Comparison of a karst groundwater model with and without discrete conduit flow

Karst aquifers exhibit a dual flow system characterized by interacting conduit and matrix domains. This study evaluated the coupled continuum pipe-flow framework for modeling karst groundwater flow in the Madison aquifer of western South Dakota (USA). Coupled conduit and matrix flow was simulated within a regional finite-difference model over a 10-year transient period. An existing equivalent porous medium (EPM) model was modified to include major conduit networks whose locations were constrained by dye-tracing data and environmental tracer analysis. Model calibration data included measured hydraulic heads at observation wells and estimates of discharge at four karst springs. Relative to the EPM model, the match to observation well hydraulic heads was substantially improved with the addition of conduits. The inclusion of conduit flow allowed for a simpler hydraulic conductivity distribution in the matrix continuum. Two of the high-conductivity zones in the EPM model, which were required to indirectly simulate the effects of conduits, were eliminated from the new model. This work demonstrates the utility of the coupled continuum pipe-flow method and illustrates how karst aquifer model parameterization is dependent on the physical processes that are simulated.     

广西北山岩溶管道—裂隙—孔隙地下水流数值模拟初探

本文从水动力学角度分析各种岩溶含水介质中的水流特征,将其归纳为储水介质、导水介质和控水介质,并根据折算渗透系数ＫＬ的概念和建立耦合达西流和百达西流于一体的岩溶管道－裂隙－孔隙三重介质地下水模型,对广西环江北山矿区岩溶含水系统进行了初步探讨。北山实例的模拟结果表明,三重介质模型较全面地刻画了岩溶水动态的特征,反映了相对均匀裂隙流与控制性管道流并存、线性流与非线性流相互转变的运动特点,不仅理论上比较合     

An integrated linear/non-linear flow model for the conduit-fissure-pore media in the karst triple void aquifer system

Most karstic aquifer media may be characterized as the triple-void media with highly-varied hydraulic properties, including matrix pore, fissure and conduit, in which liner flow may co-exist with non-linear flow. In this paper, an attempt is made to couple linear flow with non-linear flow in a single unified flow governing equations by introducing the concept of equivalent hydraulic conductivity (EHC) and deriving a general Darcys law for various flow. The expression of EHC in the karst conduit and fissure are also derived. The procedures of numerical implementation are demonstrated via an ideal model and a case study of karst aquifer system in the Beishan Ore Formation area, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China.     

岩溶区地下水数值模拟研究进展

岩溶含水介质的不均一性导致岩溶地下水流动、溶质运移和热量迁移的数学模拟研究成为地下水模拟的难点。本文综述了岩溶区地下水流模拟的几种方法,重点阐述了等效多孔介质法、双重连续介质法和三重介质法的定义、发展过程和适用范围,并回顾了这几种方法的研究成果。从等效多孔介质法到三重介质法,模拟精度不断提高,适用范围也逐渐由大区域实际问题向小区域理论研究过渡。介绍了溶质运移模拟和热迁移模拟的研究方法及实例。溶质运移模拟以对流弥散方程为基础,其中尺度效应是溶质运移模拟的重点研究问题;热量迁移模拟应考虑地下热水密度变化对地下热水运动的影响。溶质运移模拟和热量迁移模拟往往是将迁移模型和已经调试成功的地下水流动模型相耦合,从而达到模拟溶质及热量迁移的目的。由于溶质运移和热量迁移的复杂性,现阶段水流模型多数处于等效多孔介质模型阶段。综合理论及实际应用,指出精确刻画裂隙及管道和注重基础数学算法是岩溶水数值模拟进步的关键。      

准饱和多孔介质中圈闭气体对渗透系数的影响

含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流,准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响,在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大;4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内,准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%,且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式;该公式与Faybishenko公式等效,但形式简单,参数较少,使用方便;准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙,造成原有效孔隙度减少,从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论,Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律,而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差,不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数;试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。     

山东淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶水中污染物运移的数值研究

在分析研究淄博市大武水源地裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上 ,对裂隙岩溶水的水头和污染物运移进行数值研究。目前国内外对裂隙岩溶水进行数值计算时 ,通常用等价多孔介质模型 ,但裂隙岩溶介质和多孔介质有很大不同。裂隙岩溶介质的储水和导水空间为裂隙网络 ,导水系数大 ,地下水的实际平均流速比孔隙水大得多 ,但给水度和贮水系数小。当用等价多孔介质模型进行模拟时应考虑这些特点。对于污染物运移的模拟 ,要同时求解水头方程和对流弥散方程 ,可采用MODFLOW和MT3D软件进行模拟。研究区裂隙岩溶水水头的数值计算表明 ,等效多孔介质模型水头的拟合误差能满足国标GB/T144 97- 93的要求。各时段地下水水量均衡计算的精度也满足要求。对流弥散方程的数值计算 ,由于Peclet数高达 95 .6 7,对流占绝对优势 ,可能存在数值弥散和数值振荡 ,因而采用多种方法进行了比较。对于同一问题 ,同时采用上游有限差分法 (UFDM) ,混合的欧拉拉格朗日方法 (特征线法MOC、改进特征线法MMOC和混合特征线法HMOC) ,总变异消减法(TVD)进行计算 ,并比较其结果。结果表明 ,混合特征线法 (HMOC)和总变异消减法 (TVD)比较适合于对流占优势的运移问题计算。由于渗透系数K和有效孔隙度θ对溶质运移结果的影响很大 ,?     

Modeling the subglacial hydrology of the James Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

To investigate the drainage conditions that might be expected to develop beneath soft-bedded ice sheets, we modeled the subglacial hydrology of the James Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from Hudson Bay to the Missouri River. Simulations suggest the James Lobe had little effect on regional groundwater flow because the poorly conductive Upper-Cretaceous shale that occupies the upper layer of the bedrock would have functioned as a regional aquitard. This implies that general northward groundwater flow out of the Williston Basin has likely persisted throughout the Quaternary. Moreover, the simulations indicate that the regional aquifer system could not have drained even the minimum amount of basal meltwater that might have been produced from at the glacier bed. Therefore, excess drainage must have occurred by some sort of channelized drainage network at the ice–till interface. Using a regional groundwater model to determine the hydraulic conductivity for an equivalent porous medium in a 1-m thick zone between the ice and underlying sediment, and assuming conduit dimensions from previous theoretical work, we use a theoretical karst aquifer analog as a heuristic approach to estimate the spacing of subglacial conduits that would have been required at the ice–till interface to evacuate the minimum water flux. Results suggest that for conduits assumed to be on the order of a tenth of a meter deep and up to a meter wide, inter-conduit spacing must be on the order of tens–hundreds of meters apart to maintain basal water pressures below the ice overburden pressure while evacuating the hypothesized minimum meltwater flux.     

Groundwater-flow modeling in the Yucatan karstic aquifer, Mexico

The current conceptual model of the unconfined karstic aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is that a fresh-water lens floats above denser saline water that penetrates more than 40 km inland. The transmissivity of the aquifer is very high so the hydraulic gradient is very low, ranging from 7–10 mm/km through most of the northern part of the peninsula. The computer modeling program AQUIFER was used to investigate the regional groundwater flow in the aquifer. The karstified zone was modeled using the assumption that it acts hydraulically similar to a granular, porous medium. As part of the calibration, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) karstic features play an important role in the groundwater-flow system; (2) a ring or belt of sinkholes in the area is a manifestation of a zone of high transmissivity that facilitates the channeling of groundwater toward the Gulf of Mexico; and (3) the geologic features in the southern part of Yucatan influence the groundwater-flow system. The model shows that the Sierrita de Ticul fault, in the southwestern part of the study area, acts as a flow barrier and head values decline toward the northeast. The modeling also shows that the regional flow-system dynamics have not been altered despite the large number of pumping wells because the volume of water pumped is small compared with the volume of recharge, and the well-developed karst system of the region has a very high hydraulic conductivity. Electronic Publication     

Implication of surface modified NZVI particle retention in the porous media: Assessment with the help of 1-D transport model

Retention of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles in the porous media near the point of injection has been reported in the recent studies. Retention of excess particles in porous media can alter the media properties. The main objectives of this study are, therefore, to evaluate the effect of particle retention on the porous media properties and its implication on further NZVI particle transport under different flow conditions. To achieve the objectives, a one-dimensional transport model is developed by considering particle deposition, detachment, and straining mechanisms along with the effect of changes in porosity resulting from retention of NZVI particles. Two different flow conditions are considered for simulations. The first is a constant Darcy’s flow rate condition, which assumes a change in porosity, causes a change in pore water velocity and the second, is a constant head condition, which assumes the change in porosity, influence the permeability and hydraulic conductivity (thus Darcy’s flow rate). Overall a rapid decrease in porosity was observed as a result of high particle retention near the injection points resulting in a spatial distribution of deposition rate coefficient. In the case of constant head condition, the spatial distribution of Darcy’s velocities is predicted due to variation in porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The simulation results are compared with the data reported from the field studies; which suggests straining is likely to happen in the real field condition.     

Modeling of subsidence and stress-dependent hydraulic conductivity for intact and fractured porous media

Summary This study investigates the changes in deformation and stress dependent hydraulic conductivities that occur as a result of underground mining in intact and fractured porous media. The intact porous medium is assumed to be comprised of regularly packed spherical grains of uniform size. The variation in grain size or pore space due to the effect of changing intergranular stresses results in a change in rock hydraulic conductivity. A model is developed to describe the sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to effective stresses through Hertzian contact of spherical grains. The fractured porous medium is approximated as an equivalent fracture network in which a single fracture is idealized as a planar opening having a constant equivalent thickness or aperture. Changes in fracture aperture as a result of changes in elastic deformation control the variation of hydraulic conductivity. A model is presented to illustrate the coupling between strain and hydraulic conductivity. Subsidence induced deformations that result from mining induced changes in hydraulic conductivity in both intact and fractured media. These changes are examined and compared with results from a mining case study.     

基于流量衰减曲线的岩溶含水层水文地质参数推求方法

分析流量衰减曲线是研究岩溶含水层水文地质参数的重要手段。在阐明流量衰减分析理论的基础上,通过连续监测一年寨底地下河出口的小时流量过程,共获取8 784组流量数据。首先选取典型的2013年9月25日3:00暴雨后至2013年10月13日17:00的446组流量数据作为研究对象,并利用MATLAB软件对该时间段的流量过程进行曲线拟合,从而确定了不同阶段流量衰减系数分别为0.642 5、0.025 8、0.001 5;然后通过流量衰减系数计算寨底不同含水介质导水系数T与给水度S的比值;最后利用裂隙率近似给水度的方法确定了寨底不同含水介质的水文地质参数。结果表明,寨底岩溶管道、裂隙、基岩介质导水系数分别为:258.87、3 865.98、40.64 m²/d。说明辅以必要的水文地质调查,确定管道分布和径流距离,流量衰减曲线可用于计算岩溶含水层不同介质的导水性能和给水度。     

Structural controls on groundwater flow in a fractured bedrock aquifer underlying an agricultural region of northwestern New Brunswick,Canada

A hydrogeological study was conducted in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada, to improve the predictability of fracture-dominated groundwater flow within folded bedrock composed of fine-grained turbidites. Borehole televiewer logging and outcrop mapping, integrated with hydraulic packer tests revealed enhanced hydraulic conductivity associated with northeasterly striking bedding-plane fractures formed during folding and flexural slip. These fractures impart azimuthal anisotropy to the aquifer because of moderately dipping fold limbs. High-angle fractures form a well-developed non-stratabound network, comprising two open fracture sets striking NNE parallel to the current direction of principal stress, and WNW parallel to the direction of principal stress that dominated during the Acadian orogeny. The subset of fractures showing significant oxidation, deemed most important to the groundwater flow system, is dominated by bedding-plane and high-angle fractures striking near-parallel to the maximum principal stress direction, resulting in extensional opening and enhanced hydraulic conductivities. An equivalent porous media model, incorporating anisotropy and varying hydraulic conductivity with depth, indicates that horizontal flow dominates the aquifer with relatively minor exchange between different model layers. These findings have implications for understanding flow directions in the Black Brook Watershed and elsewhere in the Matapédia Basin where fractures formed under similar stress conditions.     

基于CFP的岩溶管道流数值模拟研究——以桂林寨底地下河子系统为例

为了描述岩溶多重含水介质存在非达西流问题,研究管道流CFP模型在岩溶区数值模拟中的应用。在分析管道流CFP基本原理的基础上,通过建立概念模型算例(5个管道,上下临界雷诺数分别为2 000和4 000),探讨不同管道水文地质参数对出口流量及水流状态的影响,并对参数敏感性进行分析,最后将CFPM1模型应用于广西寨底岩溶地下河系统,探讨在实际应用中的管道流模型适用性。概念模型结果表明,参数敏感度从大到小依次为:管道直径、水力梯度、管道渗透系数、弯曲度及粗糙度,流量与雷诺数随管道参数增大而增大,水流状态从层流变为紊流。寨底岩溶管道流模型中3个观测井及地下河出口实测流量表明CFPM1能较好地模拟出岩溶地下水水位变化趋势。得出结论:CFPM1管道流模型允许岩溶管道与基岩含水层进行水流交换,能够较好地刻画岩溶区管道介质非达西流特征,但管道参数获取较为困难,且不能刻画岩溶管道形态变化。该方法具有一定通用性,可为实际应用提供指导。     

陈崇希教授的学术思想和成就综述

在地下水资源评价理论方面, 陈崇希教授分析了"平均布井法"不符合质量守衡原理的实质, 纠正了以"地下水补给量计算可持续开采量"的错误, 提出了基于"质量守衡"的地下水资源评价原则, 强调分析"补给的增加量与排泄的减少量"在评价地下水可持续开采量时的重要意义.在地下水动力学领域, 陈崇希教授纠正了稳定井流"影响半径"模型的错误, 恢复了Dupuit"圆岛模型"的原貌, 拓展了Theis公式和Hantush公式的应用条件, 改进了地下水非稳定井流理论, 完善了其中的某些基本概念.在水文地质模拟仿真技术方面, 陈崇希教授提出确定滨海承压含水层海底边界的理论和方法; 提出地下水混合井流的模型和模拟方法, 解决了混合抽水试验确定分层水文地质参数的难题; 提出岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙三重介质的地下水线性-非线性流动的模型; 建立了考虑井管水流雷诺数对滤管入流量分布的水平井-含水层系统的地下水流模型; 完成了"渗流-管流耦合模型"的砂槽物理模拟, 并用数值方法仿真了地下水流的规律; 最近向观测孔水位形成的传统观念———常规观测孔中的水头降深反映该孔滤水管中各点的平均降深———提出质疑.陈崇希教授建立的"渗流-管流耦合模型"使传统的基于线汇/线源的井孔-含水系统模型提高到新的水平.陈崇希教授积极倡导"防止模拟失真, 提高仿真性", 强调精细地分析水文地质条件、合理地概化模型和采用正确的仿真技术的重要性.      

Modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions in an Alpine valley (the Aosta Plain,NW Italy): the effect of groundwater abstraction on surface-water resources

A groundwater flow model of the Alpine valley aquifer in the Aosta Plain (NW Italy) showed that well pumping can induce river streamflow depletions as a function of well location. Analysis of the water budget showed that ～80% of the water pumped during 2 years by a selected well in the downstream area comes from the baseflow of the main river discharge. Alluvial aquifers hosted in Alpine valleys fall within a particular hydrogeological context where groundwater/surface-water relationships change from upstream to downstream as well as seasonally. A transient groundwater model using MODFLOW2005 and the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package is here presented, aimed at investigating water exchanges between the main regional river (Dora Baltea River, a left-hand tributary of the Po River), its tributaries and the underlying shallow aquifer, which is affected by seasonal oscillations. The three-dimensional distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was obtained by means of a specific coding system within the database TANGRAM. Both head and flux targets were used to perform the model calibration using PEST. Results showed that the fluctuations of the water table play an important role in groundwater/surface-water interconnections. In upstream areas, groundwater is recharged by water leaking through the riverbed and the well abstraction component of the water budget changes as a function of the hydraulic conditions of the aquifer. In downstream areas, groundwater is drained by the river and most of the water pumped by wells comes from the base flow component of the river discharge.     

Estimation of regional-scale groundwater flow properties in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh

Quantitative evaluation of management strategies for long-term supply of safe groundwater for drinking from the Bengal Basin aquifer (India and Bangladesh) requires estimation of the large-scale hydrogeologic properties that control flow. The Basin consists of a stratified, heterogeneous sequence of sediments with aquitards that may separate aquifers locally, but evidence does not support existence of regional confining units. Considered at a large scale, the Basin may be aptly described as a single aquifer with higher horizontal than vertical hydraulic conductivity. Though data are sparse, estimation of regional-scale aquifer properties is possible from three existing data types: hydraulic heads, ¹⁴C concentrations, and driller logs. Estimation is carried out with inverse groundwater modeling using measured heads, by model calibration using estimated water ages based on ¹⁴C, and by statistical analysis of driller logs. Similar estimates of hydraulic conductivities result from all three data types; a resulting typical value of vertical anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical conductivity) is 10⁴. The vertical anisotropy estimate is supported by simulation of flow through geostatistical fields consistent with driller log data. The high estimated value of vertical anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity indicates that even disconnected aquitards, if numerous, can strongly control the equivalent hydraulic parameters of an aquifer system.     

岩溶介质非均质性对钻孔水物化指标垂向变化的影响

岩溶介质具有较强的非均质性,其地表及地下的岩溶结构形态多样。通过对钻孔结构描述、钻孔水物化性质分析,不仅能够掌握区域上岩溶含水层的结构特征,而且对于岩溶地下水演化过程的揭示亦有重要作用。文章以桂林岩溶水文地质试验场西南部峰丛山区与峰林平原交界处的钻孔为例,通过野外便携式多参数仪原位测试钻孔垂向水物化指标（pH值、水温T、电导率EC）,探索浅部（地面以下约50 m内）地下岩溶较为发育条件下钻孔水物化指标的垂向变化特征,揭示岩溶介质非均质性对钻孔垂向水物化指标的影响。结果表明:岩溶地区小范围内不同钻孔间的水物化性质有所差异,且岩溶发育相似的钻孔（如ZK4/ZK5、ZK7/ZK8）,其水物化指标垂向变化具有一定的相似性,但不同指标（T、pH、EC）的变化幅度存在差异;钻孔水物化性质受到试验场区岩溶介质结构非均质性的控制,即岩溶介质结构影响了地下水的赋存条件和水力联系而导致水物化性质的差异;在对岩溶地区地下水物化性质进行研究时应充分考虑岩溶介质的非均质性特征,根据实际的水文地质条件选取具有代表性的钻孔含水段进行取样和监测。      

Groundwater flow and capture zone analysis of the Central Passaic River Basin, New Jersey

Delineating capture zones of pumping wells is an important part of safe drinking water and well protection programs. Capture zones or contributing areas of a groundwater extraction well are the parts of the aquifer recharge areas from which the wells draw their water. Their extent and location depend on the hydrogeologic conditions such as groundwater recharge, pumping scenario and the aquifer properties such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, heterogeneity of the medium and hydraulic gradient. Different methods of delineation can be used depending on the complexity of the hydrogeologic conditions. In this study, a 3-dimensional transient numerical MODFLOW model was developed for the Central Passaic River Basin (CPRB), and used with a MODPATH particle tracking code to determine 3-dimensional transient capture zones. Analytically calculated capture zones from previous studies at the site were compared with the new numerically simulated capture zones. The study results revealed that the analytical solution was more conservative, estimating larger capture zones than the numerical models. Of all the parameters that can impact the size, shape and location of a capture zone, the hydraulic conductivity is one of the most critical. Capture zones tend to be smaller in lower hydraulic conductivity areas.     

岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙三重空隙介质地下水流模型及模拟方法研究

岩溶含水介质由管道、裂隙与孔隙３类空隙介质组成，它们对地下水流动具有不同的贡献。简述了当前岩溶水的几种主要定量评价方法，提出折算渗透系数尺概念，建立了岩溶三重空隙介质地下水流统一的控制方程，引出管道与裂隙在达西流与非达西流状态下的渗透系数与折算渗透系数的表达式，从而将达西流与非达西流耦合在一个模型中。本文提出岩溶三重介质地下水流的模拟方法，并给出理想模型的模拟结果。     

溶蚀作用下古岩溶盆地系统中介质场演化模拟

为了研究古岩溶盆地在溶蚀作用下碳酸盐岩油气储层介质场的演化规律,基于地下水渗流理论和碳酸盐溶蚀动力理论,用数值模型模拟了均质盆地和非均质盆地2种岩溶盆地含水系统发育过程。岩溶盆地含水系统演化过程中总伴随着裂隙差异溶蚀,不管均质盆地还是非均质盆地,都越来越非均质化,强溶蚀带集中在潜水位及优势裂隙附近,在侵蚀基准面和构造裂隙及层理等大裂隙处会形成高孔隙率、渗透率的良好储层。受介质场非均质化反作用,岩溶高地区潜水位随系统演化不断下降,潜水面处的强烈溶蚀随水位不断下切而使高地区改造成竖直裂隙发育的厚储层;坡地区水平径流活跃,易于形成水平裂隙发育的储层;平原区水位相对稳定,溶蚀作用主要发生大裂隙和侵蚀基准面处,但在大裂隙网内经溶蚀可形成局部高孔隙率储层。对比两子模型发现,在岩溶盆地含水系统中,主导渗流场都要经历由局部流场向二级流场、二级流场向全局流场的转变,前者发生在坡地区内部,后者发生在坡地区与平原区之间;流畅的渗流场转换更有利于介质场发育,受大裂隙网导水作用,非均质盆地比均质盆地更快捷、更顺利地实现主导流场升级,溶蚀作用更强烈,3 ka后非均质盆地比均质盆地的孔隙率增幅大34%。