欧龙布鲁克地块西北缘青海冷湖北片麻状花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

欧龙布鲁克地块西北缘青海冷湖北片麻状花岗闪长岩SiO_2、MgO含量较低,Al_2O_3、Na_2O、CaO含量较高,铝饱和指数(ASI)为0.79~0.92,属高钾钙碱性系列。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻稀土元素富集型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.82~0.90)。微量元素地球化学特征显示,岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th和U,弱亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr等,显示出与板块俯冲作用有关的造山带岩浆岩的特征。青海冷湖北片麻状花岗闪长岩为角闪岩相压力条件下变玄武质岩石部分熔融的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238Pb年龄为470.2±1.2Ma(n=19,MSWD=0.68),代表片麻状花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄。结合区域地质演化特征认为,该岩体形成于火山弧构造环境,是早奥陶世北阿尔金洋壳向欧龙布鲁克地块俯冲作用的地质记录。     

柴北缘西段早古生代构造-热事件及其构造环境

柴北缘前寒武纪基底岩系发育、岩浆活动频繁,对它们进行年代学研究与对比是探索区域构造过程与成因联系的有效手段.对达肯大坂岩群西段条带状混合片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、二云斜长石英片岩及侵入其中的片麻状石英闪长岩进行了物质组成及变质－变形特征研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学测试均获得了达肯大坂岩群约460 Ma和约430 Ma两组峰值年龄信息.结合区域构造演化,认为约460 Ma的次峰值年龄是柴北缘早古生代大陆深俯冲过程中构造－岩浆事件的地质记录;而约430 Ma变质作用时代与片麻状石英闪长岩的结晶年龄(429.0±4.1 Ma)基本一致,结合片麻状石英闪长岩地球化学及达肯大坂岩群锆石稀土元素特征,认为该期变质作用为同期岩浆事件导致的构造－热事件的响应.片麻状石英闪长岩具有明显亏损Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf等高场强元素,富集Pb,指示了与板块俯冲作用相关的造山岩浆作用特征.该研究可为进一步揭示欧龙布鲁克地块西段早古生代构造－热事件的性质提供重要信息.      

西准噶尔库什库都克石英闪长岩地球化学、年代学及地质意义

库什库都克石英闪长岩位于新疆西准噶尔的达尔布特晚古生代中酸性岩浆岩带中。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定 年,结合锆石阴极发光图像和U、Th元素特征,获得石英闪长岩的年龄为305.3±2.8 Ma（n=19,MSWD=0.17）,时代属晚石 炭世晚期（C2）。石英闪长岩呈半自形不等粒结构,块状构造,矿物成分主要为斜长石、石英、角闪石和黑云母等,局部发 育含柱状辉石的石英辉长闪长岩。岩石的SiO2含量为59.38%~63.37%,全碱变化于6.55%~7.51%;里特曼指数( σ )变化于 2.62~2.88,铝饱和指数(A/CNK值)介于0.83~0.90,为准铝质;岩石轻稀土富集且轻重稀土元素分馏明显,（La/Yb）N 为2.99~ 3.66,负Eu异常（δEu为0.64~0.79）;岩石相对富集Ba、Nd、Zr、K和LREE等元素,而相对亏损Rb、Nb、Th、Sr、P、Ti 和HREE等元素,属高钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩类岩石。石英闪长岩地球化学特征表明其为上地壳变质玄武岩熔融的产 物,在岩浆演化过程中发生了以斜长石、辉石、金红石和磷灰石为主的分离结晶作用,而角闪石基本未发生分离结晶。区 域构造环境演化分析认为西准噶尔不仅在晚石炭世早期存在与俯冲作用相关的岛弧花岗岩,在晚石炭世晚期-早二叠世早 期也存在持续俯冲作用,在此环境下形成了与俯冲作用相关的岛弧型库什库都克石英闪长岩。     

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区石英闪长岩的成因：来自地球化学特征、锆石U- Pb定年和Lu- Hf同位素组成的制约

本文对南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区西侧出露在巴什库尔干岩群的石英闪长岩体进行了详细的岩石学、全岩地球化学、锆石年代学和Lu-Hf同位素分析研究。全岩地球化学显示,石英闪长岩的SiO_2=55.94%～57.38%,具有高的Na_2O/K_2O=1.19～1.60比值、准铝质(A/CNK=0.92～0.95)的特征。稀土元素配分图上,所有样品显示弱或无Eu负异常,轻稀土富集和重稀土相对亏损;在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上,大部分样品相对富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,总体显示壳源型高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列的准铝质I型花岗岩特征。CL阴极发光图像显示,该石英闪长岩中的锆石晶体多为长柱状,自形程度较好,具有清晰的韵律环带结构,利用LA-ICP-MS进行锆石U-Pb定年分析,获得其年龄为455.5±1.3Ma,结合锆石的CL图像内部结构特征,推断该年龄为石英闪长岩的结晶年龄。该年龄与南阿尔金高压-超高压岩石的高压麻粒岩相退变质年龄一致,且与南阿尔金早古生代第三期岩浆活动时间(460～451Ma)一致。锆石Hf同位素研究获得该岩石的两阶段模式年龄(1512～1823Ma)和Hf同位素组成[ε_(Hf)(t)=-6.29～-1.35]与南阿尔金同期的～450Ma的早古生代花岗岩一致[t_(DM2 )=1331～1789 Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)=-8.8～-0.4],表明二者源岩的源区具有相似性,主要来自于中元古-古元古地壳物质的重熔再造。在源岩判别图解上,所有样本均落在玄武岩源区附近,推断该石英闪长岩为下地壳玄武岩部分熔融形成。此外,研究区内出露有与该石英闪长岩同时期的超镁铁质岩石,且样品的某些地球化学特征值介于地幔和地壳平均值之间,显示其形成过程中应有幔源岩浆的混入。综合上述研究,推断南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区的石英闪长岩应为南阿尔金俯冲陆壳在折返过程中,由于压力降低导致下地壳玄武岩发生部分熔融并与地幔物质发生混合,后侵入地壳冷却结晶形成。     

青海南山构造带西段黑马河花岗杂岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文对青海南山构造带西段黑马河花岗杂岩体中的石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩以及花岗闪长岩中的暗色微粒包体进行了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩及暗色微粒包体的结晶年龄分别为244.4±1.1 Ma和243.0±1.2 Ma,表明岩体形成于中三叠世早期。石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,暗色微粒包体为高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列,稀土元素配分曲线均具有轻重稀土明显分异的右倾特征,具弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.65~0.83),富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Th、K)和Pb,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Ba负异常。岩相学和岩石地球化学特征指示黑马河花岗杂岩体具壳幔岩浆混合特征,形成于活动大陆边缘的俯冲环境,石英闪长岩为受俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融产生的基性岩浆演化的产物,花岗闪长岩则源自壳源岩浆与少量幔源岩浆的混合。黑马河花岗杂岩体是中三叠世早期宗务隆洋向南俯冲消减的岩浆记录。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗中元古代片麻状花岗岩的成因及大地构造意义

内蒙古锡林浩特地块位于兴蒙造山带中部,地块前寒武纪岩系由宝音图群和片麻状花岗岩等组成。锡林浩特地块~1.4Ga片麻状花岗质岩石的发现为古老地块提供了佐证,但其岩石成因及大地构造意义不清。苏尼特左旗地区中元古代花岗岩主要由片麻状正长花岗岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成。4件样品的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为1373~1399Ma,属中元古代中期。片麻状花岗岩具有高硅、富碱、K2O/Na2O比值>1和过铝质等特征,并且稀土总量高、Eu负异常明显、轻稀土富集且重稀土亏损,属于A2- 型花岗岩。总体具有弱亏损的同位素组成,全岩εNd(t)除一个样品为负值(-0.2)以外,均为较小正值(+0.3~+1.0),两阶段Nd模式年龄tDM2 为1.88~1.97Ga,锆石εHf(t)值均为正值(+0.8~+11.1),tDM2 大多介于1.45~2.17Ga之间,表明主要源于古元古代末期新生地壳的部分熔融。区域上~1.4 Ga钾质花岗岩类的广泛出现表明为一次陆壳伸展作用引发构造岩浆事件,它是对全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的响应,锡林浩特地块中元古代(~1.4Ga)A- 型花岗岩的发现表明中元古代中期华北克拉通和锡林浩特地块同处于大陆伸展的构造环境。     

华北克拉通东北部新太古代晚期岩浆作用和地壳增生:锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素、微量元素和地球化学制约

辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和微量元素及全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究为探讨华北克拉通东北部前寒武纪地壳生长和演化提供了制约。结果表明,辽西地区钓鱼台二长花岗岩和辽南地区城子坦片麻状石英闪长岩、安波花岗质片麻岩中锆石均发育岩浆生长环带,结合相对高的Th/U比值(0.24~1.75)和锆石稀土元素特征,暗示它们均为岩浆锆石。定年结果显示,钓鱼台二长花岗岩、城子坦片麻状石英闪长岩和安波花岗质片麻岩的原岩分别形成于2519±9Ma、2505±10Ma和2519±11Ma,即它们均形成于新太古代晚期。辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石均具有高SiO2(61.85%~73.38%)、低MgO(0.36%~2.83%)、富Na2O+K2O(7.64%~10.86%)的特征,为准铝质-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列岩石;富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素,发育弱的Eu负异常和Sr、P、Ti的亏损。岩浆锆石均具有正的εHf(t)值,介于0.4~5.9之间,tDM1变化于2595~2798Ma之间,峰值年龄为2740Ma,与华北克拉通最重要的一次地壳增生事件相一致。辽西-辽南地区新太古代花岗质岩石形成于板块俯冲的弧构造环境下新增生下地壳物质的部分熔融。     

钦杭成矿带西段古龙花岗岩株群岩石学、地球化学及年代学

古龙花岗岩株群包括大村、古龙、思泰、社山、上木水、大坡等侵入体,岩性主要为石英闪长岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合,岩石普遍含角闪石。岩石化学系列属于钙碱性系列-高钾钙碱性系列,主量元素具高CaO低K2O的特征。稀土总量低,轻稀土富集,弱Eu亏损。微量元素Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Th、U、Zr、Hf相对富集。对古龙岩体进行了高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得石英闪长岩等时线年龄为445.9±1.2Ma(MSWD=0.035)。研究认为古龙花岗岩株群形成于早志留世,属于加里东期I型花岗岩,形成于华南加里东期造山带俯冲-碰撞挤压构造背景,岩浆物质来源主要为俯冲带幔源岩浆并混入了部分壳源物质。     

广州市白云山片麻状花岗岩成因及构造意义

华南板块内部广泛分布的早古生代片麻状花岗岩的形成究竟是与大洋板块俯冲有关,还是与陆内挤压碰撞有关,存在激烈争议.本文对广州市白云山风景名胜区内的片麻状花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主量元素和微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf-O同位素地球化学研究,结果表明:白云山片麻状花岗岩形成于晚奥陶-早志留世(444±6 Ma).白云山片麻状花岗岩含有原生白云母和黑云母,并且具有高的SiO2,Al2O3和低的MgO含量(SiO2=74.8％～80.4％,Al2O3=9.64％～12.7％,MgO=0.46％～0.61％).白云山片麻状花岗岩的稀土总量相对较低,变化于44～173μg/g之间,具有轻稀土相对富集的右倾分布模式,同时具有中-强的Eu负异常(Eu*=0.27～0.63).白云山片麻状花岗岩富集Rb、Th、U和Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti.白云山片麻状花岗岩具有富集的全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素组成(εNd(t)=-12.1～-7.88;εHf(t)=-10.8～-2.63)以及高的锆石O同位素组成(δ18O=8.06‰～11.4‰).岩相学和地球化学特征表明白云山片麻状花岗岩主要起源于地壳变质沉积岩的部分熔融.结合区域地质和白云山片麻状花岗岩的地球化学特征,提出白云山片麻状花岗岩最有可能形成于早古生代陆内挤压造山的构造背景.     

柴达木盆地西北缘石英闪长岩的形成时代、岩石成因及地质意义

柴达木盆地西北缘石英闪长岩Al2O3含量较高,全碱(Alk)含量较低,Na2OK2O,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.87~0.91,属钙碱性准铝质岩石系列。球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻稀土元素富集型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,Eu弱负异常;微量元素地球化学特征显示,岩石富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,Nb/La和Rb/Nb比值较低,具有I型花岗岩的特征。石英闪长岩Ca O/Na2O比值较高(2.32~2.64),结合源岩判别图解综合推断其源于变玄武岩的部分熔融。全岩Zr饱和温度计算结果显示初始岩浆温度768℃;岩石地球化学特征表明岩浆源区压力1.5 Ga,源岩部分熔融的残留相可能为石榴子石+角闪石+金红石。经过锆石阴极发光分析和MC-LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得206Pb/238Pb加权平均年龄为252±1 Ma,代表了柴达木盆地西北缘石英闪长岩的成岩年龄。结合区域地质演化特征,认为该岩体形成于与板块俯冲有关的火山弧构造环境,是晚二叠世末期宗务隆洋壳向柴北缘欧龙布鲁克地块俯冲,变玄武岩在相对较高的温压条件下发生部分熔融形成的。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.