鲁西莲花山地区新太古代晚期二长花岗岩中的表壳岩包体——SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征

为了确定鲁西莲花山地区新太古代晚期二长花岗岩中的表壳岩包体的形成时代，并探讨与相邻雁翎关地区的雁翎关岩组中的新太古代早期变质火山岩系的关系。本文对表壳岩包体及相关岩石进行了锆石年代学和地球化学研究。表壳岩包体主要由变质超基性岩和斜长角闪岩组成，另含少量（黑云）角闪变粒岩和黑云变粒岩。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示：角闪变粒岩的岩浆锆石年龄为2 757 Ma；侵入斜长角闪岩的奥长花岗岩脉的年龄为2 593 Ma；从变质超基性岩分选出很少锆石，它们普遍遭受强烈变质重结晶，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为2 657~2 397 Ma。变质超基性岩具轻稀土亏损型或平坦型稀土模式，斜长角闪岩具平坦型稀土模式，角闪变粒岩具轻稀土略富集稀土模式，虽然大离子亲石元素相对富集，但都无明显Nb、Ta亏损。表壳岩包体的岩石组合、地球化学组成特征和形成时代可与相邻雁翎关地区的雁翎关岩组中的新太古代早期变质火山岩系对比，形成于大洋环境。新太古代早期表壳岩的原有分布范围应比现在所见到的更为广泛。     

华北克拉通鲁西地区早前寒武纪表壳岩系重新划分和BIF形成时代

鲁西花岗-绿岩带是华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底典型代表.表壳岩系包括泰山岩群、孟家屯岩组和济宁岩群.其中,泰山岩群是鲁西地区规模最大的表壳岩系,曾认为形成于新太古代早期,而济宁岩群曾认为形成于古元古代.根据野外地质和表壳岩系及相关岩石的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,本文对表壳岩系形成时代进行了重新划分.1)新太古代早期(2.70～2.75Ga)表壳岩系,包括原泰山岩群的雁翎关岩组和柳行岩组下段的大部分及孟家屯岩组.2)新太古代晚期(2.525～2.56Ga)表壳岩系,包括原泰山岩群的山草峪岩组、柳行岩组上段和下段的一部分及济宁岩群.它们在岩石组合、变质变形等方面存在明显区别,BIF形成于新太古代晚期.这是华北克拉通迄今唯一分辨出新太古代早期和晚期表壳岩系的地区.     

鲁西地区新太古界雁翎关组中花岗质“砾石”SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

鲁西地区泰山岩群雁翎关组为华北克拉通新太古代典型花岗绿岩带的重要组成部分,形成时代大于2.6Ga.对其中变质砾岩中的一花岗质砾石进行了锆石SHRIMP定年,(2632±18)Ma年龄为砾石所代表的花岗质岩石的形成时代,表明雁翎关变质砾岩中至少部分砾石为构造成因.该砾石可解释为花岗岩脉经构造变形而形成.结合前人研究成果,对泰山岩群形成时代和绿岩带基底岩石特征进行了探讨.     

山东省前寒武纪地层形成时代——同位素地质测年的证据

精确同位素地质测年结果表明,沂水岩群形成时代为2 760～2 700Ma,泰山岩群雁翎关岩组、柳杭岩组下亚组和孟家屯岩组形成时代为2 750～2 700Ma,均属新太古代早期;泰山岩群柳杭岩组上亚组、山草峪岩组形成时代为2 600～2 540Ma（被峄山岩套石英闪长岩和傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩侵入）,济宁岩群岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,均属新太古代晚期。荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。芝罘群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄（1 658±32）Ma、（1 792±43）Ma,形成时代为中元古代。云台岩群花果山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄800～740Ma,形成时代为新元古代。     

鲁西台上铁矿床地质特征及矿床成因

台上铁矿床位于鲁西蒙阴县境内,为磁铁石英角闪岩型低品位铁矿床,成因上属沉积变质型铁矿床。矿体以条带状、透镜状为主;矿体规模较小,厚度、品位变化较大;主要矿石矿物为磁铁矿,其次为赤铁矿及褐铁矿,并可见少量黄铁矿;矿石主要呈细粒变晶结构,条带状及浸染状构造;矿石自然类型属需选贫铁矿矿石。矿体属泰山岩群雁翎关组的组成部分,与泰山岩群的形成与演化过程一致,在新太古代泰山岩群雁翎关组地层与岩浆岩接触带附近具较好的成矿远景。     

河南箕山登封岩群变质中基性火山岩的地球化学及年代学研究

对登封岩群 TTG杂岩区内的斜长角闪质表壳岩包体以及绿岩区的变质中基性火山岩对比研究表明 ,其主元素、微量元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征等指示该区的变质中基性火山岩同时同源 ,具有由拉斑玄武岩向钙碱性玄武岩演变的趋势.登封岩群上下部 2件 Sm Nd等时线年龄极为一致 ,可以合并为一条等时线 ,年龄为 (2 512± 19) Ma,ε Nd(t)=2.40± 0.16.综合分析认为 ,箕山地区的登封岩群稍晚于嵩山地区 ,是在新太古代末期一个非常短暂的时间内形成的 ,形成于类似现代岛弧的构造环境.     

山东早前寒武纪变质地层形成年代——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年的证据

在鲁西地区,确定了泰山岩群主体形成时代为2 750-2 700 Ma,属新太古代早期。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年：雁翎关组角闪变粒岩（2 747±7）Ma,柳杭组黑云变粒岩（2 739±16）Ma、（2 703±6）Ma,侵入雁翎关组底部透闪阳起片岩的片麻状石英闪长岩（2 740±6）Ma。济宁（岩）群碎屑锆石年龄（2 700-2 665）Ma,岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,所以济宁（岩）群形成于新太古代晚期,而不是以往认为的古元古代。在鲁东地区,发现了中太古代表壳岩系、花岗质岩石和新太古代早期TTG花岗质岩石;荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。荆山群大理岩被锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄（1 868±11）Ma、（1 852±9）Ma的莱州组合西水夼单元辉长岩、闪长岩侵入,并一起遭受变质变形作用改造。     

鲁西泰山岩群变质枕状玄武岩岩相学和侵入的奥长花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U Pb年代学

鲁西泰山岩群柳杭岩组中,典型变质枕状玄武岩出露在济南章丘的团员沟村西一带。本文对变质枕状玄武岩的野外地质和岩相学特征,作了详细描述。电子探针分析表明,岩枕内部既有原生斜长石(An>30),又有绿片岩相变质形成的钠长石(An<10)。侵入柳杭岩组的片麻状奥长花岗岩中的岩浆锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为2707±9Ma,它限制了泰山岩群形成时代不晚于2.71Ga。     

莱芜市独路石墨矿矿床地质特征及矿床成因

独路石墨矿位于泰山一沂山断隆泰山凸起东端,矿床赋存于新太古代泰山岩群雁翎关组之中。矿床内发育6个石墨矿体,呈层状、似层状产出。矿石类型主要为含石墨黑云变粒岩型,石墨矿石属鳞片状晶质石墨矿,石墨矿物片径细小。矿石样品固定碳含量一般为6％～8％,在省内属较高品位。原岩为富含有机质的杂砂岩——沉积凝灰岩,经中低压变质相系变质作用形成石墨矿,属沉积变质成因。找矿标志明显,外围及深部找矿前景良好。独路石墨矿的发现填补了鲁西地区石墨矿空白。     

鲁西新太古代洋板块地质及板块构造活动遗迹

鲁西地区是我国新太古代经典的花岗岩-绿岩带出露地区之一,前人已积累了丰硕的构造地层、同位素地质年龄、地球化学及成矿作用等方面的资料,并对这一时期的地球动力学特征进行了讨论.通过研究“洋板块地质”的思路综合前人已获得的区域地质调查研究资料,表明泰山岩群镁铁质火山岩演化是一套由科马提岩-拉斑玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩、钙碱性玄武岩及安山岩等两类岩石组合复合而成的火山岩系,反映了相对早期形成与洋内地幔柱有关的科马提岩向相对晚期与弧有关的钙碱性玄武岩-安山岩的演化过程;新太古代初期形成岛弧型英云闪长岩带到新太古代中期形成分异型奥长花岗岩,则反映了俯冲过程中的花岗岩演化特点;新太古代晚期硅质高镁玄武岩（高镁玄武安山岩）的确定则是活动大陆边缘岩浆弧的产物;泰山岩群中红宝石（刚玉）的发现,进一步指示其形成的背景与新太古代板块构造俯冲作用有关,为鲁西存在新太古代洋板块地质遗迹提供了地质学证据.      

东昆仑中段万宝沟群玄武岩的形成时代和构造意义

万宝沟群位于柴达木地块南缘、东昆仑造山带中段,主要由溢流相玄武岩、火山和陆源碎屑岩以及灰岩组成。万宝沟玄武岩可以分为两类:高Ti碱性玄武岩和低Ti拉斑玄武岩,前者具有高的Ti/Y(502~660)、Nb/Y(0.8~1.6)值和Ti O2含量(2.76%~4.97%),与OIB类似;后者具有相对低的Ti/Y(383~439)、Nb/Y(0.3~0.4)值和Ti O2含量(1.80%~2.49%),与E-MORB类似。SIMS锆石年代学结果表明万宝沟玄武岩形成于新元古代(762±2 Ma)。野外地层和地球化学特征显示万宝沟玄武岩可能形成于大陆裂谷或者初始洋盆环境,代表Rodinia超大陆裂解的峰期阶段。     

Chemostratigraphy of lava sequences from the Rio Itapicuru Greenstone Belt,Bahia State,Brazil

The Rio Itapicuru greenstone terrain of north-central Bahia State consists of belts of supracrustal rocks surrounding granitic plutons and domes. The basal supracrustal rocks are predominantly massive metabasalts with minor amounts of intercalated chemical sedimentary rocks and mafic tuffs. They are overlain by a middle unit of intermediate to acid pyroclastic rocks, lavas, and volcaniclastic sediments, and an upper unit of greywackes, sandstones and conglomerates.A geochemical study of major and trace elements of the volcanic rocks indicates the existence of a chemical discontinuity between the basaltic and the acid to intermediate members. The basalts are typical tholeiites with Ti, Zr, Sr, Y and Nb contents analogous to those of modern ocean-floor tholeiites or, alternatively, low-K tholeiites of primitive island arcs. In contrast, compositional variations of the hornblende-bearing andesites and dacites fall along indisputably calc-alkaline trends of low FeO and TiO₂ contents which decrease with increasing differentiation. The lithostratigraphic and chemical variations within lavas of the Rio Itapicuru greenstone are comparable to those described from the Western Australian greenstone belts. Only in greenstone belts of the Canadian type do thick calc-alkaline sequences containing abudant basaltic andesites overlie conformably and transitionally the underlying tholeiitic basalts. Elsewhere the calc-alkaline sequences, if present, do not contain basaltic andesites and are chemically unrelated to the underlying basalts.     

The cretaceous Ladakh arc of NW himalaya—slab melting and melt–mantle interaction during fast northward drift of Indian Plate

The Kohistan–Ladakh Terrane in the NW Himalaya is a remnant of a Cretaceous arc sequence obducted onto the Indian margin. This paper presents a geochemical study (major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopes) of the Mid-Cretaceous lavas of the Ladakh side of the arc sequence, which were erupted in response to northward subduction of Neo-Tethys oceanic crust.Lavas from the western Ladakh in Pakistan can be divided into three groups which, from north to south, are: (1) the Northern Group of back-arc tholeiites [0.5<(La/Yb)_N<1.4; 0.3<(Nb/La)_N<1.4; 4<εNd<8; 38.66<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<38.80], (2) the Southern Group of arc tholeiites [1.8<(La/Yb)_N<3.9; 0.1<(Nb/La)_N<0.6; 5<εNd<6; 38.40<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<38.66], and (3) the Katzarah Formation of tholeiitic Nb-rich lavas [3.4<(La/Yb)_N<9.8; 1.4<(Nb/La)_N<2.1; 3<εNd<5], including radiogenic Pb lavas [39.31<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<39.51] and less radiogenic lavas [38.31<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<38.55]. Magmas from the eastern Ladakh in India show a simple series of more evolved arc volcanics from basalts to rhyolites [basalts and basaltic andesites: 2.5<(La/Yb)_N<5.7; 0.4<(Nb/La)_N<0.5; 1.8<εNd<5.5; 38.70<²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb<38.80]. Isotope and trace element data of western Ladakh lavas are compatible with high-degree melting (14–21%) of a fertile MORB-mantle source. An adakitic lava [(La/Yb)_N=55.8; (Nb/La)_N=0.3; εNd=1.7; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=39.00] and a Mg-poor Nb-rich basalt [(La/Yb)_N=4.6; (Nb/La)_N=1.3; εNd=−2; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=39.07] are spatially associated with the tholeiitic arc lavas. Isotope compositions of all the lavas, and in particular the radiogenic Nb-rich and adakitic lavas suggest three-component mixing between depleted mantle similar to the Indian MORB mantle, and enriched components similar to the volcanogenic or pelagic sediments. The geochemical diversity of magma types is attributed to contribution of melts from the subducted crust and associated sediments, and their subsequent interaction with the mantle. Such melt–mantle interactions can also be inferred from relicts of sub-arc mantle found in Indian Ladakh. These results lead to a geodynamic reconstruction of the Kohistan–Ladakh arc as a single entity in the Mid-Cretaceous, emplaced south of the Asian margin. Slab melting imply subduction of young oceanic crust, as already proposed for the Oman ophiolite farther west. The fast northward drift of the Indian Plate could have triggered wide-scale inversion of the divergent tectonic regime responsible for the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Our results suggest breaking of the young oceanic crust initiated at the ridge rather than at passive plate boundaries.     

西准噶尔早泥盆世马拉苏组火山岩岩石成因研究

新疆西准噶尔北部地区的早泥盆世马拉苏组出露有少量富钠低钾的拉斑质中基性熔岩,这些分布于谢米斯台断裂北侧的玄武安山岩和玄武岩多呈夹层状断续产出于火山碎屑岩之中。马拉苏中基性熔岩的Mg#与主、微量元素协变关系及Th-Th/Nd图反映了其并非同源岩浆演化的结果。马拉苏火山岩中的玄武安山岩富集LILE、亏损HFSE,具有较高的Th含量及较低的Hf/Th和(Nb/Th)PM比值,显示出弧火山岩的地球化学特征。其中的玄武岩则具有略为平坦的稀土元素分配样式,较低的Th含量及较高的Hf/Th和(Nb/Th)PM比值,此同MORB地球化学特征极为相似;虽然其也显示有轻微的LILE富集、HFSE亏损,但是较高的La/Nb比值则暗示这同地壳或俯冲物质组分的卷入有关,且一系列构造环境判别图解也进一步印证了马拉苏组内的玄武岩应属似MORB基性熔岩。此外,两类岩石的高场强元素比值Zr/Nb、Hf/Ta同全球平均大洋中脊玄武岩的相应比值极为接近,反映了马拉苏组中基性火山岩的物质源区主体均为MORB地幔物质源区。La/Yb-Gd/Yb原始地幔标准化比值的模拟计算进一步显示了马拉苏组玄武安山岩与受改造(俯冲沉积物或地壳物质的混染)的石榴子石或尖晶石-石榴子石地幔橄榄岩物质源区的部分熔融作用有关,而似MORB型玄武岩则源自尖晶石地幔橄榄岩源区的部分熔融。结合区内同期的蛇绿岩、火山岩和碱性花岗岩的地球化学研究,我们可以进一步推断此类兼具有似MORB和弧火山岩地球化学特征的早泥盆世马拉苏火山岩应当是西准噶尔地块北部在早古生代受后期俯冲作用影响下经历弧后扩张形成的火山-岩浆地质记录。     

Enriched and depleted arc basalts, with Mg-andesites and adakites: A potential paired arc-back-arc of the 2.6 Ga Hutti greenstone terrane, India

The ∼2.6 Ga Hutti greenstone belt is one of several Neoarchean greenstone terranes of the eastern Dharwar Craton. There are prevalent mafic volcanic flows with subordinate felsic volcanic units and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. All lithologies show variable intensities of submarine hydrothermal alteration, polyphase deformation and greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism, yet pillow, cumulus, and other primary volcanic features are locally preserved. Well exposed interlayered metabasalts, Mg-andesites (MA), and felsic flows outcrop along an 11 km sector in the SE of the terrane. Based on combined petrographic and geochemical characteristics, two tholeiitic basalt populations have been identified within the metabasalts: (1) those with enriched LREE at 20-50 times chondrite, and (2) an depleted LREE population at 12-20 times chondrite. The former has fractionated LREE, where (La/Sm)_N = 1.2-1.7, but flat HREE, and negative anomalies at Nb, P, and Ti relative to neighbouring REE. The latter has lower absolute abundances of compatible and incompatible elements, mildly fractionated LREE, smaller anomalies at Nb, P, and Ti, with (Gd/Yb)_N = 1.1-1.6. Several samples have the “N-MORB” signature of LREE depletion coupled with positive Nb anomalies. On the Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb discrimination diagram depleted basalts plot near the MORB field whereas enriched basalts overlap the backarc and arc fields, consistent with a paired arc-back-arc. Mg-andesites feature SiO₂ 57-61 wt.%, multielement pattens similar to enriched basalts, coupled with Cr, Co, Ni contents greater than “normal” andesites. Felsic volcanic rocks are characterized by low Y, high (La/Yb)_N, and Zr/Sm, but low Nb/Ta, with zero to positive Eu anomalies, thus conforming to most of the compositional criteria of Archean and Phanerozoic adakites. Similar associations of enriched and depleted arc basalts, with adakites, are known from Neoarchean greenstone terranes of the Superior Province. During intraoceanic subduction, slab dehydration-wedge melting generated arc basalts whereas slab melting-wedge hybridization, generated adakites and Mg-andesites.     

冀东双山子群变质火山岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及其对岩石成因和构造背景的制约

冀东双山子群是一套出露于青龙县东部变质程度较低的火山沉积地层,其中火山岩地层主要由变质玄武岩、安山岩和英安岩-流纹岩组成。全岩地球化学分析表明变玄武岩呈现拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征,起源于尖晶石二辉橄榄岩12%~25%的部分熔融,变质安山岩与变质英安岩-流纹岩形成于弧下地幔部分熔融,该熔体受到地壳物质混染。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年表明本群变质安山岩形成于2514±16Ma,而变质流纹岩形成于2522±8Ma,二者均受到~2450和~2300Ma的后期热事件扰动。结合本群变质火山岩的岩石组合、地球化学特征和岩石成因,该套岩石可能形成于活动大陆边缘弧相关构造背景。     

Mantle sources and magma evolution of the Rooiberg lavas,Bushveld Large Igneous Province,South Africa

We report a new whole-rock dataset of major and trace element abundances and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr–¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratios for basaltic to rhyolitic lavas from the Rooiberg continental large igneous province (LIP). The formation of the Paleoproterozoic Rooiberg Group is contemporaneous with and spatially related to the layered intrusion of the Bushveld Complex, which stratigraphically separates the volcanic succession. Our new data confirm the presence of low- and high-Ti mafic and intermediate lavas (basaltic—andesitic compositions) with >?4 wt% MgO, as well as evolved rocks (andesitic—rhyolitic compositions), characterized by MgO contents of <?4 wt%. The high- and low-Ti basaltic lavas have different incompatible trace element ratios (e.g. (La/Sm)_N, Nb/Y and Ti/Y), indicating a different petrogenesis. MELTS modelling shows that the evolved lavas are formed by fractional crystallization from the mafic low-Ti lavas at low-to-moderate pressures (~?4 kbar). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns of the Rooiberg rocks show an enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), rare-earth elements (REE) and pronounced negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, P, Ti and a positive Pb anomaly. Unaltered Rooiberg lavas have negative εNd_i (??5.2 to ??9.4) and radiogenic εSr_i (6.6 to 105) ratios (at 2061 Ma). These data overlap with isotope and trace element compositions of purported parental melts to the Bushveld Complex, especially for the lower zone. We suggest that the Rooiberg suite originated from a source similar to the composition of the B1-magma suggested as parental to the Bushveld Lower Zone, or that the lavas represent eruptive successions of fractional crystallization products related to the ultramafic cumulates that were forming at depth. The Rooiberg magmas may have formed by 10–20% crustal assimilation by the fractionation of a very primitive mantle-derived melt within the upper crust of the Kaapvaal Craton. Alternatively, the magmas represent mixtures of melts from a primitive, sub-lithospheric mantle plume and an enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) component with harzburgitic composition. Regardless of which of the two scenarios is invoked, the lavas of the Rooiberg Group show geochemical similarities to the Jurassic Karoo flood basalts, implying that the Archean lithosphere strongly affected both of these large-scale melting events.     

Geochemical systematics of the Mauranipur-Babina greenstone belt,Bundelkhand Craton,Central India:Insights on Neoarchean mantle plume-arc accretion and crustal evolution

The Neoarchean Bundelkhand greenstone sequences at Mauranipur and Babina areas within the Bundelkhand Gneissic Complex preserve a variety of magmatic rocks such as komatiitic basalts, basalts,felsic volcanic rocks and high-Mg andesites belonging to the Baragaon, Raspahari and Koti Formations.The intrusive and extrusive komatiitic basalts are characterized by low SiO_2(39-53 wt.%), high MgO(18-25 wt.%).moderately high Fe_2O_3(7.1-11.6 wt.%), Al_2O_3(4.5-12.0 wt.%), and TiO_2(0.4-1.23 wt.%)with super to subchondritic(Gd/Yb)N ratios indicating garnet control on the melts. The intrusive komatiitic suite of Ti-enriched and Al-depleted type possesses predominant negative Eu and positive Nb, Ti and Y anomalies. The chemical composition of basalts classifies them into three types with varying SiO_2, TiO_2, MgO, Fe_2O_3, Al_2O_3 and CaO. At similar SiO_2 content of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ basalts, the type II basalts show slightly high Al_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3 contents. Significant negative anomalies of Nb, Zr, Hf and Ti, slightly enriched LREE with relatively flat HREE and low ∑REE contents are observed in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ basalts. TypeⅢ basalts show high Zr/Nb ratios(9.8-10.4), TiO_2(1.97-2.04 wt.%), but possess strikingly flat Zr, Hf, Y and Yb and are uncontaminated. Andesites from Agar and Koti have high SiO_2(55-64 wt.%), moderate TiO_2(0.4-0.7 wt.%), slightly low Al_2O_3(7-11.9 wt.%), medium to high MgO(3-8 wt.%) and CaO contents(10-17 wt.%). Anomalously high Cr, Co and Ni contents are observed in the Koti rhyolites. Tholeiitic to calc alkaline affinity of mafic-felsic volcanic rocks and basalt-andesite dacite-rhyolite differentiation indicate a mature arc and thickened crust during the advanced stage of the evolution of Neoarchean Bundelkhand greenstone belt in a convergent tectonic setting where the melts were derived from partial melting of thick basaltic crust metamorphosed to amphibolite-eclogite facies. The trace element systematics suggest the presence of arc-back arc association with varying magnitudes of crust-mantle interaction. La/Sm, La/Ta,Nb/Th, high MgO contents(20 wt.%), CaO/Al_2O_3 and(Gd/Yb)_N 1 along with the positive Nb anomalies of the komatiite basalts reflect a mantle plume source for their origin contaminated by subductionmetasomatized mantle lithosphere. The overall geochemical signatures of the ultramafic-mafic and felsic volcanic rocks endorse the Neoarchean plume-arc accretion tectonics in the Bundelkhand greenstone belt.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks of the Neoarchaean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, northwestern Tanzania

The late Archaean volcanic rocks of the Rwamagaza area in the Sukumaland Greenstone Belt consists of basalts and basaltic andesites associated with volumetrically minor rhyodacites and rhyolites. Most basalts and basaltic andesites yield nearly flat patterns (La/Sm_CN = 0.89–1.34) indicating derivation by partial melting of the mantle at relatively low pressure outside the garnet stability field. On primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams, the basalts and basaltic andesites can be subdivided into two groups. The first group is characterised by moderately negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.51–0.73, mean = 0.61 ± 0.08) with slight enrichment of LREE relative to both Th and HREE. The second group is characterised by nearly flat patterns with no Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.77 ± 0.39). The observed Nb and Th anomalies in the Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites, cannot be explained by alteration, crustal contamination or melt–solid equilibria. Rather, the anomalies are interpreted, on the basis of Nb–Th–La–Ce systematics, as having formed by partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle consisting of variable mixtures of components derived from two distinct sources. These sources are depleted mantle similar to that generating modern MORB and an LREE-enriched and HFSE-depleted source similar to that feeding volcanism along modern convergent margins.The rhyolites are characterised by high Na₂O/K₂O ratios (>1) and Al₂O₃ (>15 wt.%), low HREE contents (Yb = 0.24–0.68 ppm) leading to highly fractionated REE patterns (La/Yb_CN = 18.4–54.7) and large negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.11–0.20), characteristics that are typical of Cenozoic adakites and Archaean TTG which form by partial melting of the hydrated basaltic crust at pressures high enough to stabilize garnet ± amphibole. The Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites are geochemically analogous to the Phanerozoic Mariana Trough Back Arc Basin Basalts and the overall geochemical diversity of Rwamagaza volcanic rocks is interpreted in terms of a geodynamic model involving the interaction of a depleted mantle, a melting subducting oceanic slab in a back arc setting.