内蒙古东部新胜屯地区晚侏罗世A型花岗岩特征与成因

内蒙古新胜屯地区花岗岩侵入晚侏罗世玛尼吐组及白音高老组火山岩的岩性主要为中粒花岗岩、花岗斑岩及钾长花岗斑岩。在野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究晚侏罗世花岗岩的产出特征、岩石学特征及岩石地球化学特征,发现新胜屯地区花岗岩具有高硅碱富钾和贫镁低钙、TFeO/MgO比值高、碱性及准铝质—过铝质的特征;稀土元素总量高,轻稀土富集,Eu亏损显著,稀土元素配分曲线呈不对称右倾的"海鸥型"展布;微量元素Zr、Y、Ce及高场强元素Rb、Th、K、Sm、Nd含量高,而Sr、Ba、P、Ti亏损。上述岩体地球化学特征表明岩体属铝质A型花岗岩,形成于非造山期板内拉张的构造环境。     

小兴安岭石林林场A型花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

根据岩石学及地球化学等特征,对小兴安岭北部石林林场A型花岗岩进行了构造环境研究。石林林场A型花岗岩为高钾钙碱性系列、过铝质岩石,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、La、Ce和轻稀土元素。岩石化学成分特点及Na2O--K2O图解表明,花岗岩为铝质A型花岗岩。通过对Nb--Y构造环境判别图解、R1--10 000 Ga/Al判别图解及构造环境讨论表明,石林林场花岗岩形成于陆内拉张环境。     

东秦岭铜山-天目山铝质A型花岗岩特征及构造意义

铜山-天目山花岗岩地处东秦岭的桐柏北部,由铜山、天目山两个花岗岩岩基或岩株组成,分别呈北西向蝌蚪状、南东向不规律带状展布于羊册-明港断裂带南北两侧,以往被认为是S型花岗岩。研究结果表明,其岩石化学以高硅碱富钾贫钙低镁及FeOT/MgO比值高、碱性、准铝质-过铝质为特点;稀土元素总量较高,Eu亏损显著,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式呈典型的"海鸥型";微量元素中HFSE富集、Rb/Sr、Rb/Ba比值较高,Sr、Ba、Ta、P、Ti强烈亏损,属铝质A型花岗岩,明显不同于S型及I型、M型花岗岩。形成于叠覆造山期后的板内拉张环境,标志着东秦岭地壳在早白垩世中晚期仍处于伸展减薄塌陷阶段。     

杭州泗岭铝质A型花岗岩的发现及其构造意义

初步研究表明,以往被认为是典型的S型花岗岩或改造-重熔型花岗岩的泗岭岩体应为铝质A型花岗岩。该岩体高硅、碱、钾而明显贫钙、镁;高(K2O Na2O)/CaO值(平均16.79)和AKI指数(平均0.92);FeO*/MgO比值大(平均13.95),高于M型、S型和I型花岗岩,而与世界A型花岗岩平均值(13.4)相近;岩石为弱碱性、准铝-弱过铝质,富含稀土元素、HFSE元素,高Rb、F和Nb,反映其具A型花岗岩的成分特征。泗岭岩体氧同位素δ18O为 8‰～ 9‰,反映岩浆主要起源于下地壳。该岩体侵位于拉张的构造环境,是晚白垩世早期一次重要的构造-岩浆热事件,同时也反映了区域性孝丰—三门湾大断裂与学川—湖州大断裂在晚白垩世早期处于拉伸阶段。     

东准噶尔贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩的厘定及意义

初步研究表明,长期以来被认为S型花岗岩的贝勒库都克黑云母花岗岩应为铝质A型花岗岩.该岩体以富硅(SiO2=75.25%～76.67%)和碱(Na2O+K2O=8.08%～8.97%),贫镁(MgO=0.02%～0.18%)和钙(CaO =0.39%～0.89%),氧化指数变化较大(W=0.02～0.15)以及高FeOT/MgO比值(12.71～84.51,平均34.55)为特征.其K2O＞Na2O,NK/A=0.86～0.95(平均0.92),A/CNK=0.97～1.02(＞0.95),属偏铝-过铝质钙碱-弱碱性岩石.在微量元素和稀土元素组成上,岩石富Ga、Zr和Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr等元素.10 000 Ga/Al比值(2.97～4.20)均大于A型花岗岩的下限值(2.6),明显高于I型和S型花岗岩的平均值(分别为2.10和2.28).在Zr、Ce、Nb对10 000 Ga/Al以及FeOT/MgO对(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)、SiO2等A型花岗岩多种判别图上,投影点均落在A型花岗岩区,而与高分异的I、S型花岗岩明显不同.这些特征表明,贝勒库都克黑云母花岗岩与国内外铝质A型花岗岩(如福建沿海、东西准噶尔和澳大利亚Lachlan褶皱带铝质A型花岗岩)十分相似.在Nb-Y-Ce、R1-Ga/Al和R1-R2构造环境判别图上,显示出造山后花岗岩的特征.贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩的厘定,不仅对探讨卡拉麦里地区地壳物质组成及构造演化有着重要的地质意义,还为我国新疆北部寻找与铝质A型花岗岩有关的锡矿资源开辟了方向.     

广西昆仑关A型花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

昆仑关岩体位于广西南丹-昆仑关燕山期花岗岩带西南端, 岩石类型为黑云母花岗岩.岩相学及化学成分显示其属高钾钙碱性岩系, 具高硅、富碱和铝、低磷和钛的特点, SiO₂含量为68.13~72.61, K₂O/Na₂O比值介于1.28~1.69之间, 铝指数A/CNK=0.72~1.28, 属准铝质一强过铝质岩石.富集Ga、Rb、Th、U、Pb等元素, 而强烈亏损13a、Nb、Sr、P和Ti.稀土元素具明显负Eu异常, 总体呈现轻稀土富集的右倾"V"形配分模式.昆仑关古民单元锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果为93±1Ma, 形成于晚白垩世.矿物组成及地球化学特征确定了南丹-昆仑关花岗岩带是华南西南端一条重要的铝质A型花岗岩带, 控岩断裂构造为NW向南丹一昆仑关深大断裂.岩石学及主量和微量元素(含稀土)特征表明岩体侵位于后碰撞阶段的张性构造环境.结合研究范围在晚白垩世的构造背景及区域应力场匹配组合关系, 认为其与印度板块在该时期北移所引起的古太平洋板块高角度俯冲所导致的弧后拉张有关, 与浙闽沿海A型花岗岩或碱性岩分别代表了匹配构造体制下的两条A型花岗岩带.      

浙江道林山新元古代A型花岗岩的发现及其构造意义

道林山岩体侵入于元古宙火山岩和沉积岩中,锆石U-Pb法同位素年龄测定为814Ma和816Ma,形成于晋宁晚期。该岩体主要由钾长石、石英及少量斜长石、黑云母组成,为碱性长石花岗岩,氧化物平均值及NK/A比值与世界A型花岗岩相近,但与M型、S型和I型花岗岩相比,则具有富硅碱而贫钙镁等特点;岩石准铝-过铝质,富含稀土元素和高场强元素,FeO*/MgO比值大,形成于后造山构造环境。该岩体为后造山铝质A型花岗岩,是在晋宁晚期华夏、扬子两大陆块碰撞作用结束后的拉张环境中形成,是华南Rodinia超大陆裂解事件的岩石学记录,揭示了华南Rodinia超大陆裂解始于晋宁晚期(青白口纪),表明江山-绍兴断裂带在晋宁晚期即进入拉张裂解阶段。     

祁漫塔格印支期铝质A型花岗岩的确定及初步研究

祁漫塔格小红山印支期钾长花岗岩的岩石化学成分为过铝质(A/NKC介于1.03～1.06之间),高硅(SiO2>76%),偏碱性(ALK=7.77%～8.22%),K2O>Na2O,FeOT/MgO比值高(9.4～21.7),CaO、MgO、TiO2和P2O5含量低(分别为<0.78%,≤0.14%,≤0.1%和≤0.02%)。岩石富Rb、Th、U、Y、Zr、Nb和Hf,贫Sr、Ba、Eu、Cr和Ni,Ga/Al比值高,明显不同于I型和S型花岗岩,显示了铝质A型花岗岩的特征,形成于造山后的伸展环境。该A型花岗岩的确定证明了祁漫塔格地区晚三叠世之前碰撞造山作用的存在,以及祁漫塔格与东昆仑造山带的亲缘性。     

大兴安岭中部柴河地区钾长花岗岩的成因及构造背景:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学的制约

对大兴安岭中部柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩进行了系统的地球化学及锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究,并对其岩石成因及构造意义进行讨论.研究结果表明,柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩中锆石具有典型的岩浆振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U比值(0.44 ～ 1.42),反映了岩浆成因特征.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为133±3Ma.岩石具有富硅、稀土元素含量较高、相对富集轻稀土元素亏损重稀土元素的特征,Eu负异常较为明显,稀土元素配分图解具有右斜“V”字型的特征,并相对富集高场强元素和大离子亲石元素.以上特征表明,柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩为铝质A型花岗岩,是地壳岩石部分熔融的产物,具有典型A1型(裂谷或板内)花岗岩的特征,代表了伸展的构造环境.     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区乌兰乌珠尔早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

为确定东昆仑祁漫塔格乌兰乌珠尔地区片麻状黑云母花岗岩和二长花岗岩的形成时代、岩石成因、源区性质和构造背景,对该岩石样品进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.结果显示:片麻状黑云母花岗岩加权平均年龄为457.5±2.3 Ma,铝饱和指数A/CNK介于0.98~1.02,属准铝质岩石,Na₂O/K₂O比值为0.440~0.625,属于高钾钙碱性系列.二长花岗岩加权平均年龄为422.5±1.6 Ma,铝饱和指数A/CNK介于1.03~1.05,属弱过铝质岩石.二者均具有高硅(SiO₂介于68.93%~74.72%)、高碱(全碱ALK介于6.83%~9.40%)、低磷(P₂O₅小于0.12%)等特征.富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,δEu值为0.29~0.70,显示Eu中度负异常.富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,属于I型花岗岩.二长花岗岩样品的ε_Hf(t)值为-2.2~+1.4,二阶段模式年龄为1 320~1 546 Ma.结合岩石成岩年龄、地球化学特征及区域构造演化认为片麻状黑云母花岗岩(457.5±2.3 Ma)为下地壳部分熔融产物,形成于原特提斯洋向北俯冲导致的局部拉张环境.二长花岗岩(422.5±1.6 Ma)岩浆来源于中元古代新增生的下部地壳熔融产物,形成于碰撞拼贴后的伸展构造环境.      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the