both chlorite and smectite clays may have been important sources of iron. It is concluded that the spherulitic siderites are eogenetic, and formed within small anoxic ponds rich in organic matter, under reducing and low dissolved sulphate conditions. With time these pools dried up, ferroan calcite precipitating as calcrete nodules around the earlier formed siderite spherulites.     

Characteristics of black shale in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China

Geochemical and mineralogical analyses, in addition to isothermal adsorption experiments on field samples, are used to characterise the sedimentary environments, reservoirs and adsorbed gas of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng–lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas. The sedimentary environment of the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is a deep-water shelf with five different lithologies identified: siliceous shale, black shale, siltstone, biolithite limestone and bentonite. The black shale in the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is 50 m thick, with an average organic carbon content (TOC) of 3.81 wt% and a maturity (Ro) of 1.62%. Quartz comprises 54.94 vol% of the shale and positively correlates with the TOC. Micropores in the black shale include intergranular pores, intragranular pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Among these pores, spaces between clay sheets and organic molecules represent a favourable storage space for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The Langmuir volume parameter ranges between 1.52 and 3.01 cm³/g, with an average value of 2.33 cm³/g. The presence of organic matter pores and pores between clay sheets in the black shale is the main and controlling factor for accumulated gas.     

Comparative study of the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of synthetic and natural siderite samples

The mechanism of the thermal decomposition of two siderites (a pure synthetic and a natural Mg-containing sample) has been determined from comparison of the results obtained from linear heating rate (TG) and constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA) experiments in high vacuum. The thermal decomposition of the synthetic siderite takes place approximately 200 K below the decomposition temperature of the natural sample. The mechanism and the product of the thermal decomposition are different for the siderite samples. In fact, an A₂ kinetic model describes the thermal decomposition of the synthetic siderite, whereas the thermal decomposition of the natural sample obeys an F₁ kinetic law. Decomposition products of the synthetic siderite are iron and magnetite, those of the natural siderite are wüstite and minor magnetite. Received: 22 July 1999 / Accepted: 12 February 2000