基于微水试验倾斜承压含水层水文地质参数的推估

为了准确的推估出倾斜承压含水层的水文地质参数,有必要考虑倾角对于参数推估的影响.通过建立倾斜承压含水层微水试验的数学模型,利用理论和现场试验数据分析方法,得出倾角对导水系数等水文地质参数推估的影响.结果表明:低渗透条件下,倾角越大非振荡水位恢复速度越快;高渗透条件下,倾角越大振荡水位振幅越大.储水系数越大倾角上限越小,倾角影响越明显,而倾角上限对于导水系数的变化不敏感.根据该结论建立了无因次储水系数和倾角界限之间的经验方程,用于预测倾角是否会影响水文地质参数的推估.当实测倾角大于倾角上限时,倾角影响不可以被忽略,忽略倾角会导致导水系数估值偏高,储水系数估值偏低.      

双重孔隙介质微水试验模型在倾斜裂隙含水层中的应用

试验场地内现场调查发现固结致密砂岩层中存在一个倾角47°的倾斜裂隙含水层。为了研究倾角所产生的影响,通过建立倾斜裂隙微水试验的双重孔隙介质理论模型,利用理论和现场试验数据分析方法,讨论倾角对水文地质参数推估的影响。结果表明:低渗透条件下,倾角越大非振荡水位恢复速度越快;高渗透条件下,倾角越大振荡水位振幅越大。裂隙渗透系数越小,母岩贮水率越大,双重孔隙介质特征参数越大时,倾角上限越小,倾角影响越明显。根据该结论确定出模型适用于倾角大于30°的裂隙含水层。忽略倾角会导致裂隙渗透系数估值偏高,母岩贮水率估值偏低,双重孔隙介质特征参数估值偏低。     

用模糊综合评判法确定导水系数的尝试

该文试图用模糊综合评判法,研究确定承压含水层的导水系数 T 值。方法是通过分析确定承压含水层导水系数 T 值的影响因素,给出备择集,并建立确定导水系数 T 值的模糊变换器,最后用加权平均法求得承压含水层的导水系数 T 值。     

滨海多层含水层系统中海潮引起的地下水位波动

通过对一个滨海多层含水层系统的考察,该含水层系统由上、下弱透水层和介于中间的承压含水层组成,海底露头处被淤泥层覆盖.建立了描述该系统中地下水水头随潮汐波动的数学模型,并得到其解析解.该解析解与六个基本参数有关,分别是承压含水层的海潮传播参数,淤泥层的无量纲透水系数,上下弱透层与承压含水层贮水率的比率 (无量纲)和上下弱透层的无量纲越流.当这些参数取某些特殊值时,我们的解便化简为前人考虑的几种简单情形对应的解.分析表明,承压含水层中地下水水头波幅是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的减函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的增函数;波动相位(时滞)是上、下弱透水层贮水率和越流系数的增函数,是淤泥层相对透水系数的减函数.     

含水层释水系数及贮水系数的初步研究

释水系数及贮水系数是含水层的重要水文地质参数之一。由于松软含水层是属于弹性、塑性体、除具有弹性释水性能外、还有塑性释水性质。往往塑性释水要大于弹性释水的几倍、几十倍,甚至几个数量级。而用抽水试验方法又只能求得弹性释水系数,无法确定塑性释水系数。为弥补此不足,作者根据土力学中饱水土的压缩理论,进行释水及贮水模拟试验建立起计算公式,并利用地下水动态长期观测资料,求得不同岩性含水层的弹性释水系数、塑性释水系数和贮水系数。为采用释水系数计算下降水位,用弹性贮水系数计算回升水位提供了可靠依据。从而提高了地下水位预测精度。     

论“单位涌水量就是导水系数”成立的特殊条件

针对截取侧向径流的抽水井,兰太权提出一个解释单位涌水量的公式,认为“单位涌水量就是导水系数”(q=T),并以砂箱试验的结果作为证据。然而,这个等式的推导过程缺少严谨的水动力学基础。砂箱试验的边界条件等价于含有1个或2个定水头边界的矩形承压含水层,单井抽水的稳定流场可以用镜像井点叠加法求解,从理论上表明单位涌水量与导水系数成正比,而比例系数取决于含水层的形状和抽水井的半径。在特定条件下,含水层和抽水井的尺寸可以造成单位涌水量与导水系数相等的情况,兰太权发表于文献中的2组砂箱试验恰好符合这种条件,但并不能证明q=T具有普适性。新的砂箱试验避免了几何尺寸的这种特殊组合,得到了显著偏离q=T的结果。     

承压含水层全值域井函数公式的应用

对无漏承压含水层贮水系数和导水系数可根据抽水试验来确定。目前用的井函数近似法只适用于小的自变量值,不能充分利用整个抽水试验数据。为此,本文提出了一个精确的井函数表达式,它适用于自变量的全值域。另外,针对目前参数估算中常用的最小二乘法易造成大的偏差弊端,提出了一个代替最小二乘法的判别函数。     

海潮引起有越流的滨海承压含水层地下水头变化的数值模拟

海潮波动可以引起海岸带有越流的承压含水层地下水头发生波动。建立了基于有限差分法的滨海地区一维承压含水层地下水运动数值模型。通过将潮汐波动概化为正弦波,分别对初始水头水平及线性倾斜的承压含水层模拟了滨海地区有越流的承压含水层地下水头随潮汐波动的变化。通过对两种情形下的变化比较,结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海承压含水层地下水头与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加,地下水头的变幅及潮汐效率呈负指数函数衰减,水头倾斜情形下变幅更小,潮汐效率更小,滞后时间更短,地下水头对海潮的滞后时间随距离呈线性增加。     

气压式振荡试验确定地层渗透系数适宜性

为评价滨海地区海（咸）水入侵区不同类型地层渗透性,提出振荡试验适宜模型选择方法。利用Geoprobe系统对不同平面位置地层实施了气压式振荡试验,部分点位进行了分层测试;利用配线法计算地层渗透系数。结果表明:当试验目标层为承压含水层时,利用Butler模型分析欠阻尼振荡试验,KGS模型分析过阻尼振荡试验,均可获得良好的计算结果;当试验目标层为弱透水层时,KGS模型可用于过阻尼振荡试验的数据分析,但计算结果会受到相邻高渗透性含水层以及钻孔编录不准确的影响。地层渗透性等级未知条件下,需根据地层类型、介质岩性、测试井结构和水位恢复过程曲线特征选择适宜的振荡试验分析模型,以准确获取地层渗透系数值。     

山东淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶水中污染物运移的数值研究

在分析研究淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上 ,对裂隙岩溶水的水头和污染物运移进行数值研究。目前国内外对裂隙岩溶水进行数值计算时 ,通常用等价多孔介质模型 ,但裂隙岩溶介质和多孔介质有很大不同。裂隙岩溶介质的储水和导水空间为裂隙网络 ,导水系数大 ,地下水的实际平均流速比孔隙水大得多 ,但给水度和贮水系数小。当用等价多孔介质模型进行模拟时应考虑这些特点。对于污染物运移的模拟 ,要同时求解水头方程和对流弥散方程 ,可采用MODFLOW和MT3D软件进行模拟。研究区裂隙岩溶水水头的数值计算表明 ,等效多孔介质模型水头的拟合误差能满足国标GB/T144 97- 93的要求。各时段地下水水量均衡计算的精度也满足要求。对流弥散方程的数值计算 ,由于Peclet数高达 95 .6 7,对流占绝对优势 ,可能存在数值弥散和数值振荡 ,因而采用多种方法进行了比较。对于同一问题 ,同时采用上游有限差分法 (UFDM) ,混合的欧拉拉格朗日方法 (特征线法MOC、改进特征线法MMOC和混合特征线法HMOC) ,总变异消减法(TVD)进行计算 ,并比较其结果。结果表明 ,混合特征线法 (HMOC)和总变异消减法 (TVD)比较适合于对流占优势的运移问题计算。由于渗透系数K和有效孔隙度θ对溶质运移结果的影响很大 ,?     

Analytical solutions for constant-rate test in bounded confined aquifers with non-Darcian effect

This paper proposes a simplified analytical solution considering non-Darcian and wellbore storage effect to investigate the pumping flow in a confined aquifer with barrier and recharge boundaries. The mathematical modelling for the pumping-induced flow in aquifers with different boundaries is developed by employing image-well theory with the superposition principle, of which the non-Darcian effect is characterized by Izbash’s equation. The solutions are derived by Boltzmann and dimensionless transformations. Then, the non-Darcian effect and wellbore storage are especially investigated according to the proposed solution. The results show that the aquifer boundaries have non-negligible effects on pumping, and ignoring the wellbore storage can lead to an over-estimation of the drawdown in the first 10 minutes of pumping. The higher the degree of non-Darcian, the smaller the drawdown.     

A generalized solution for groundwater head fluctuation in a tidal leaky aquifer system

A new analytical solution is developed for describing groundwater level fluctuations in a coupled leaky confined aquifer system which consists of an unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, and an aquitard in between. The aquifer system has a tidal boundary at the seashore, a no flow boundary at remote inland side, and a confined aquifer extending under the sea and terminated with an outlet-capping. This new solution has shown to be a generalisation of most existing analytical solutions for a tidal aquifer system which includes single confined and leaky confined aquifers. In addition, the solution is used to explore the influences of the dimensionless leakance of the outlet-capping, the dimensionless hydraulic diffusivities, and the leakages of the inland and offshore aquitards on the head responses in the leaky confined aquifer.     

A practical approach for the interpretation of flowing well tests

Flowing well test is one of the tools employed to identify transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer where the potentiometric surface is located above the ground surface, so that the groundwater flows naturally from the well without pumping. During a flowing well test, constant hydraulic head is preserved at the well while the discharge from the well decreases with time and the temporal variation of discharge provides significant information about aquifer characteristics. In this study, a simple and straightforward approach is presented as an alternative to a number of graphical or error minimization-based techniques available in the literature for analyzing data from flowing well tests. The proposed method employs a polynomial regression equation to establish a link between observed discharge and the theoretical dimensionless discharge that is introduced in the analytical solution, so as to retrieve the aquifer parameters. The method is tested with a vast number of synthetically generated data sets as well as a real data set reported in the literature. Besides its simplicity, the present method is seen to produce highly accurate and reliable estimations.     

Determination of porosity and storage capacity of a calcareous aquifer (France) by correlation and spectral analyses of time series

Time-series analyses were used to investigate the relationships between barometric pressure changes, earth tides, and water-level fluctuations in a confined aquifer. The method was applied to data from the fractured aquifer at the Hydrogeological Experimental Site in Poitiers (France) and used to yield estimates of the aquifer’s storage capacity, porosity and barometric efficiency. The aim is to address relevance of these analyses for an aquifer showing both fracture draining and confined karstic flow in thin strata. Cross-correlation and spectral analysis are used to compare water-level head and atmospheric-pressure fluctuations. Porosity and storage capacity are calculated using this method and compared to results from petrophysical measurements and hydraulic pumping tests, respectively. The storage coefficients calculated by the time-series analyses are in agreement with those obtained by interpretation of the interference pumping tests. Conversely, porosity values calculated by time-series analyses are underestimated compared to those obtained by other methods.     

Heat extraction from aquifer geothermal systems

This study aims to model temperature distributions in an aquifer thermal extraction (ATE) system that contains a single extraction well in a thin confined aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by hot dry rocks with different thermomechanical properties and thicknesses. Based on the heat convection–conduction equation, a mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial and temporal temperature distributions of the ATE systems. The mechanisms of heat transfer in the model involve horizontal convection and thermal conduction in the aquifer, and vertical thermal conduction in both rocks. A semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form is developed using the Laplace transform technique and its corresponding time‐domain result is computed by the modified Crump method. In addition, the steady‐state solution is obtained by applying the final value theorem. The simulation results from the semi‐analytical solution indicate that the aquifer temperature distributions are affected by aquifer thickness, the thermomechanical properties of the aquifer and rocks, geothermal gradient, outer boundary temperatures of the rocks, extraction rate, and operating time. The present solution can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing heat extraction efficiency in ATE systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Algebraic estimation of the specific storage from slug tests in confined aquifers in the overdamped case

Hydrogeology Journal - A simple method is presented for estimating the specific storage of a confined aquifer from an overdamped slug test in a fully penetrating well. This method is based on the...     

Analysis of recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage: a Rayleigh-based method

High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) is an important technique for energy conservation. A controlling factor for the economic feasibility of HT-ATES is the recovery efficiency. Due to the effects of density-driven flow (free convection), HT-ATES systems applied in permeable aquifers typically have lower recovery efficiencies than conventional (low-temperature) ATES systems. For a reliable estimation of the recovery efficiency it is, therefore, important to take the effect of density-driven flow into account. A numerical evaluation of the prime factors influencing the recovery efficiency of HT-ATES systems is presented. Sensitivity runs evaluating the effects of aquifer properties, as well as operational variables, were performed to deduce the most important factors that control the recovery efficiency. A correlation was found between the dimensionless Rayleigh number (a measure of the relative strength of free convection) and the calculated recovery efficiencies. Based on a modified Rayleigh number, two simple analytical solutions are proposed to calculate the recovery efficiency, each one covering a different range of aquifer thicknesses. The analytical solutions accurately reproduce all numerically modeled scenarios with an average error of less than 3 %. The proposed method can be of practical use when considering or designing an HT-ATES system.