广东兴宁铁山嶂铁矿床地质特征及成因探讨

本文讨论了矿区夕卡岩和铁矿成因。夕卡岩主要受围岩岩性控制,有固定的层位,属层控夕卡岩。铁矿赋存于有火山岩、含泥镁质灰岩夹层的碎屑岩中,受地层、岩性控制。它是在沉积或火山—沉积作用的基础上,经过改造而成的矿床。矿床具多层性,矿体呈层状、顺层整合产出。它们不论沿走向还是向深部延伸都受一定地层层位和岩性控制。属沉积或火山—沉积热变质改造的层控矿床。     

安徽庐枞盆地泥河铁矿床与膏盐层的成因联系及矿床成矿模式

安徽庐枞盆地位于长江中下游断陷带内,地处扬子板块北缘,是长江中下游成矿带中重要的铁铜多金属成矿区和玢岩型铁矿的集中产地。庐枞盆地西北部勘探发现了大型泥河铁矿床,其硫铁矿和硬石膏矿床也达到了中大型规模,矿床中硬石膏在不同蚀变-矿化阶段均广泛发育,具有鲜明的成矿特色。深部勘探揭示庐枞盆地深部存在含石膏沉积地层(膏盐层),但目前膏盐层与成矿作用关系尚未引起研究重视。本文总结和分析了泥河铁矿床的地质地球化学特征,着重分析了膏盐层与铁矿床形成的关系,并在阐明成矿流体系统演化过程和成矿机理的基础上,提出泥河矿床的形成与三叠系膏盐层有着重要的成因关系,膏盐层是泥河铁矿床形成的重要地质条件之一。铁矿床及蚀变围岩中的大量硬石膏主要来自膏盐层;膏盐层为铁的成矿作用提供了大部分硫和矿化剂元素。在此基础上,建立了泥河铁矿床的两期成矿模式,即中晚三叠世含膏盐地层的沉积作用期(预备成矿期)和早白垩世的岩浆热液成矿期。     

云南楚雄盆地砂(页)岩型铜矿床成矿规律及成矿模式

云南楚雄盆地是我国砂(页)岩型铜矿重要矿集区。本文在前人研究基础上,根据近年来危机矿山勘查成果,从铜矿的空间分布、地层层位与成矿、构造与成矿、岩性与成矿、浅紫色砂岩交互带控矿、金属矿物组合等方面,总结了云南楚雄盆地砂(页)岩矿床的成矿规律,认为区内铜矿床为典型的沉积-改造型层控矿床,并建立了成矿模式。     

山西塔儿山地区夕卡岩型铁矿的赋矿围岩特征及控矿作用

山西塔儿山地区的夕卡岩型铁矿是山西省的重要铁矿类型。夕卡岩型铁矿的赋矿围岩以中奥陶统碳酸盐岩为主,分为下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组,共3个组7个岩性段。该区中奥陶统的特点是白云质成分较高,较纯的灰岩较少,表现为潮上潟湖相、潮上盐坪相和潮下陆棚相交替的沉积环境;岩石富MgO,大部分碳酸盐岩的CaO/MgO值为2.63~5.51,属于方解质白云岩或富白云质灰岩;在热液交代作用过程中,白云质灰岩、钙质白云岩经热液交代形成了镁夕卡岩岩石组合,以透辉石-金云母夕卡岩、透辉石夕卡岩和金云母夕卡岩为主,铁矿体主要产于镁质夕卡岩中。中奥陶统碳酸盐岩的控矿作用表现为:大部分的铁矿体都产于由富镁碳酸盐岩蚀变而成的镁夕卡岩中,围岩中的镁质可以降低岩浆温度和黏度,转换硅酸盐中的铁质,形成镁质夕卡岩和铁质堆积;含石膏层的碳酸盐岩在成矿中具有关键性作用,不仅能够改善岩浆和流体的物理-化学性状,促进蚀变和矿化,还能提供有利的成矿空间,成为构成夕卡岩型铁矿矿集区的决定性因素之一。     

西藏劣布铜矿的基本特征及成因初探

劣布铜矿为火山沉积喷流层控型铜矿床；矿体受比马组第四岩性段层位和角砾岩筒控制，容矿岩石为角岩、层夕卡岩和角砾岩，矿物组合简单，流体包裹体测试表明夕卡岩铜矿化形成深度小于典型的斑岩铜钼矿，显示矿床的剥蚀程度较低，对寻找斑岩型铜矿是有利的。     

贵池铜山铜矿床成因探讨

铜山铜矿床矿化类型可划分为层状含铜黄铁矿型，含铜角砾岩型，含铜夕卡岩型和含铜班岩型，控矿因素为地层，岩浆岩及构造，其中层间断裂与接触带构造是主要的容矿构造，铅，硫，氢，氧同位素特征及成矿温度研究表明矿物质和热液主要来源于铜山岩体，矿床成因为层控夕卡岩型铜矿床。     

层控交代型夕卡岩金矿床形成机理的实验研究

采用安徽铜陵狮子山层控交代型夕卡岩金矿床未蚀变、未受矿化影响的地层层位的岩石——砂岩与碳酸盐岩 ,灰岩与硅质岩 ,灰岩与泥质页岩 ,泥质岩与条带灰岩和单独泥灰岩作试料 ,分别模拟配制 p H为 4.5、 5.5、 6.5和 7.5的 0 .5M Na Cl 0 .5M KF 0 .1 M K2 SO4 0 .0 5M Au Cl3水溶液作为成矿热液。试料和溶液焊封在银试管内 ,放在高压釜反应腔中持续 96 h的交代作用。实验结果表明在温度为 2 50～ 650℃和压力 2 0 0× 1 0 5 ～ 80 0× 1 0 5 Pa下的弱氧化、弱还原环境中 ,都能形成夕卡岩矿物和金矿物组合 ,其中冬瓜山矿床 (砂岩与碳酸岩交代作用 )系统的实验形成了透闪石 蛇纹石 硬石膏 自然金 ( ) ,硅灰石 钙铁 -钙铝榴石 蛇纹石 硬石膏 银金矿 ( )和方柱石 透辉石 -钙铁辉石 钙铁 -钙铝榴石 蛇纹石 ( )组合分别与上述矿床含矿、含 H2 O夕卡岩 ,含金夕卡岩和高温无矿夕卡岩矿物共生组合相吻合。金在 2 50～ 350℃范围以自然金状态沉淀 ,在 350℃以上以少量的银金矿形式出现 ,在 60 0℃以上的实验产物中未见金呈独立矿物产出。     

新疆西昆仑塔-卡铅-锌矿区成矿特征及找矿方向

塔-卡铅-锌矿区成矿类型具典型的密西西比河谷型层控矿床特征,该矿区的主要含矿地层为下石炭统卡拉巴西塔克组第二岩性段(C1kl2)白云质灰岩,通过对该矿区成矿特征及控矿条件的分析,指出西昆仑塔卡矿区铅-锌矿勘查的找矿方向.     

西藏劣布铜矿的基本特征及成因初探

劣布铜矿为火山沉积喷流层控型铜矿床;矿体受比马组第四岩性段层位和角砾岩筒控制,容矿岩石为角岩、层夕卡岩和角砾岩,矿物组合简单,流体包裹体测试表明夕卡岩铜矿化形成深度小于典型的斑岩铜钼矿,显示矿床的剥蚀程度较低,对寻找斑岩型铜矿是有利的.     

新疆西昆仑塔一卡铅-锌矿区成矿特征及找矿方向

塔一卡铅-锌矿区成矿类型具典型的密西西比河谷型层控矿床特征，该矿区的主要含矿地层为下石炭统卡拉巴西塔克组第二岩性段(C1kl^2)白云质灰岩，通过对该矿区成矿特征及控矿条件的分析，指出西昆仑塔卡矿区铅-锌矿勘查的找矿方向。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.