华北中部造山带五台-恒山地区古元古代变质作用与构造演化

华北克拉通古元古代造山带的时空分布与构造属性尚有很大争论,一种观点认为华北克拉通从新太古代至古元古代受大洋俯冲闭合控制,在1.85~1.95 Ga之间先后发生3次陆-陆碰撞形成3条造山带,即孔兹岩带、胶-辽-吉带和中部造山带;另一种观点强调华北克拉通这3条元古代造山带在1.80~1.98 Ga之间经历了相同的漫长演化过程,指示当时特有的热俯冲和碰撞环境.通过总结中部造山带中的五台-恒山地区变质作用研究进展,阐述该区古元古代造山时代与构造属性.五台-恒山地区的主要变质岩石-构造单元包括恒山杂岩、五台杂岩和滹沱群.恒山杂岩和五台杂岩主体为新太古代TTG片麻岩和表壳岩,它们在古元古代晚期经历了两期变质作用改造.第一期变质作用为中压型,是由于陆-陆碰撞导致弧后伸展盆地闭合、地壳加厚造山所致,从南向北形成一个递增序列:包括五台群下部和南恒山杂岩南部的低角闪岩相、南恒山杂岩北部高角闪岩相和北恒山杂岩的高压麻粒岩相,其压力峰期所对应的地热梯度为~15 ℃/km.变质锆石所记录的年龄峰值随着变质程度增高而降低,依次为~1.95 Ga、~1.92 Ga和~1.85 Ga,这是因为在变质过程中锆石生长受流体和熔体行为控制:在亚固相线下,变质锆石可记录峰期变质年龄,而在超固相线条件下记录伴随熔体结晶的退变质年龄.由此确定该区中压相系变质作用压力峰期时间为~1.95 Ga,对应地壳加厚造山的峰期.加厚地壳由于重力均衡导致变质岩从深部地壳折返至中部地壳,在P-T轨迹上表现为压力峰期之后发生等温减压（ITD）至0.5~0.7 GPa,岩相学上表现为峰期石榴石分解形成斜长石"白眼圈"等,指示缺流体条件.南恒山北部高角闪岩相岩石中的变质锆石记录的折返时间为~1.92 Ga,指示第一次造山结束.第二期变质作用为中-低压型,系为板内变形所致,表现为折返至中地壳的岩石伴随挤压型剪切变形和流体注入形成平衡矿物组合.朱家坊韧性剪切带就是这次板内变形的强构造域,其中也记录了顺时针型P-T轨迹,但所反映的地壳加厚程度有限,第二期变质-变形峰期时间为~1.85 Ga.由于朱家坊韧性剪切带左行走滑,导致北恒山麻粒岩地体抬升.五台-恒山地区在1.80~1.96 Ga之间经历两期变质-变形事件,这一认识或对讨论华北克拉通其他地区的古元古代造山带演化有一定启示意义.      

三山四群关系雏议

五台山及与之毗连的太行山、恒山,发育着四套早前寒武纪变质岩系.浅变质的滹沱群以巨厚的底砾岩不整合在五台群之上.高角闪岩相的恒山杂岩是五台群深变质及部分熔融的产物,以火山岩为主体的中浅变质的五台群向东推覆在浅海碳酸盐建造的经受高角闪岩相变质的阜平群之上,两者属同时异相的沉积.它们之间的推覆韧性剪切带被过去认为是五台群底部碎屑岩(实系滹沱群下部地层)所沉积不整合。 恒山杂岩和阜平群中大面积分布着五台期侵入的灰色片麻岩.有证据表明五台群、阜平群及恒山杂岩都是在2800Ma结晶基底上发育起来,同时在2500Ma遭受褶皱,变质并被灰色片麻岩所侵入。     

湾子表壳岩中碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通中部造山带阜平杂岩的构造与演化的制约

位于华北克拉通中部造山带的阜平杂岩是研究华北克拉通演化历史的理想对象之一。阜平杂岩由一系列高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质和多期强烈变形的岩石组成,包括灰色片麻岩、麻粒岩、角闪岩、细粒片麻岩和大理岩,可以分为四个岩性单元:阜平灰色片麻岩、龙泉关眼球状片麻岩、湾子表壳岩和南营花岗片麻。本研究分析了大约200颗来自湾子表壳岩中碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成。其中锆石变质增生边给出1.82~1.84Ga,对应华北克拉通的最终拼合事件。除了小部分继承锆石具有2.5Ga到2.9Ga的继承年龄外,大部分岩浆锆石给出2.10Ga和2.51Ga两组年龄。这些结果表明湾子表壳岩来源于2.5Ga的阜平TTG片麻岩和2.0~2.1Ga的南营花岗片麻岩,沉积年龄在1.84~2.10Ga之间。所有年龄在2.51Ga的锆石都具有正的εHf初始值( 1.4~ 10.9),指示了一个重要的地壳增生事件发生在2.5Ga,大量的新生岩浆从亏损地幔涌入地壳中。Hf同位素数据还表明年龄在2.8Ga岩石是源区下地壳的重要组成部分,这跟东部陆块的Nd同位素组成相一致。年龄在2.1Ga的岩石εHf初始值为-4.9到 6.1,本文解释为其形成于先成地壳的再...     

华北中部造山带左权变质杂岩ca. 2.5Ga和ca. 1.9Ga变质年龄记录及其地质意义

华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底由多个微陆块组成,其主期拼合时代是困扰地质学家的一个重大课题。华北中部造山带作为新太古代-古元古代一条重要的碰撞型造山带已得到广泛共识。大量高精度年代学资料显示,华北中部造山带至少记录了大约1. 85Ga、1. 95Ga和2. 5Ga的三组变质年龄信息。但目前,2. 5Ga左右的变质年龄仅在华北中部造山带中部的阜平和赞皇等少数杂岩区有零星报道。左权变质杂岩位于华北中部造山带中南段东侧、阜平杂岩以南,向东紧邻赞皇杂岩,是洞悉早前寒武纪时期华北克拉通基底形成及演化过程的一个重要窗口。杂岩区出露多种早寒武纪变质岩石,其中长英质黑云斜长片麻岩分布范围最广,局部暗色矿物富集;斜长角闪岩或角闪片麻岩多以透镜状或似层状方式产出于长英质片麻岩中;杂岩区南部发育多个小型磁铁矿矿床。本文对研究区多种类型岩石样品进行了细致的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石稀土元素研究,发现多数样品中发育变质成因锆石,记录至少两组变质年龄信息。第一组年龄(1903Ma)仅被个别角闪片麻岩样品保存,反映了杂岩区所经历的变质峰期或近峰期阶段的时代;第二组年龄(2483～2507Ma)分布广泛,所代表的变质事件发生在区域片麻理之前,与华北克拉通约25亿年时发生的大规模构造热事件有关。     

华北中部构造带不同前寒武纪地块主要特征对比研究

古元古代是华北克拉通构造演化的关键时期,主要体现在由新太古代大陆地壳垂向增生到古元古代侧向增生的转换。华北中部构造带的构造性质是近年来华北克拉通构造演化研究争论的焦点之一,构造带中段出露恒山、五台和阜平等多个前寒武纪变质杂岩,其中发育多条大型韧性剪切带,这些剪切带的主期活动时代均为1. 85～1. 80Ga。本文以这些剪切带为构造边界将变质杂岩划分为恒山地块、繁峙地块、五台地块和阜平地块,并在早期研究中解析了繁峙地块构造挤入事件和阜平地块西部的伸展构造事件,表明这些前寒武纪地块的构造位置在古元古代末前后可能有所不同。结合前人资料,本文对这些地块的岩石组成、形成时代、变质作用以及典型构造样式等特征进行详细对比研究。结果表明,恒山地块、阜平地块和五台地块共同组成华北克拉通早前寒武纪"高级区-绿岩带"的典型壳层结构,而繁峙地块与其他地块具有明显差异,具有外来地块特征。     

冀西北怀安地体高级变质表壳岩的锆石年代学研究

位于华北克拉通中部造山带中北段的怀安地体与内蒙孔兹岩带相接,出露高压麻粒岩和退变榴辉岩等多种高级变质岩,是洞悉华北克拉通古元古代构造演化历史的重要窗口。研究区变质表壳岩包括夕线石榴长英质片麻岩、石榴长英质粒状岩石以及紫苏黑云二长片麻岩。阴极发光图像特征显示研究区样品的锆石主要包括碎屑锆石和变质锆石,其中碎屑锆石具有岩浆结晶环带,而变质锆石为单颗粒或围绕着继承性碎屑锆石边部生长,内部结构均匀,Th/U比值较低。锆石LAICP-MS U-Pb定年结果与前人研究结果综合表明该区变质表壳岩石的碎屑锆石的207Pb/206Pb年龄主要集中在~2040Ma,其原岩形成时代与孔兹岩带变泥质岩石相近,均为~2.0Ga。变质锆石记录其变质时代为1957~1804Ma,结合前人对怀安地区变泥质岩和变基性岩变质作用和年代学研究结果,推测得出1.95~1.92Ga代表了峰期(高压)麻粒岩相变质时代,1.90~1.85Ga代表峰后减压阶段变质时代,而1.85~1.80Ga代表退变质晚期的时代。怀安地区变质岩石可能卷入了阴山陆块、鄂尔多斯陆块以及东部陆块间的先后碰撞造山过程,并持续较长时间(1.95~1.80Ga),最终拼贴为统一的整体。     

华北东南缘五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化

华北东南缘五河杂岩的变质演化过程研究有助于揭示研究区前寒武纪变质基底的形成与演化历史.基于对五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩进行的详细岩相学观察、矿物电子探针及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和微量元素分析,识别出古元古代变质演化的3个阶段,重建了峰期后近等温减压及降压冷却的顺时针P-T-t轨迹.峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段的代表性矿物组合为石榴子石（富Ca核部）+单斜辉石（富Al）+斜长石+石英+金红石±角闪石（富Ti）,所记录的峰期温压条件为850~900 ℃、1.5 GPa;峰期后近等温减压麻粒岩相变质阶段,富Ti角闪石分解在周围形成石榴子石+斜方辉石+斜长石±单斜辉石的矿物组合,所记录的温压条件为~900 ℃、1.1~1.2 GPa;晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,石榴子石分解产生角闪石+斜长石±石英,所记录的温压条件为600~680 ℃、0.65~0.75 GPa.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,高压麻粒岩相、中压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质时代分别为~1.90 Ga、~1.85 Ga和~1.78 Ga.因此,研究区镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化过程与胶北地体可以对比,结合已有的2.1 Ga花岗质岩石的成因和锆石年代学等方面研究成果,进一步证明五河杂岩属于胶-辽-吉带的西延,二者共同构成了华北克拉通东部一条古元古代碰撞造山带.      

龙泉关剪切带眼球状花岗质片麻岩锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

恒山五台阜平地区地处华北克拉通中部造山带的中段,早前寒武纪地体出露较好,是解析华北克拉通早前寒武纪演化过程的最佳地段。龙泉关剪切带位于五台杂岩和阜平杂岩的交接部位,其主要岩石类型为眼球状花岗质片麻岩、变粒岩和斜长角闪岩。本文利用LA-ICP-MS方法对龙泉关剪切带中的眼球状花岗质片麻岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄和Lu-Hf同位素的测试。结果显示,龙泉关眼球状花岗质片麻岩原岩结晶年龄为(2 547±7) Ma,其εHf(t)值介于+2.7~+9.2,表明其源区主要为相对年轻的地壳物质,与五台地区新太古代花岗岩非常相似。龙泉关花岗质眼球状片麻岩中锆石两阶段Hf模式年龄(TDM2)为2 477~2 872 Ma,具有2.58 Ga、2.71 Ga和2.81 Ga三个峰值,记录了华北克拉通新太古代初始地壳生长事件。     

赞皇变基性岩中锆石的U-Pb定年及其地质意义

赞皇变质杂岩区位于阜平杂岩南部,地处华北克拉通中部造山带的中段,和中部带北段杂岩一样,是洞悉华北克拉通前寒武纪基底构造演化历史的一个重要窗口.研究区变基性岩可分为斜长角闪岩和角闪斜长片麻岩两种,二者均以似层状方式产于黑云斜长片麻岩或长英质片麻岩中,斜长角闪岩亦可呈透镜状,二者后期与围岩一起共同经历了高角闪岩相变质作用....     

华北克拉通中部阜平杂岩的演化及其构造属性:来自湾子表壳岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素证据

出露于华北克拉通中部带太行山区的阜平杂岩经历了角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用,传统上视为古老的太古宙地层,其形成历史和演化对正确理解华北克拉通前寒武地质有着十分重要的意义.     

华北克拉通新太古代早期构造热事件的响应:来自左权地区ca.2.7Ga TTG片麻岩的证据

新太古代早期是全球地质历史上一个重要的地壳生长时期,世界众多克拉通中广泛存在2. 7Ga左右的岩浆年龄记录。华北克拉通最主要的岩浆事件发生在新太古代晚期,这与世界其他克拉通广泛存在～2. 7Ga的构造热事件明显不同。但全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素研究表明,华北克拉通～2. 5Ga的岩石主体来自于中太古代晚期-新太古代早期大陆物质的重熔或再造。因此,厘定～2. 7Ga地质事件在华北克拉通的空间分布对深入理解新太古代地壳形成与演化具有重要科学意义。华北克拉通已识别出的～2. 7Ga的花岗质岩石主要分布在胶东、鲁西、武川、赞皇和太华等少数杂岩区,中部带的恒山、阜平和中条杂岩中亦有零星出露。左权变质杂岩位于中部带中南段,赞皇杂岩西南,初步地球化学和锆石年代学研究表明,该地区有多种岩石类型记录了～2. 7Ga的年龄信息,包括副片麻岩、长英质浅色体、磁铁矿角闪片麻岩和TTG片麻岩。其中,TTG片麻岩的原岩为英云闪长岩,锆石发育明显的核边结构,核部具有清晰的岩浆环带,两个不同LA-ICP-MS实验室获得的不一致线上交点年龄分别为2727±14Ma和2731±12Ma,代表了TTG岩浆岩的结晶年龄。同时,左权变质岩石中较好地保存了新太古代晚期的岩浆和变质年龄记录,推测其所代表的构造热事件与华北克拉通～2. 5Ga所经历的大规模幔源岩浆的底侵作用有关。     

Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping region, North China Craton

An arguable point regarding the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the North China Craton（NCC）is whether the tectonic setting in the central belt during the mid-Paleoproterozoic（2.35-2.0 Ga）was dominated by an extensional regime or an oceanic subduction-arc regime.A review of the midPaleoproterozoic magmatism and sedimentation for the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping region suggests that a back-arc extension regime was dominant in this region.This conclusion is consistent with the observation that the 2.35-2.0 Ga magmatism shows a typical bimodal distribution where the mafic rocks mostly have arc affinities and the acidic rocks mainly comprise highly-fractioned calc-alkaline to alkaline（or A-type）granites,and that this magmatism was coeval with development of extensional basins characteristic of transgressive sequences with volcanic interlayers such as in the Hutuo Group.Although the final amalgamation of the NCC was believed to occur at ～1.85 Ga,recent zircon U-Pb age dating for mica schist in the Wutai Group suggests a collisional event may have occurred at ～1.95 Ga.The metamorphic ages of ～1.85 Ga,obtained mostly from the high-grade rocks using the zircon U-Pb approach,most probably indicate uplifting and cooling of these high-grade terranes.This is because（i）phase modeling suggests that newly-grown zircon grains in highgrade rocks with a melt phase cannot date the age of peak pressure and temperature stages,but the age of melt crystallization in cooling stages;（ii）the metamorphic P-T paths with isobaric cooling under 6-7 kb for the Hengshan and Fuping granulites suggest their prolonged stay in the middle-lower crust;and（iii）the obtained metamorphic age data show a continuous distribution from 1.95 to 1.80 Ga.Thus,an alternative tectonic scenario for the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping region involves：（i）formation of a proto-NCC at ～2.5 Ga;（ii）back-arc extension during 2.35-2.0 Ga resulting in bimodal magmatism and sedimentation in rifting basins on an Archean basement;?     

Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt:Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton

The Wutai greenstone belt in central North China Craton(NCC) hosts a number of Precambrian gold deposits and ore occurrences. Based on the host rock association, these can be divided into Banded Iron Formation(BIF), meta-volcano-sedimentary and meta-conglomerate types. The two former types formed during ~2.5-2.3 Ga and the third one at ~1.85 Ga. The characteristics of these Precambrian gold deposits are broadly similar with those of the orogenic gold deposits. Based on available geochronological data, here we reconstruct the major tectonic events and their relationship with gold mineralization in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region during Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic as follows.(1)~2.6-2.5 Ga: widespread intrusion of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) magmas in the Hengshan terrane and Fuping continental arc, formation of the Wutai volcanic arc in the southern margin of Hengshan terrane with granitoids emplacement, and the Hengshan-Wutai intra-oceanic arc accretion to the Fuping arc at the end of Neoarchean.(2) ~ 2.5-2.3 Ga: the subduction of Hengshan arc from north leading to persistent magmatism and orogenic gold mineralization.(3)~2.2-2.1 Ga:extension leading to the formation of graben structure in the Wutai and Fuping region, deposition of the Hutuo and Wanzi Group sediments, formation of placer gold through erosion of the orogenic gold deposits.(4)~2.2-2.0 Ga: widespread magmatism in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region.(5)~1.95-1.8 Ga: regional metamorphism associated with collision of the Western and Eastern Blocks of the NCC and associated orogenic gold deposits. The multiple subduction-accretion-collision history and subsequent deep erosion has significantly affected most of the Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt.     

Composite nature of the North China Granulite-Facies Belt: Tectonothermal and geochronological constraints

Granulite-facies rocks are intermittently exposed in a roughly E–W trending belt that extends for approximately 2000 km across the North China Craton, from the Helanshan, Qianlishan, Wulashan–Daqingshan, Guyang and Jining Complexes in the Western Block, through the Huai'an, Hengshan, Xuanhua and Chengde Complexes in the Trans-North China Orogen, to the Jianping (Western Liaoning), Eastern Hebei, Northern Liaoning and Southern Jilin Complexes in the Eastern Block. The belt is generally referred to as the North China Granulite-Facies Belt, previously interpreted as the lowest part of an obliquely exposed crust of the North China Craton. Recent data indicate that the North China Granulite-Facies Belt is not a single terrane. Instead, it represents components of three separate terranes: the Eastern and Western Blocks and Trans-North China Orogen. Each of these units records different metamorphic histories and reflect the complex tectonic evolution of the NCC during the late Archean and Paleoproterozoic. Mafic granulites in the Eastern Block and the Yinshan Terrane (Western Block) underwent medium-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at about 2.5 Ga, with anticlockwise P–T paths involving near isobaric cooling following peak metamorphism, reflecting an origin related to intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Pelitic granulites in the Khondalite Belt (Western Block) underwent medium-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at about 2.0–1.9 Ga, with clockwise P–T paths, which record the Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the Yinshan and Ordos Terranes to form the Western Block. Mafic and pelitic granulites in the Trans-North China Orogen experienced high- to medium-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at 1.85 Ga, with clockwise P–T paths involving nearly isothermal decompression following peak metamorphism, which are in accord with the final collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks to form the North China Craton at 1.8 Ga. The NCGB cannot therefore represent a separate unique terrane; instead it reflects the amalgamation of three separate granulite terranes that evolved independently and at different times.     

Deformation history of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping Complexes: Implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen

The Trans-North China Orogen separates the North China Craton into two small continental blocks: the Eastern and Western Blocks. As one of the largest exposure in the central part of the orogen, the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping Complexes consist of four lithotectonic units: the Wutai, Hengshan and Fuping Complexes and the Hutuo Group. The Hengshan Complex contains high pressure mafic granulites and retrograded eclogites. Structural analysis indicates that most of the rocks in these complexes underwent three distinct episodes of folding (D₁ to D₃) and two stages of ductile thrust shearing (STZ₁ between D₁ and D₂ and STZ₂ after D₃). The D₁ deformation formed penetrative axial planar foliations (S₁), mineral stretching lineations (L₁), and rarely-preserved small isoclinal folds (F₁) in the Hengshan and Fuping Complexes. In the Wutai Complex, however, large-scale F₁ recumbent folds with SW-vergence are displayed by sedimentary compositional layers. Penetrative transposition resulted in stacking of thrust sheets which are separated by ductile shear zones (STZ₁). The kinematic indicators of STZ₁ in the Hengshan and Wutai Complexes show top-to-the-S230°W thrusting likely related to northeastward, oblique pre-collisional subduction. D₁ resulted in crustal thickening with resultant prograde peak metamorphism. The Hutuo Group did not undergo the D₁ deformation, either because sedimentation was coeval with the D₁ deformation or because it was at a high structural level and was not influenced directly by the early deformation. The D₂ deformation produced NW-verging asymmetric and recumbent folds. The D₂ deformation is interpreted to have resulted from collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks of the North China Craton. In the Hutuo Group and the Fuping Complex, the development of ESE-verging asymmetric tight folds is associated with D₂. The structural pattern resulting from superimposition of D₁ and D₂ is a composite synform in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping Complexes. All four lithotectonic units were superposed during the later D₃ deformation. The D₃ deformation developed NW-trending open upright folds. Ongoing collision led to development of transpressional ductile shearing (STZ₂), forming the transpressional Zhujiafang dextral ductile shear zone between the northern Hengshan Complex and the southern Hengshan Complex, and generating the sinistral Longquanguan ductile shear zone between the Fuping Complex and the Wutai Complex, respectively. The STZ₁ and D₂ deformation were possibly responsible for fast syn-collisional exhumation of the high pressure mafic granulites and retrograded eclogites. The structural patterns and elucidation of the deformation history of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping Complexes places important constraints on the tectonic model suggesting that an oceanic lithosphere between the Eastern and Western Blocks underwent northeastward-directed oblique subduction beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block, and that the final closure of this ocean led to collision between the two blocks to form the coherent basement of the North China Craton.     

太行山区的一些太古宙地层问题剖析

相关论文对笔者所做狭义阜平群地层年龄的报道所做评论与实际不符,而其厘定地层生成年龄或为Sm-Nd等时值,但却是违背了所需具备的前提条件;或属侵入该群的岩体年龄;或为同侵入体年龄吻合的变质年龄。所述湾子群的碎屑锆石年龄等也为高级变质作用中H2O流体改造的再次均一化值;在空间分布上的亲缘关系也远大于新太古代五台群,并非所倾向的古元古代。赞皇群中部的原红鹤组被分离为古元古代官都群的依据与实际不符,解释有误。所称狭义阜平群最老层位索家庄组的命名地点实为花岗质侵入体所占据,所含麻粒岩为从北区移植至此。《中国地层典》所建阜平群的全部层序己被1/5万区调所改变。