内蒙古乌梁素海~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs测年与现代沉积速率

对乌梁素海沉积物柱心样品进行210Pb、137Cs测年分析表明,柱心剖面上有明显的1963年蓄积峰,这个蓄积峰对乌梁素海的现代沉积有明显的时标意义。根据210Pb的CRS模式,可以计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,在该沉积柱心中与137Cs时标吻合较好。乌梁素海的沉积速率并不稳定,变化比较大,表明乌梁素海近113 a来沉积环境不稳定。210Pb、137Cs两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率变化较大的沼泽的沉积状况,也有助于对核素计年方法的理解。     

~(218)Po法测氡

随着铀矿地质事业的飞速发展,测量氡气及其子体的找矿方法也逐步增多。目前有射气测量、α径迹测量,~(210)Po法、热释光法、活性碳吸附法测氡和α卡法。各种方法在找矿过程中都做出了一定的贡献。然而,有的方法因仪器笨重而不易开展野外工作,有的方法因埋片时间过长,不仅需要两次上山工作,而且还要在室内进行复杂的化学处理过程,因而工作效率低等等。为弥补上述不足之处,下面为大家介绍一种新方法——~(218)Po法测氡。 ~(218)Po法测氡是利用取样片吸附收集土壤气体中氢的第一代衰变子体镭A、其化学符号为_(84)~(218)Po。然后用α辐射仪测量取样片上~(218)Po的α活度。在我们的实验中,采用了厚为0.2毫米,直径为20毫米的圆形铜片做为取样片。α活度是选用FD-3002型水中测氡仪进行测量的。     

放射性核素~(210)Pb_(uns)、~(137)Cs测定巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊岩心的年代及沉积速率

巴丹吉林沙漠发育了世界上独一无二的沙漠丘间湖泊群,100多个永久性的丘间湖泊分布于沙漠的东南部。沙漠湖泊岩心是干旱地区重要的气候、环境档案,然而受沙漠湖泊发育极端环境的影响,岩心测年面临很大挑战。本文选择巴丹吉林的沙漠南缘的阿尔吉林和敦德吉林丘间湖泊进行钻探,获取无扰动岩心,利用核素(~(210)Pb_(uns)、~(137)Cs)进行测年,并计算其沉积速率。结果表明:1核素(~(210)Pb_(uns)和~(137)Cs)测年能够获取巴丹吉林沙漠现代丘间湖泊岩心的可靠年代。2巴丹吉林沙漠丘间湖泊岩心Ar-1的CRS模式测年结果为102±8a,沉积速率分布范围为0.13~0.33cm/a,岩心Dd-1的CRS模式测年结果为123±2a,沉积速率分布范围为0.18~0.70cm/a。3沙漠岩心沉积速率的空间分布具有自沙漠腹地向边缘递增的趋势,~(210)Pb_(uns)-CRS平均沉积速率分布范围为0.16~0.57cm/a,~(137)Cs沉积速率分布范围为0.05~0.6cm/a。未来,对于沉积速率空间变化的可能影响因素,如高大沙山的围限、阻挡效应、~(137)Cs的分子扩散效应以及古地震影响等应予以关注。     

新疆博斯腾湖沉积岩心的~(210)Pb、~(228)Th、~(239,240)Pu和~3H的分布及意义

作者测定了博斯腾湖沉积岩心~(210)Pb、~(228)Th和核试验释放核素~(239,240)Pu、~3H的分布,并据~(210)Pb、~(228)Th、~(239,240)Pu的结果估算湖泊的沉积速率,分别为0.31cm/a,0.26cm/a和0.33cm/a。它表明该湖泊近百年来沉积环境十分稳定。沉积物岩心极好地保存了人类大气核试验的历史记录。~(239,240)Pu分布在1963±2出现峰值,与60年代核试验高峰期相当吻合。沉积物孔隙水~3H分布的峰值出现在1969年,与湖水的混合过程有关。     

精确测定碳酸盐中~(13)C和~(18)O的δ值数据处理的探讨

同位素比值最精确的测量方法是质谱分析方法。它能在极其微小的变化范围内测定同位素的含量和差异。当然,只有在客观地计算测量误差及恰当的数据处理时,才能给予同位素分析数据的正确解释。 用质谱计测定碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素的δ值,其测量值(δ测)不等于真值(δ真),常常差一个系数K,即δ真=K·δ测。决定K值的因素有:仪器的系统误差、工作状态及外界条件等因素。实验数据的精密度和准确度,还决定于制样方法本身的分馏效应及其数据的处理。前者可以采用双标准方法测     

渤海湾海岸带地区~(137)Cs参考剖面——意义、方法及初步结果

海岸带地区近百年来的现代地质过程重建必须以精确的年代学研究为基础,~(137)Cs时标法和~(210)Pb_(exc)测年法是目前广泛应用的方法。由于易受到河流沉积物供给变化、潮位状况、极端天气事件等的影响,海岸带现代过程的定量研究一直是高分辨率研究的瓶颈。区域性参考剖面可以提升现代沉积物测年方法在海岸带应用中的可靠性。因此,建立区域性的~(210)Pb_(exc)和~(137)Cs比活度-深度参考剖面,将改善对海岸带及邻近海区实测数据的解释。以渤海湾海岸带为研究区,选取沉积环境相对稳定、水平搬运作用较小的地区,采用人工探坑、Eijkelkamp槽型取样器获取了2个柱状岩心,通过γ能谱仪对样品进行~(210)Pb、~(226)Ra及~(137)Cs比活度测试,绘制剖面图,结合研究区已有数据,总结出6类海岸带常见的~(210)Pb_(exc)和~(137)Cs比活度-深度剖面类型,并重建了渤海湾海岸带~(137)Cs区域性参考剖面。结果显示,~(137)Cs在渤海湾地区的最大峰值指示1963年,可以作为区域性主要参考时标。但是,最大峰值上部的次峰在不同区域指示不同的时标,S4和S5两个站位该峰值指示的并非1986年时标。     

大别山商城—麻城断裂带的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及其意义

商城 麻城断裂带在大别山的构造格局中占有重要地位,但长期以来对其形成时代缺乏精细的测年研究,有鉴于此,我们采用断裂带糜棱岩中黑云母单矿物~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年代学方法测定其变形时代。结果表明,商麻断裂带形成于226 Ma左右,是扬子和华北两大板块碰撞后期的产物,是一条垂直于造山带走向的横向平移断层。在商麻断裂带的转换调节下,其两侧地块发生差异位移、抬升和相对旋转,导致东西两侧的超高压岩石的折返出露呈现出不同的特征。     

黄龙洞年轻石笋的~(210)Pb测年研究

利用210Pb测年法对来自亚洲季风系统相互作用的青藏高原边缘区、高海拔的黄龙洞两根年轻石笋进行了测年研究,数据分析结果显示黄龙洞石笋顶部的210Pb放射性活度随距离呈指数衰变,衰变的趋势逐渐减缓,表明所研究的石笋中含有过剩的210Pb,样品顶部年龄小于100a。对黄龙洞石笋过剩210Pb数据进行非线性拟合,计算出两根石笋的平均沉积速率分别为0.104mm/a和0.143mm/a,与利用230Th测年法得到的沉积速率在定年误差范围之内一致,表明黄龙洞的210Pb测年数据是可靠的,通过计算石笋的沉积速率,可以建立近百年的石笋记录。研究表明,利用210Pb测年方法可以判断石笋(或石笋顶部)是否为100a内沉积的年轻石笋,弥补230Th法测定年轻石笋年龄的不足,有利于建立更加精确的石笋年代标尺,对探讨洞穴现代沉积记录和现代气象数据之间的相关性,明确洞穴石笋δ18O值所指示的气候环境含义具有重要意义。     

激光显微探针~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年方法研究成功

中国地质科学院地质研究所同位素地质研究室以陈文同志为首的课题组,从1991年开始,历经3年时间,于今年11月成功地建成了激光显微探针~(40)Ar/~(39)A~r年代测定实验室。它的建立标志着我国在微区、微量样品~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年技术方面已接近国际最先进水平,同时也使我国的Ar法定年技术在历经了从K-Ar稀释法到~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar阶段升温法之后又取得了一次突破性进展。和传统的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年方法相比,激光显微探针~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年法的主要进步表现在以下几个方面: 1.样品用量少(2μg):传统的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年过     

激光显微探针~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年

已有 5 0年历史的K Ar定年法 ,由于过剩Ar和Ar丢失的普遍发现 ,使其最广泛的应用面临着严重挑战。40 Ar/ 3 9Ar分步加热释氩法是常规K Ar定年法的发展 ,它克服了常规K Ar定年法的一些局限 ,又可以测定岩浆构造热事件。激光显微探针40 Ar/ 3 9Ar定年法是在 2 0世纪末把聚焦激光束应用在40 Ar/ 3 9Ar分步加热释氩法中而发展起来的一种定年方法。它既具有常规K Ar定年法和40Ar/ 3 9Ar分步加热释氩法的所有优越性 ,又把定年引入微观领域。特别是在 2 0世纪的最后几年 ,以激光显微探针40 Ar/ 3 9Ar定年方法的完善和精度的提高为标志 ,把K Ar年代学研究推向了一个新的里程碑。微区微量高精度高分辨定年 ,把定年时限扩展到人类历史范畴 ,精细的分析技术拓宽了年代学的应用范围 ,使之解决的地质问题更广泛和深入 ,并且开始冲击着地球科学中的某些热点和难点课题。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the